Analysis of Ipv6 Communication Architecture Using Specific Addresses

ANALYSIS OF IPV6 COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE USING SPECIFIC ADDRESSES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I hereby take a chance to express my sense of extreme gratitude towards my Master of

Technology Guide Sarvesh Rai, HOD (Civil Engineering.), for his suggestions and constant
inspiration at every stage of the research.
He is an extremely sympathetic and principle-centered person. His skills, as a researcher and

guide helped me to overcome all the hurdles. Without his constant support and
encouragement, I would not have been able to complete my research work successfully.
I owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. D. Rai, Director, Infinity Management & Engineering
College (IMEC Sagar) for encouragement & the Head of Department Sarvesh Rai.
My parents have their own share in my success. I firmly believe that their blessings always
enlighten my path ahead. I hereby take a chance to salute my father () and mother () Without
all above support and sacrifice this thesis would not have been possible for me. At last, I
thank the one and all, for the divine blessings.
Mahendra Kumar
Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

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Email: conceptsbookspublication@gmail.com
Web: https://researchitout.blogspot.com/
CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that Er. Mahendra Kumar has completed his Master of Technology
Dissertation titled “ANALYSIS OF IPV6 COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE
USING SPECIFIC ADDRESSES” under my guidance.
I further certify that the whole work, done by him is of his own, original and tends to general
advancement of knowledge. According to the best of my knowledge, I also certify that he has
not been conferred any degree, diploma and distinction by either the Infinity Management &
Engineering College or any other university for this thesis.
Date: (Sarvesh Rai)

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DECLARATION
I, Er. Mahendra Kumar hereby declare that my Master of Technology dissertation titled
“ANALYSIS OF IPV6 COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE USING SPECIFIC
ADDRESSES” is written as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for a degree on this topic.
The complete study is based on literature survey, study of periodicals, journals and websites
and building a model for proving the concept studied and designed.
I further declare that the complete thesis work, including all analysis, hypothesis, inferences
and interpretation of data and information, is done by me and it is my own and original work.
Moreover, I declare that no degree, diploma or distinction has been conferred on the basis of
this thesis by the Rajiv Gandhi Technical University or any other university to me before.
Date: (Mahendra Kumar)

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प्रपत्र
(एम.ई /एम. टे क /एम. फामाा छात्रों हेतु)
मै …………………………………………..…..आत्मज…………………............... आयु………
वर्ष निवासी…………………………. का होकर शपथपूवषक निम्ि कथि / करता करती हूूँ कक :-
1. यह कक मेिे (एम. ई /एम. टे क /एम. फामाष) के ववर्य…………………………...……

सत्र………….…. मै काउं सल ग
ं / संस्था स्तर काउं सल ग
ं (सी. ए . सी.) के माध्यम से श्रेणी
(सामान्य / इस. सी. / इस. टी. / ओ. बी. सी.) ……………. से
……………………………..…………... संस्था मै प्रवेश ल या था |
2. मै दििांक ………………… से नियलमत छात्र / छात्रा के रूप मे स्िातकोत्तर पाठ्यक्रम मै
अध्ययिरत था / थी |
3. मै घोर्णा करता / करती हूूँ कक इस पाठ्यक्रम की अवधि मै ककसी भी अन्य निजी क्षेत्र के संस्थाि /
औिोधगक समह
ू / ककसी भी कायाष य मै पण
ू षकाल क रूप से कायषरत िहीं था / थी |
हस्ताक्षर शपथग्रहहता
गाईड एवं संचालक प्राचार्ा द्धारा सत्र्ापपत ककर्ा जावे |
सत्यावपत करते है कक छात्रा / छात्रा का िाम

…………………………………………………….. िामांकि क्रमांक ………………………..… द्िारा
उपरोक्तािुसार भरी गई जािकारी प्रमाणणत एवं सही है |
गाईड के हस्ताक्षर संचालक प्राचार्ा
हस्तक्षर पदनाम सील

सहहत
संस्था का िाम ………………………………………………………….
संस्था का कोड ………………………………………………………….
िरू भार् क्रमांक ………………………………………………………….

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ABSTRACT
In the current Internet architecture, IP address used for the node identifier, that is, generally a
single IP address is assigned to a node, and used parmanentally until the node becomes
inactive. The same address is used for all communications from/to the node. However, this
communication paradigm has a fundamental problem regarding security that the information
of IP address of the node is open not only to nodes who intend to communicate to it, but also
to anonymous parties who try to attack the node.
To solve this problem, we change our traditional paradigm completely and propose a new
solution called Unified Multiplex Communication Architecture. The most difference from the
current Internet is that an IP address is not used for node identifier, but for service identifier.
In the Unified Multiplex Communication Architecture, we change IP addresses session-by-
session, and the assigned address is invalid immediately after the session terminates. This
architecture simply changes the direction for use of IP address but enhances the security
significantly.However, there is a major issue on Unified Multiplex how to determine the IP
address to connect the server, since IP address is assigned to session one-by-one. Prior to
communication, the client should know the IP address of the server which is used for
awaiting the connection from the client. For this problem, in this thesis we propose a new,
non-negotiation type IP address determination mechanism that is feasible by updating the
operating system on end hosts only (no modification of application is needed). In our
mechanism, IP address generation is performed on both server and client independently, but
generated addresses are synchronized because time information is used for address
generation. We then analyze the interval of address update (i.e., the lifetime of generated
address) for avoiding unexpected failure due to our mechanism. Our numerical result shows
that our address update mechanism is extremely robust against brute-force type attacks.
Moreover, detailed design and implementation methods are described for realization.
Keywords
Communication Architecture Secure Communication IPv6

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CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Introduction 1-3
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Related Work
Chapter 2. Literature Review 4 - 25
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Vibration analysis of GFRP composites
2.1.2 Environmental effects on damping of GFRP composites
2.1.3 Fracture to ugliness and impact
properties of GFRP composites
2.1.4 Environmental effects on dynamic properties
and water absorption characteristics of GFRP

composites
2.2 Gaps in the existing study
2.3 Methodology

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Chapter 3. Achieving Anonymity And Privacy
By Using Unified Multiplex
Communication Architecture 26 - 30
3.1 Brief Introduction of Unified Multiplex
Communication Architecture
3.2 Problems on Sharing Specific Service Address
3.3 Approach for Secure Communication
3.3.1 Architectural Overview
3.3.2 Supporting Services using Multiple
Connections Simultaneously
Chapter 4. Design And Implementation Method 31 -

39
4.1 Block Diagram of Non-negotiable Address Sharing
4.2 Approaches for Address Composition
4.2.1 Connection-driven Approach
4.2.2 Time-driven Approach
4.3 Detailed Implementation
Chapter 5. Results 40 -
41
5.1 Architectural Validation
5.2 Numerical Evaluation

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Chapter 6. Conclusion 42
6.1 Conclusion
Refrences
List Of Publication

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List of Figures
Chapter 1. Introduction
Fig. 1.1 Weave styles in Fabric 8
Fig 1.2 Notched specimens for determining the 11
fracture toughness of a material:
Fig 1.3 Typical load vs. crack opening displacement 12
(COD) records obtained in tension testing of notched

specimens.
Fig 1.4 Schematic arrangements 13
Chapter 2. Literature Survey
Chapter 3. Experimental Setup & Procedure
Fig. 3.1 Vibration test specimen used in 38
damping analysis
Fig. 3.2 Schematic representation of experimental 39
setup used for dampingmeasurement
Fig. 3.3 Vibration test rig 40
Fig .3.4 SENB Specimen used for 3 point bend test 40
Fig. 3.5 Three point bend testing of the composite 41
specimen

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Fig.3.6 Configuration of Charpy test Specimen 42
Fig. 3.7 Impact testing machine 43
Chapter 4. Investigation and Discussion on the Damping Behavior of

GFRP Composite Subjected to Different Liquid
Environments
Fig.4,1. Variation of damping factor with 44

fibre volume for untreated specimens.
Fig.4.2. Variation of damping factor 47
with fibre volume for specimens treated with sea water.
Fig.4.3. Variation of damping factor with 49
fibre volume for specimens treated with Normal water.
fibre volume for specimens treated with Saline water.
fibre volume for specimens treated with Sea,
normal and saline water for 15 days
normal and saline water for 30 days

normal and saline water for 45 days.

normal and saline water for 60 days.

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Chapter 5. Investigation and Discussion on Three Point Bend

Testing of GFRP Composite Subjected to
Different Liquid Environments
Fig.5.1. Variation of Fracture toughness with 59
fibre volume for specimens treated with Seawater in bending
Fig.5.2. Variation of Fracture tougliness 60
with damping for specimens immersed in Seawater
with different notch lengths and fibre volume in bending.
Fig.5.3. Variation of Fracture toughness 64
with fibre volume for specimens treated
with Saline water in bending.
Fig.5.4. (a)-(e) Variation of Fracture tougiiness 65
witli damping for specimens immersed in
saline water with different notch lengths and
fibre volume in bending.
Fig.5.5. Variation of Fracture tougliness 69
witli fibre volume for specimens treated
witli Normal water in bending.
Flg.5.6. Variation of Fracture toughness 70
with damping for specimens immersed in
Normal water with different notch lengths
and fibre volume in bending.

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Chapter 5. Investigation and Discussion on Charpy Impact Energy

Testing of GFRP Composite Subjected to Different Liquid
Environments
Fig. 6.1 Variation of Charpy impact energy 74

with fibre volume for specimens treated with normal water.
Fig.6.2. Variation of Charpy impact energy 78
with fibre volume for specimens treated with Seawater,
with fibre volume for specimens treated with Saline water.
with fibre volume for specimens treated with
different mediums for 15 days.
Fig 6.7 Variation of Cliarpy impact energy 94
Seawater with different notch lengths and fibre volume.

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Saline water witli different notcti lengtiis and fibre volume.
Normal water with different

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Recently, due to the significant increase of number of Internet nodes, the problem called IPv4 Address
Exhaustion has become critical and serious, and strong world-wide cooperation is mandatory to solve
it urgently. IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), a headquarter of management of IP
addressing space, has completed its major task to assign unallocated IP address block to its
subordinate agencies (called RIR; Regional Internet Registry) on February 3, 2011. No more IP
addresses will not be offered by IANA. Moreover, it is expected the last date of IP address allocation
by RIRs to their subordinate coutry organizations will be around November 2011 (in Asia-Pacific
region). After that, it is extremely hard to ISPs (Internet Service Providers) to get IP address as
requested.
Since the IPv4 Address Exhaustion is a fundamental problem due to the limitation of structure of IPv4
where its length of addressing is only 32 bits, a complete solution is to migrate the new version of IP
called IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) which has huge addressing space (128 bits) enough to
accomodate all nodes even in the future. To keep the global connectivity to all and upcoming nodes
continuously, urgent, smooth, but fast migration to IPv6 is major task in several years. In Japan,
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications leads to take measures for IPv4 Address Exaustion,
and the Task Force on IPv4 Address Exaustion was established to take actions cooperatively among
network operators.
Though it is commonly agreed that the motivation behind the migration to IPv6 is to extend the
addressing space, it is also a big chance to solve other problems on the current Internet
communication style together. One of such problems can be found in the security.
Traditionally, the Internet is designed and operated based on the ethical doctrine that human nature is
fundamentally good. For example, there is neither mechanism to prevent packets from ill-behaved or
malicious TCP nodes, nor mechanism to validate the mail sender, nor mechanism to avoid any other
attack traffics. As the result, users who intend to connect their equipments to the Internet must take
security risks into consideration. Regardless of experience, all people have to take care about the
security for safe communication. Such requirement is so strict and enough to let people feel that the
Internet is something dangerous.
One of interested issues on the security is anonymity and privacy in the Internet. Anonymity in this
thesis is defined to satisfy the following characteristics.
• Uni-directionality: The server can not connect to the client using the client’s source address
in the packet originated the clients.
• Discontinuity: Prevent grouping the same addresses recorded in the communication session,
so that it is difficult to guess the behavior of the node by monitoring a set of sessions
associated by the same address.

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• Dissimilarity: Even if the server address is known to a third party, it can not communicate to
the server by using the known address or some other addresses inferred from the original
ones.
Particularly as the importance of the content in the communication increase, the association of
communication and specific nodes by third parties encompasses the potential factors such as privacy
leaks and reduced security strength. In order to establish a safe and secure Internet communication
infrastructure, it is highly desirable to provide anonymity and privacy as a function of the network
layer.
From the research background in the above, we consider the transition to the IPv6 is a great
opportunity to replace the network layer. We propose a new communication architecture that realizes
safe and secure communication infrastructure that provides anonymity and privacy by taking an
advantage of the vast IPv6 address space.
Using Unified Multiplex [2–4] that uses different IPv6 address for each communication session, we
propose a new communication architecture with a high anonymity just by implementing the system in
the end nodes.
We first describe the parameter setting that maintains connectivity and ensures safety plus the detailed
structure and the implementation method of communication architecture. In addition, we verify the
proposed communication architecture by the quantitative evaluation of experimental network.
The rest of this thesis is organized as follows. Section 2 states the problem and surveys existing
studies. Section 3 presents the outline of Unified Multiplex.
The proposed network architecture is described in Section 4. Section 5 describes the implementation
approach. Section 6 evaluates the validity of the proposed architecture. Section 7 concludes this thesis
by briefly summarizing the main points and mentioning future work.
1.2 Problem Statement
The problem we address in this thesis is that the current Internet does not ensure anonymity. In this
thesis, we propose the communication method to secure the anonymity of servers. The anonymity is
defined as follows.
• Uni-directionality: The server can not connect to the client using the client’s source address
in the packet originated the clinet. Since this states the anonymity of the clinet, we do not
describe in detail in this thesis. This problem is solved by changing the source address of each
session used when the client connects to the server by the Unified Multiplex communication
architecture that we propose.
• Discontinuity: By grouping the same addresses recorded in the communication session,
multiple communications are associated so that it is difficult to guess the behavior of the

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node.The node does not use the same address so that it can not be associated by grouping and
it is necessary to change the used address.
• Dissimilarity: Even if the server address is known to a third party the server can not be
communicated using the address or some other addresses inferred from the original address.
The server should change the address. Moreover, the updated address should not be
something that can be inferred nor guessed from the old address.
The technique for securing anonymity should be able to be used anywhere in the Internet. Given the
eses of implementation the proposed method should only be completed by the end host without
relying on intermediaries such as routers.
1.3 RelatedWork
The past researches on anonymity can be classified into three types; achieving anonymity in the link
layer, in the network layer, and in the overlay network.
The proposal by Author et al. achives anonymity in the link layer by encrypting MAC address with a
pair of key and sequence number.
Encrypted MAC address provides anonymity by varying sequence number.
However, this anonymity is guaranteed only in a single segment of networks, such as wireless
networks and does not provide global anonymity.
Network Address Translation (NAT) is dominantly used to acheive anonymity in the network
layer. NAT was designed to solve the IPv4 depletion. Where a single global IP address is shared with
multiple nodes. In addition, NAT provides anonymity for nodes since it is unidirectional. Even IPv6
implements the idea of NAT one of where the initial goal was to eliminate the NAT. But,there is
consideration of NAT of high security.
However, NAT destroys end-to-end principle of the Internet. As a result, there is a serious operational
issues such as being unable to detect the cause of network trouble especially when applications show
unexpected behavior.
Tarzan, Crowds, ANON, TOR, and the proposal by Author et al. have provide anonymity for nodes
by constructing overlay networks and having the traffic go around multiple nodes.
The proposal by Author et. al verifies the utilization of TOR. TOR provides anonymity for nodes with
a low latency. But, the throughput of TOR is less than expected in addition, middle nodes of router
and other nodes are newly-implemented in overlay network method. Therefore, there are difficulties
in migration to the new system from the conventional one. There is also a method of setting a firewall
but secure server operation is difficult to achieve without a complex configuration.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses about the past research work on environmental effects on vibration,
Fracture toughness and impact behavior of Glass fibre reinforced polymer composites, gap in
the existing study, proposed research plan, objectives, scope of study, methodology and
outline of thesis.
2.1.1 Vibration analysis of GFRP composites
The following is the literature review on the vibration analysis of GFRP composites and in
particular the damping of GFRP composites:
R F Gibson et al. have investigated the effect of fibre aspect ratio, fibre spacing and the
viscoelastic properties of constituent materials on the damping property of discontinuous
fibre-reinforced polymer composites. They considered two analytical models to show the
dependency of the above stated parameters on the damping property of the composite. They
showed that there is an optimum fibre aspect ratio for maximum damping. They investigated
that the optimum fibre aspect ratio is between whiskers and microfibers when the damping is
small and when the damping is large it corresponds to continuous fibre reinforcement. The
authors conclude that use of continuous fibres along with discontinuous fibres in the
composite to enhance damping as well as strength offers unlimited design flexibility.
Theoretical prediction of material damping of short fibre-reinforced polymer matrix
composites subjected to off-axis loading was investigated by C T Sun et al.. The analysis was
carried out using finite element program capable of evaluating stress and strains along the
length of the fibre. The effect of fibre aspect ratio, loading angle, and stif&iess ratio on the
damping of the composite was investigated by them. Their investigations show that the
damping increases with decrease in loading angle and fibre aspect ratio.
Prediction of material damping of laminated polymer composites was carried out by C T Sun
et al.. They derive analytically the material damping using classical lamination theory. They
have emphasized the dependency of material damping on fibre aspect ratio, stiffness ratio,

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and fibre orientation. They observed that the damping and the stiffiiess of the laminate
always behave in opposite manners.
A method to predict the modulus and damping parameters by using the best theoretical and
experimental results available was proposed by R G Ni and R D Adams. The authors have
emphasized that the fibre volume and thickness calculations have great importance in
predicting the damping and modulus of the composite. They conducted experiments on
composites made fi-om glass fibre in epoxy resin using two methods, hot compression
moulding and vacuum bagging. They conclude that specimens manufactured by hot
compression moulding present better results than vacuum bagging method for predicting
dynamic mechanical properties of the composite laminae.
The dynamic properties of carbon-glass fibre sandwich laminated composites were
investigated by R G Ni et al.. They conducted investigations on both composite hybrid beams
and plates. They used energy method for predicting the dynamic properties of hybrid beams
and a finite element analysis technique was used for predicting the mode shape, resonant fi-
equency and damping of the hybrid plates. They have shown that the effect of core material
on the modulus and damping of the hybrid composite was not large.
Evaluation of structural damping of complex structures, both experimental and theoretical
was carried out by M Marchetti et al.. Three types of composites were used to evaluate
damping by the authors viz. Gr/Ep, Kevlar/Ep and Glass fiber/Ep. The experimental data
obtained was used to correlate the energy dissipated in the composite to the lamination
typology with analytical and numerical study. They have concluded that for simple mode
shapes the experimental data base regarding the specific damping capacity can be used to
evaluate the structural damping of plate elements which fit the experimental ones. Also the
authors conclude that the damping related to the plate simplest modes can be used as
structural damping in the finite element modelization of large structures.
Without increasing the mass of a plate and providing top-hat and rectangular stiffeners with
different cross-sectional configuration to increase the natural firequency was investigated by
B Attaf and L HoUaway. Design curves of fundamental fi-equency versus stiffener
geometrical configuration have been presented by the authors for various types of top-hat and
rectangular stiffeners, where the source for increasing fi-equency and reducing vibration
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amplitude levels, for a specific firequency region, without introducing additional weight was
considered.
Influence of fibre and matrix material as a fiinction of fi-equency on the damping loss factor
of glass/graphite epoxy composites was investigated by Roger M Crane and John W Gillespie
Jr. The composites fabricated were experimentally tested using impact excitation and their
damping was recorded by the authors. They found that the 90°glass/epoxy composites had
higher loss factor than graphite at fi-equencies greater than lOOHz while at low fi-equencies
the graphite/epoxy had a loss factor twofold greater than the glass/epoxy. They observed that
glass/epoxy composites with O^orientation had loss factor which was greater than the
graphite/epoxy over the entire range of fi-equency. They have shown that glass composites
had a loss factor that is greater than the graphite/epoxy composites. Also the authors deduced
that the damping of the composite was relatively insensitive to specimen thickness.
Effect of fibre orientation and twist angle on the damping of turbine blade made of glass
fibre reinforced plastic material was studied by S Mohamed Nabi and N Ganesan. They have
found that the maximum fi-equency and maximum damping factor occur at different twist
angles and at different fibre orientations.
Numerical modeling of damping properties of laminated composites was carried out by R
Rikards et al.. They have developed an analytical mode based on the elastic-viscoelastic
correspondence principle to simulate the damping in multilayered composite materials. They
conclude that the results obtained were in good agreement with the references cited.
Study of damping of glass/carbon reinforced polymer composites was carried out by R D
Adams and M R Maheri. The effect of fibre orientation and aspect ratios on the damping was
investigated by the authors. They have observed that the damping in low angle beams is
relatively independent of stress, and dependent on fibre angle.
Also they concluded that using basic plane stress relations for laminated composites and the
Adams-Bacon damping criterion, the specific damping capacity can be predicted with good
accuracy.
The effects of transverse shear deformation and fibre orientation on the fundamental fi-
equencies and damping characteristics of anisotropic laminates is investigated by K N Koo
and I Lee. They have shown that the fundamental fi-equencies and specific damping
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capacities are greatly influenced by the fibre orientation as well as the length-to-thickness
ratio. Authors observed that the fundamental frequency decreases for every thickness of the
laminates when the fibre orientation increases and for a thin laminate the specific damping
capacity increases with decrease in frequency.
Vibration analysis of a three-layered composite plate with a viscoelastic mid-layer was
carried out by P Cupial and J Niziol. The natural frequencies and loss factors of a rectangular
three-layered plate with a viscoelastic core layer and laminated face layer was considered by
the authors for analysis. The equations of free vibration of the plate along with the boundary
conditions were derived by them. They have shown that the three-layered plate with high
modulus composite faces and highly damped viscoelastic mid-layer can have very good
damping properties'.
Damping and dynamic analysis of composite structures embedded with viscoelastic layers
was carried out by Mohan D Rao et al.. The finite element and sfrain energy methods were
used by the authors to estimate the modal parameters. Seven types of beam configuration and
three types of commercially available dzimping materials were chosen for analysis by them.
The effects of temperature on the modal properties have been studied. They have observed
that the resonant frequency for the first four modes decrease with increase in temperature and
including compliant layer for increased damping will yield good results at higher modes.
Damping measurement and theoretical modeling of uni-directional glass/epoxy composite
was done by A S Hadi and J N Ashton. E-glass fibre with epoxy matrix was used by the
authors for fabrication of the specimens with different fibre volume fractions. The authors
also carry out numerical analysis using finite element method to predict damping. They have
observed that the loss factor increases with decrease in the fibre volume and at each fibre
orientation, loss and storage module increased with increase in fibre volume fi-action.
Vibration analysis of orthogonal-woven fabric composites was carried out by Baoxing Chen
and Tsu-Wei Chou. Natural fi-equency equations and natural modes were obtained
analytically by the authors. They have shown that numerical solutions can be readily carried
out for woven fabric composites. Numerical results of the first ten natural fi-equencies for
graphite/epoxy and glass/polyester woven composites were also presented by the authors.

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Damping evaluation of composites and composite structures was carried out by C Y Wei and
S N Kukureka. The authors used resonance technique for evaluation of the damping and
elastic properties of the composite. Pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer composite
specimens were used by the authors for damping evaluation experimentally as well as
theoretically. The exponential fi-ee decay method and half power bandwidth methods were
employed by them for measurement of damping. They observed that the specimen
dimensions have no influence on the measured stif&iess and damping values within large
range. They have concluded that the resonant technique can be used as a reliable method for
evaluation of dynamic behavior of composites and high-damping, multi-element structures.
A mathematical model for multilayered composite beams using finite element analysis was
presented by A S Bassiouni et al.. The effect of changing the fibre orientation in the top and
core layers on the natural frequency was analyzed in the mathematical model by the authors.
Also experimental work was carried out by them to verify the theoretical model. They
concluded that the envelope layers have the main effect on the natural fi-equencies and
changing the fibre orientation of the envelope layers from 0° to 90° increases the natural
frequencies by approximately 55%. Also they have shown that vibration level can be
controlled by increasing the fibre orientation in the core layer.
Theoretical and experimental damping analysis was carried out by Volnei Tita et al. on glass
fibre reinforced polymer composite. In the first part of their work a finite element analysis
was carried out to find the natural frequencies and mode shapes and in the second part of
their work, an experimental testing was done using impulsetechnique to calculate damping.
They observed that for the same geometry, mass and boundary conditions changing the
stacking sequence yield different natural frequencies and damping factor. They have
concluded that the results associated with finite element analysis can be used to estimate the
natural frequency and mode shapes of damped composite structures.
The influence of fiber orientations and stacking sequence on the damping behavior of glass-
fiber reinforced epoxy composites was investigated by V Tita et al.. Experimental and
numerical analysis using finite element method was done by them to study the damping
behavior of the composites. They found that changes in the laminate stacking sequences yield

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different dynamic behavior of the composite for the same geometry, mass and boundary
conditions and the FEM results were in good agreement with the experimental results.
A comparative study of different damping models for fiber-reinforced composites was made
by R Chandra et al.. Analytical damping models proposed by various researchers were
discussed by them. The authors develop FEM models for glass fibre reinforced epoxy with
various fibre volume fractions for fibres having cylindrical and elliptical cross-section and
subjected to different types of loading conditions. The effect of micro geometry on the
damping of the composite was also studied by them. They have concluded that the
longitudinal loss factor was independent of the shape of the fibre and transverse loss factor
was slightly affected by the aspect ratio for low to moderate fiber volume.
Relation between damping and fatigue damage of unidirectional fibre composites was
investigated by Z Zhang and G Hartwig. Fibre glass reinforced epoxy and carbon fibre
reinforced epoxy/PEEK were considered for evaluation of damping by the authors. They
have observed that the damping property can be used to estimate the fatigue life of the
composite and concluded that damping can be recommended to evaluate damage process in
composite materials than stiffness.
Experimental evaluation of damping of glass fibre reinforced polymer composites was
carried out by R Chandra et al. using free decay method. They have considered three types of
GFRP composite specimens to determine the damping behavior. A beam specimen, tubular
specimen and a cuboidal specimen were used by them for damping evaluation. Six loss
factors were determined experimentally and verified analytically by the authors. They
observed that for beam specimen the loss factor increased with fibre angle fi-om 0-45° and
reduces thereafter up to 90° fibre angle and there was reasonable matching of the theoretical
and experimental results.
Damping study on fiber-reinforced composites was carried out by R Chadra et al.. The
authors calculated damping using FEM/strain energy method for two phase (fiber and matrix)
and three phase (fiber-interphase-matrix) composites. Comparison of damping calculated
using finite element/strain energy methods with other analytical model available was also
made by the authors. They found that the change in properties of fiber, matrix and interphase
will lead to a change in the magnitude of effectiveness of the interphase, but the manner in
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which the interphase would affect the various loss factors depends predominately upon
whether the hard or soft interphase is chosen. They have concluded that loss factors of fiber-
reinforced composites can be improved to a great extent by incorporating highly damped
interphases.
Damping of laminated composite sandwich cantilever beams with a viscoelastic layer was
investigated by Jong Hee Yim et al.. The authors carried out a theoretical analysis of damping
of a 0° laminated composite with a mid viscoelastic layer. The authors found that the material
damping increases with increasing thickness and decreasing length of the specimen and also
it was observed that thicker specimens were more sensitive than thinner ones to material
damping. Finally they have concluded that the composites having embedded viscoelastic
layer gives better damping properties than a composite without the viscoelastic layer.
Experimental and analytical evaluation of damping of unidirectional glass and Kevlar fibre
reinforced polymer composites was carried out by Jean-Marie Berthelot and Youssef Sefi-ani
. A cantilever beam test specimen and an impulse excitation technique were used by the
authors to determine the damping. The variation of damping as a function of fibre orientation
has been analyzed by the investigators considering different damping models. They observed
that the glass fibre reinforced composite results had good agreement with both Ritz and other
vibration models and Kevlar reinforced composite results showed little deviation from the
discussed models. Finally authors concluded that the complex stuffiness model leads to a
worse description of the experimental results.
Evaluation of damping of glued laminated wood composite reinforced with glass fibre epoxy
polymer plates was carried out by M. Naghipour et al.. Different methods were used to
calculate the damping of composite by the investigators like logarithmic decrement, Hilbert
transform, moving block, and half band power method. They found that the Hilbert transform
analysis method, which is recommended by ASTM and often used to evaluate damping
characteristics of structures with a low damping ratio, could not accurately predict the
damping ratio of the composite beams. Also they have concluded that providing the GFRP
composite as reinforcement does not contribute significantly to damping of the composite.
Theoretical and experimental determination of damping of GFRP and CFRP polymer
composites carried out by C Kyriazoglou and F J Guild. The authors used finite element
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analysis using mass proportional damping as numerical tool to predict the damping. They had
concluded that by using the methodology developed, damping data can be extracted for cases,
where application of continuum mechanics analytical solutions cannot provide reliable
information. They have used both unidirectional and woven fabric reinforcement for both the
glass and carbon for investigation.
Longitudinal and transverse damping prediction of unidirectional fibre composites was
carried out by Jean-Marie Berthelot and Youssef Sefrani. The researchers developed
theoretical models for both transverse as well as longitudinal damping. Glass, carbon and
Kevlar fibre reinforcement with epoxy matrix were considered for prediction by the authors.
The authors have emphasized that the fibres also contribute significantly to composite
damping. They have concluded that the damping behaviors for fibres in both the longitudinal
and transverse directions are different.
Damping characteristics of laminates were evaluated experimentally using beam specimens
subjected to an impulse input by Jean-Marie Berthelot et al.. Also theoretical prediction of
damping for laminates, laminates with viscoelastic layers and sandwich materials is carried
out and compared with experimental results by the authors. The authors observed that the
results obtained by theoretical prediction were in close agreement with the experimental ones.
They have concluded that the modeling so considered can be applied to structures made of
laminates, laminates with interleaved viscoelastic layers, as well as sandwich materials.
The damping predicted by several composite laminate theories was compared by E K Billups
and M N Cavalli. The Adams-Bacon theory, Ni and Adams theory, Adams and Maheri theory
and Saravanos and Chamis theories were compared and their significance was discussed by
the authors. The authors presented several approaches to identify the performance envelope
of a specific laminate and to tailor properties such as specific damping capacity and the
effective stifGness. The investigators have concluded that the Saravanos and Chamis theory
gives consistent results with experimental results.
2.1.2 Environmental effects on damping of GFRP composites
The effect of moisture and temperature on the damping and stif & iess of laminated
composites made fi"om glass-epoxy and graphite-epoxy was investigated by Hacene Bouadi
and C T Sun. The effect of temperature and moisture on the matrix was determined by them
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experimentally. They have formed that the hydrothermal environment has negligible effect on
the epoxy matrix. There analyses holds good for temperature limitation of 80°C temperature
and 5% moisture content.
Dynamic properties of composite reinforced with glass and carbon fibres subjected to hot wet
conditions were investigated by R D Adams and M M Singh. They have used three types of
composites and subjected the composites to steam. The composites longitudinal shear
modulus, loss factor and inter laminar shear strength were measured along with moisture
content. They observed that both the glass fibre and carbon fibre reinforced composites
experienced severe degradation when exposed to steam along with good moisture absorption.
The authors conclude that the degradation of mechanical properties arose not only due to
plasticization of the matrix, but also from weakening of the fibre/matrix interface.
Influence of fibre, temperature change direction, loading frequency, loading waveform,
moisture and stress level on the damping property of fibre-reinforced epoxy composites was
investigated by P Q Zhang et al.. Three fibres were used for the experimental analysis. They
observed that damping varies with different directions of temperature change and the
influence of temperature change direction on damping property at low temperature can be
ignored through muhiple temperature changes. They have found that the effect of changing
loading waveform is not significant in a large sample interval of temperature and the damping
increased with increasing moisture. Finally they conclude that the damping of composites is
very sensitive to fibre volume ratio, loading fi-equency, change of direction of temperature,
moisture and stress levels.
The effect of temperature on the damping of polyethylene fibre composite was investigated
by M Colakoglu. Both the damping and natural fi-equency of the composite are measured
under varied temperatures ranging fi-om -10° to 60°C by the author. The author has analyzed
the natural fi-equency of the composite using finite element method. The investigator
observed that the natural fi-equency decreases with increasing temperature and the damping
factor has inverse relationship with fi-equency.
Damping variation with temperature of unidirectional glass fibre reinforced polymer
composites was investigated by Youssef Sefi-ani and Jean-Marie Berthelot. The damping
property was analyzed as a fiunction of fibre orientation and temperature. They observed that
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near the glass transition temperature of the matrix, the materials rapidly change their
characteristics, becoming highly soft and damped over a short temperature range.
Water absorption behavior of glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin composites subjected to
accelerated ageing was studied by Dewimlle and Bunsell. They subjected the composites to
different temperatures in distilled water between 22-100°c. Water absorption and damage
effect was studied. They have found that water absorption rate was dependent on temperature
above 40*'c and time. There investigations show the relation between the temperature and
internal damping of the composite.
Dynamic mechanical analysis of glass/polyester composites exposed to seawater was carried
out by Huang Gu. The investigations were carried out by subjecting the composite to
seawater environment for 120 days and evaluating its mechanical properties. The author
found that the tensile strength and storage modulus of the composite decreased with increase
in immersion period while damping increased with increase in immersion time. The increase
in damping and decrease in tensile strength were ascribed for degradation of the fibre-matrix
interphase.
2.1.3 Fracture to ugliness and impact properties of GFRP composites

The inelastic behavior, damage fatigue and fracture aspects of composite materials were
reviewed by George J Dvorak. The tensile and compressive strength, transformation and
residual fields, plasticity and viscoplasticity, damage, delamination and fracture aspects of
fibrous composites were reviewed. He suggests that environmental effects caused by moist or
hot environments need to be contained at structural surfaces and prevented from degrading
the properties and integrity of the composite material inside the structure. He concludes by
outlining the future needs of research work in the field of composites.
A review of different aspects of interlaminar Fracture toughness like test methods, analysis of
test results and the applicability of polymer composites was discussed by N Sela and O Ishai.
Also methods for effectiveness of composite toughening were discussed. They had observed
that the interlaminar fracture toughness in mode I is well determined by DCB testing
provided there is no fibre bridging driving testing. Other methods of mode 11 and mixed
mode testing were also discussed along with damage tolerance testing.
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Recent developments on experimental aspects of fracture toughness of fibre reinforced

polymer composites in Mode I and Mode II were discussed by A J Brunner. Experimental
aspects of developing tests for fracture toughness like crack starter, identification of the value
at which delamination growth initiates, analysis of data from fracture toughness tests etc.,
were discussed in detail by the author. Also discussed were the experimental aspects of
fracture toughness tests like scope of tests, consideration of cost, interpretation of results etc.
Fracture toughness and impact behavior of glass-fibre reinforced polyamide injection
mouldings was investigated by M Akay et al.. They considered long glass fibres and short
glass fibres for evaluation of Fracture toughness and were compared. For Fracture toughness
testing mode 1 compact tension specimens were used. For impact testing, drop weight impact
testing was done. Impact properties in terms of the crack initiation force and the total energy
arising from initiation and propagation was considered by them. They observed that the
addition of fibres to matrix increased the Fracture toughness of the composites and there was
no much improvement in the Fracture toughness values of the long fibre reinforced
composites. The authors conclude that the impact crack initiation force and total energy
values increased by 25-37% and 300-600% by the inclusion of glass fibres, respectively.
Interlaminar Fracture behavior characterization of woven fabric reinforced polymer
composites were investigated by Youjiang Wang and Dongming Zhao. Glass and Kevlar
fibres in the form of fabric woven in different styles were used by them for the experimental
work. The double cantilever beam specimens were used to assess mode I Fracture behavior of
the composites. The investigators have observed that the structure of the reinforcement had a
stronger influence on the toughness than the type of fibre in the fabric and significant
increase in the values of toughness was also observed by adding microfibers to the matrix.
Experimental investigation on glass fibre/epoxy composites to find the influence of fibre
cross-sectional aspect ratio on mechanical properties like interlaminar Fracture toughness and
impact properties were carried out by Shiqiang Deng et al.. Short beam shear test, DCB test,
end-notched flexure test and Charpy impact tests were conducted by them to calculate mode I
and mode II interlaminar Fracture toughness, interlaminar shear strength and impact
properties. They have observed that due to extensive fibre overlapping large fibre contact
areas occurs and these are the weak places for delamination. It was also shown that the
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composites with large cross-sectional aspect ratios have greater tendency to delaminate rather
than the conventional round fibre composites. Also they have concluded that the energy
absorbing capacity of the composites with glass fibres of large cross sectional aspect ratio
was more than the conventional composites with round fibres.
Effect of fibre content on the interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional glass fibre/
polyamide composites was investigated by J H Chen et al.. Double cantilever beam test was
performed by them to assess the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of the composite.
They have observed that the value of Gic in stable propagation was high and have concluded
that the value of Gic at the point at which crack propagation is observed visually and the
value of Gic corresponding to the point on the load-displacement curve at which the
compliance is increased by 5% of its initial value exhibit no correlation with the fibre volume
content in the range of 21%- 39%.
The influence of fibre volume fi-action on mode III interlaminar fi-acture toughness of glass
fibre reinforced polymer composites was investigated by X Li et al.. Edgecracked torsion
specimen was used by them for testing the toughness of the composites. They have observed
that there was a large increase in the mode toughness with decrease in fibre volume fi-action
and have concluded that the higher initiation fracture toughness for the low fibre volvime
fraction composite was due to the increased matrix volume allowing for increased plastic
deformation energy dissipation of the matrix resin prior to macroscopic crack propagation.
The effect of fibre spacing on the mechanical response and fracture properties of glass fibre
reinforced polymer composite was investigated by K M Gaffiiey and J Botsis. Two
specimens with single layer and multilayer reinforcements were tested using remote tensile
longitudinal loads and compact-tension configuration respectively by them. They have
observed that the nonlinear deformation behavior of the composite may be due to weak
fibre/matrix interface and have concluded that the results presented in the study may be very
usefiil in characterizing the influence of various length parameters on deformation and
strength of various heterogeneous\as materials.
A review of impact resistance of composite materials was done by W J Cantwell and J
Morton. Different methods of impact testing techniques for composite materials like low
velocity and high velocity impact testing were discussed by them. The effect of fibre, matrix,
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interphase, stacking sequence, rate and geometry on the impact resistance of composite
materials were also presented.
Investigations into the impact resistance and damage characteristics of glass fibre reinforced
polyester resin composites were carried out by T W Shyr and Pan Y H. Non-crimp fabric,
woven fabric and discontinuous nonwoven mat were used to understand the efficiency of
impact resistance using low velocity impact tests. Drop weight test was used for evaluation.
They have found that the layer number is one of the important parameters for the energy-
absorbing mechanism in laminated composites and have concluded that the non-crimp fabric
is a good reinforcement which can be used for increasing the impact resistance property.
Experimental investigation on the dynamic response of E-glass/epoxy composite laminates
imder low velocity impact was done by M Uyaner and M Kara. Unidirectionally reinforced
glass/epoxy laminates were used to study the impact response under different impact
velocities. The effect of size of the samples on the absorbed energy and the peak force were
investigated, they have observed that the peak force increases with increase in the width of
the specimen. Also included in the paper was an analysis on damage of the composites.
Low-velocity impact response along with dynamic response of glass-resin composites was
investigated by P Raju Mantena et al.. The specimens were made from cutting sheet molding
compound. Drop weight impact test and dynamic mechanical analysis were carried out to
study the impact and dynamic response. They have concluded that the dynamic mechanical
analysis and vibration techniques were not effective in providing any meaningful impact
correlation.
Impact compressive properties of plain woven glass cloth polymer composites were
investigated by A M A El-Habak. The testing was carried out at various impact speeds for
two types of fibre treatment viz. size and finish using the split Hopkinson pressure bar
apparatus. Polyester, vinyl ester and epoxy matrices were considered by the author for the
experimental analysis. The author observes that the composites based on vinyl ester matrix
showed highest strength. Also it was shown that the GFRP composites were slightly sensitive
to the rate of loading, regardless of the number of layers and the fibre treatment. He has
concluded that the impact properties are independent of the reinforced fibre treatments but
are dependent on resin type and the fibre volume fraction.
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2.1.4 Environmental effects on dynamic properties and water absorption characteristics

of GFRP composites
Mechanical and thermal properties of E-glass fibre reinforced composites at room
temperature were investigated by L L Clements and R L Moore. Three different fibre volume
percentages were considered for the fabrication of the composites. They have found that
changes in volume percentage of fibre produce no great changes in either the mechanical or
thermal properties. The investigations show that mechanical properties alter for the same
composites produced in different batches.
Water absorption behavior of glass fibre reinforced epoxy resin composite subjected to
accelerated ageing was studied by B Dewimille and A R Bunsell. They subjected the
composites to different temperatures in distilled water between 22- 100°C and their water
absorption and damage was studied. Their analysis shows that the absorption rate is only
dependent on temperature above 40°C and time. Also they have found that higher
temperatures induce damages in the composite and changes the internal damping values of
the composite.
Woven fabric fibre reinforced poly etherimide composites subjected to hydro thermome
chemical aging was investigated by R Zenasni et al.. The authors studied the fi-acture
behavior using mode I and mode II testing using DCB and ENF specimens. There
investigations show the dependency of fi-acture behavior on the fabric type. They have found
that when subjected to hygrothermal aging the twill weave fabric composites experienced
loss in the delamination energy than the satin weave fabric composites in mode I.
The effect on the mechanical properties of unidirectional glass fibre reinforced polymer and
carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite laminates of soaking in salt water and distilled
water until saturation weight gain was studied by S K Rege and S C Lakkad. Flexural
strength, compressive strength and interlaminar shear strength were found. Authors found
maximum reduction in flexural strength than other properties. This paper establishes strong
dependency of salt concentration on mechanical properties.
Water uptake and effects of water uptake on the fatigue life and residual strength of chopped
strand mat/polyester laminate composite was investigated by B Ellis and M S Found. Both
neat resin and reinforced resin were immersed in water and the effects of water sorption on
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the tensile static strength and fatigue properties of the laminate were determined. They have
found that there was an increase in residual strength of the soaked laminates after fatigue
cycling.
The kinetics of water absorption for an unsaturated resin and glass fibre-reinforced laminates
over a temperature range was investigated by G Pritchard and S D Speake . The duration flf-
immersion considered by the authors was up to three years at temperatures in the range of 30
to 100°C. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and Young's modulus were determined
before and after immersion. The investigators have found that the residual mechanical
properties are functions of true absorbed water content.
The effect of temperature and loading rate on the strength and toughness of injection moulded
short fibre polymer composites was investigated by C Lhymn and J M Schultz]. Compact
tension specimens were used for toughness testing. The samples were immersed in water for
24 hours. There investigations show that the toughness varies with temperature and strain-
rate.
The effect of moisture on mode II fi'acture toughness of glass, carbon and aramid fibre
reinforced epoxy composites was investigated by S Kenig et al., The composite specimens
were subjected to cyclic fatigue loading and moisture at 50°C. They have formed that strain
energy release rates, Gnc varied with moisture level absorbed by the matrix.
Effect of moisture on the interfacial strength of polymeric matrix composites was
investigated by W L Bradley and T S Grant. Seven composite material systems were studied
to find the amount of moisture absorbed. Interfacial shear strength was also determined for
three systems. They have formed that composites subjected to distilled water showed greater
moisture absorption than other specimens. Also they found that degradation of certain
composite is associated with decrease in the interfacial strength rather than the matrix
mechanical properties.
Water uptake behavior of composites involving different matrix materials viz. phenolic,
polyester and vinylester reinforced with glass fibres was investigated by E P Gellert et al..
They have found that water uptake was more in phenolic GFRP's than other composites.
They also investigated the water absorption effect on different mechanical properties like
flexural strength, ILSS and creep. Unloaded polyester and vinylester GRP's showed decrease
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in flexural strength as immersion period increased while phenolic GRP's exhibited initial
decrease in strength when approximately saturated with no further decrease with increase in
immersion time.
Moisture effect on flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength and impact energy of
Aluminium tri-hydrate and polyethylene particles filled and unfilled glass fibre reinforced
epoxy vinylester resin composites was investigated by V K Srivastava. The author found that
the flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength and impact energy of GFRP composites
increases with the addition of filler particles. Also the inclusion of filler particles increased
the moisture content. He had concluded that the Aluminium tri-hydrate filled GFRP
composites exhibited increased values of flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength and
impact energy than the polyethylene filled and unfilled composites.
The influence of matrix solvent content and reinforcing materials on moisture uptake was
investigated by F U Buehler and J C Seferis. Glass and carbon fabrics were used as
reinforcement with epoxy matrix. The laminates were tested before and after exposition to
water until saturation. They found that the mode I interlaminar fi-acture toughness of glass
fibre reinforced composites decreased upon water uptake while the carbon fibre materials
showed increase in Gic under the same conditions. Mode 11 interlaminar fi-acture toughness
as well as flexural modulus and flexural strength were observed to decrease upon water
absorption and to recover slightiy after water desoiption.
The fi^cture behavior of short glass fibre reinforced rubber toughened poly butylenes
terephthalate (PBT) composites was studied by Z A Mohd Ishak et al.. The effect f fibre
content, testing temperature, deformation rate and hygrothermal aging on the i-acture
behavior was investigated by them. They have found that the fi-acture behavior of PBT
composites is strongly determined by both internal and external parameters. Also
hygrothermal aging caused moisture attack physically or chemically depending upon the
immersion temperatures. They have concluded that the combination of short glass fiber and
core shell rubber impact modifiers produced synergistic effect on the performance of PBT
when subjected to hygrothermal aging.
Change in mechanical properties of braided composites immersed in hot water was
investigated by A Nakai et al.. Glass fibre reinforcement with epoxy matrix was used for
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fabrication of the specimens. The specimens were immersed in hot water at 80°C and both
the mechanical and immersion tests were performed. Numerical analysis using finite element
method was also performed to quantify the effects of degradation of interfaces. They have
shown that the interface around a fibre bundle has a considerable effect on the tensile
properties of braided composites. Finally they have concluded that the effects of degradation
process on the mechanical properties of braided composites are dependent on the interphase
degraded: around or inside the fibre bxmdle.
Environmental aging effects on mechanical properties of bamboo-glass fibre reinforced
polymer matrix hybrid composites was studied by Moe Moe Thwe and Kin Lia . Two types
of composites were fabricated; one using short bamboo fibre and other combination of
bamboo and glass fibres in polypropylene matrix and their mechanical properties were
evaluated. Tensile test, flexural test and immersion test was done on the composites. They
have shown that increasing the fibre glass content in the bamboo glass fibre reinforced
composite, there was an increase in the tensile modulus and tensile strength. Also they
observed that environmental resistance of bamboo fibre reinforced composites can be
improved by inclusion of glass fibres.
Effect of seawater on glass fibre/polyester/vinylester and carbon fibre/polyester/vinylester
was investigated by A Kootsookos and A P Mouritz . The behaviors of the two composites
were compared. Glass fibre reinforced composite absorbed more moisture than carbon fibre
composites. This is attributed to the reason that the sizing agent used on the reinforcement
caused more water absorption. Further they investigated that the degradation was less in the
case of glass/vinylester and carbon/vinylester when compared to the other composites made
up of polyester resin matrix. Also they found that mode I interlaminar fi-acture toughness of
the composites was not affected significantly by seawater immersion, although the flexural
stiffiiess and strength decreased with increasing amounts of water absorption.
Polymer composites subjected to elevated temperatures and seawater environment was
investigated by David R Veazie et al.. E-glass/vinylester facesheet and closed-cell polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) core sandwich composites were fabricated and their interfacial fracture
toughness was tested. Analytical method using double cantilever beam was also used to
calculate the strain energy release rate. They have found that the strain energy release rates
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were greatly reduced (90%) due to hot/wet and hot/dry exposures and also the elevated
temperature has significant effect on core degradation, whereas sea-water exposure has
greatest degradation effect on facesheet/core interface of the composite.
Effect of moisture on the mechanical properties of GFRP composite tubular specimens was
investigated by EUyin F and Rachel Maser. The specimens were soaked in distilled water for
four months at normal room temperature and at 50°C. They have found that moisture
absorption was more in the case of specimens subjected to higher temperature inmiersed in
distilled water. They observed that the strength of the composite at 50°C was foimd to be
lower than specimens at room temperature.
Water aging effects on the interphase region and interlaminar fracture toughness in polymer-
glass composites was investigated by A Hodzic et al.. Two types of composites using
phenolic and polyester resins were tested using double cantilever beam test by them. Nano-
hardness test and Nano-scratch test were also performed. They have found that the fracture
toughness value was strongly influenced by properties of the interphase region. Also they
observed that there was strong correlation between the fracture toughness and the interfacial
debonding. They have concluded that the degradation of interface bond strength was mainly
responsible for the decrease in the initiation of Gic value.
Gu Huang et al. investigated the effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of
glass polyester composites. An increase in the bending strength was observed for composites
made of glass fibre/polyester after immersion in distilled water up to 21 days at 30°C. The
increase in bending behavior was attributed to the penetrated water molecules making the
composite more an entirety and decrease in tensile strength was due to degradation of
composites.
The effect of long-term immersion on glass fibre reinforced composite material subjected to
stress corrosion in a saline medium was studied by F Segovia et al. Unsaturated polyester
resin with E-glass fibres was used to fabricate the specimens. The specimens were immersed
in artificial seawater with a salt concentration of 5%for a period of a maximum of 36000
hours and their ultimate strength, elastic modulus, and specific fracture energy were
determined. They have found that there was decrease in the specific fracture energy by 40%

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with prolonged immersion along with reduction in other properties. They have concluded that
the reduction in the properties is mainly due to the degradation of the matrix-fiber bonding.
Accelerated degradation of glass fibre reinforced polymer rebar in alkaline solution and water
is analyzed by Jong-Pil Won et al.. Tensile testing and micro structural analysis were done on
the specimens. The immersion period was 300 days. They have observed that the tensile
strength decreased significantly as the temperature of the alkaline solution increased. They
also found that the specimens soaked in the alkaline solution experienced severe degradation
than the specimens immersed in tap water which experienced negligible degradation.
Glass/polyester composites behavior subjected to distilled water was investigated by Huang
Gu and Sun Hongxia. Plain weave glass fabric with polyester resin was used to fabricate the
composite test specimens. The specimens were immersed in distilled water and the
temperature was maintained at a constant value of 29°C. They observed that the bond
strength of the composite increased with increase in immersion time and the reason for this
increase was attributed to the water molecules penetrating into the composite.
Impact of seawater and tap water on the durability of GFRP composite was studied by Saud
Aldajah et al.. Flexural test, SEM microscopic examination and analytical analysis were
performed and the test specimens and their behaviors were studied. They have observed that
the specimens immersed in seawater experienced pronounced degradation that the specimens
soaked in tap water and this was also confirmed by the analytical method.
Behavior of glass fibre/unsaturated polyester composites under seawater environment were
investigated by Huang Gu. The specimens were fabricated using vacuum assisted resin
infiision technique. Tensile test and flexural tests were performed on the test specimens. The
seawater used was an artificial one with salinity around 3.5%. The testing was done at regular
intervals of time up to a maximimi of 120 days. He concluded that the bending and tensile
strength of the composite reduced significantly with increase in the immersion period. This
decrease was attributed to the degradation of the composite when immersed in water.
Environmental durability of glass fibre composites was reviewed by Carol L Schutte. The
effect of environment on the properties of glass fibres, matrix and interphase were discussed
and reviewed. Also the effects of environment on the macroscopic mechanical properties of
the composites were reviewed.
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The water absorption behavior of unidirectional glass/epoxy laminates was investigated by K

A Kasturiarachchi and G Pritchard under hygrothermal conditions in both stressed and firee
state. They have found that water uptake behavior was not affected by stressing the specimen.
A degradation process was postulated to explain the changes found in the composite
specimens.
Thomson JL investigated the effect of voids on the water absorption behavior of glass fibre-
reinforced epoxy resin composites. Different matrix and fibre materials were used to fabricate
composites. Effects of fibre coatings on the water absorption behavior have been
investigated. He found that there was no dependency of water absorption kinetics on the use
of fibre coatings. He has concluded that the major factor influencing water uptake in glass
fibre-reinforced epoxy composites is the void content in the composite and type of matrix
system used.
Water diffusion process in to glass fibre/epoxy composites was investigated by C Suri and D
Perreux. The composites were immersed in demineralized water at 60^C. Their diffusion
behavior was predicted using two models of diffusion viz. Pick's and Langmuir's. They have
found that Pick's law was unable to predict the absorption better than Langmuir model. Also
they have observed that damaged material absorbs water more quickly and contains more
water at saturation.
The effect of resin chemical structure on the water ageing of glass fibre reinforced polyester
based composites was investigated by A Apicella et al.. Isophthalic, vinylester, bisphenol A
and bisphenol B were used as resin materials and were reinforced with glass fibre mat and
chopped fibres. The water absorption behavior was studied at 20 and 90°C along with their
mechanical properties. They have concluded that the ageing characteristics of polyester resins
and their composites were governed by chemical as well as physical properties of the
composites.
Accelerated environmental ageing study of polyester/glass fibre reinforced composites was
carried out by Dionysis E Mouzakis et al.. Polyester reinforced with random glass fibre mat
was used for preparation of the specimens and these were subjected to elevated temperature,
humidity and UV radiation. Dynamic mechanical analysis was done to assess different
mechanical properties. They have observed that the matrix got more stiffened due to exposure
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to UV radiation, temperature and humidity. Interfacial degradation was also observed for the
composite materials because of the expansion of water molecules at the interface combined
with hydrolysis.
The effect of aqueous environment and temperature on glass-fibre reinforced epoxy
composite was investigated by F EUyin and C Rohrbacher. Three groups of environmental
conditions were investigated: the first group was immersed in distilled water in room
temperature, the second group was immersed in hot distilled water and kept at a temperature
of PO^C and the third group was kept in a dry chamber and all the specimens were tested for
absorption behavior and mechanical properties. They have foimd that the rate of moisture
absorption is highly dependent on the immersed water temperature and the mechanical
properties of the composite laminates were not appreciably affected by moisture absorption at
temperatures below 35°C. They have inferred that the elevated temperature leads to decrease
in the interface strength of the composite.
The influence of aqueous environment, temperature and cyclic loading on glass-fibre
reinforced epoxy composites was studied by EUyin F and Rohrbacher C. Three types of
laminate geometries, cross-ply, multi-directional and angle-ply were investigated. These
laminates were immersed in distilled water at ambient and at 90°C. Also fatigue tests were
performed under a loaA control mode. They have observed that the amount of moisture
absorption depends on the temperature of the irmnersed water and there was no saturation
reached in the case of specimens at 90 C. Also they found that fatigue strength of specimens
at room temperature was slightly below that of the dry specimens. They have concluded that
the high temperature has a deleterious effect on the behavior of fibre-reinforced polymer
matrix composites.
2.2 Gaps in the existing study

Damping evaluation of the glass fibre reinforced composites using different techniques has
been attempted by several investigators. Many researchers have given theoretical and
experimental methods for the measurement of damping. The authors have studied the
damping variation with temperature and moisture for a shorter exposure. The damping of the
composites is a complex phenomenon and its behavior in different service conditions needs
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to be evaluated for better design. The literature review reveals that no work has been done to
evaluate damping of composites under varied environmental conditions. The investigations
made by several researchers on damping variation with temperature and moisture are
inadequate to predict the damping behavior of the composites in different service conditions.
Hence an impressing need was felt to study the damping behavior of GFRP composites
subjected to different aqueous media for longer detonations of immersion. The first hold of
the work focuses on the evaluation of damping of GFRP composites subjected to different
environmental conditions.
Composites are widely used in different environments during their service and it is very
essential to know their fi-acture behavior under those service conditions for their safe design.
The literature review regarding the fi-acture behavior of composites show that, most of the
investigations done are on the evaluation of interlaminar fi'acture toughness and its variation
with change in loading rate, fibre volimie, stacking sequence, matrix material etc. Very few
investigators have concentrated on the evaluation of fracture toughness with change in
moisture content. No research has been done to evaluate the fi-actxjre toughness under
different environmental conditions and long term exposure to moisture. It is very much
required to know the firacture behavior of the composites when it is subjected to different
aqueous media for longer duration of time for predicting the failure. In the second hold of the
work, investigations were carried out to evaluate the fi-acture toughness of GFRP composite
when exposed to different liquid environments for longer duration.
Also composites are subjected to dynamic loading in their service apart from static loading. It
becomes necessary to evaluate the dynamic properties of the composites to predict their
behavior. Low velocity impact testing can predict reasonably well, the dynamic properties of
the composites. From the literature it can be observed that no work has been done to evaluate
impact properties of composites when subjected to different environmental conditions. The
previous investigations under took by the researchers are insufficient to evaluate the dynamic
behavior of the composites when the service conditions change. The hold of the work
concentrates on the evaluation of dynamic fracture toughness of GFRP composites subjected
to different environmental conditions for longer soaking periods.

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The study of variation of damping with fracture toughness/impact toughness may provide
some insight in to the dynamic behavior of the composites. The variation of damping with
fracture toughness/impact toughness has not been investigated so far. The second and third
holds of the work also investigates the variation of fracture toughness/impact toughness with
damping
2.3 Methodology
The study is mostly experimental in nature and makes use of the instruments/equipments
which are well established for testing of composites especially for finding fracture toughness
and impact behavior. For damping measurement, a separate test setup was developed and the
composites were immersed in different media and tested on the apparatus developed. The
immersion of the composites was in three plastic chambers containing natural seawater, tap
water and saline water maintained at room temperature. The second stage consists of getting
the fracture toughness values using SENB and SENT tests. ASTM standards were used and
tested accordingly in both the tests. Here also the composites were soaked in three different
media in the chambers explained above and were tested at regular intervals of time. The
values obtained were used to study the variation of damping with fracture toughness. In the
third and final stage to study the variation of impact behavior with damping of the composites
subjected to different environments, Izod and Charpy test were performed according to
ASTM standards. The data obtained using impact testing was used to study the variation of
damping with the impact energy in both the tests.

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CHAPTER 3
ACHIEVING ANONYMITY AND PRIVACY BY USING UNIFIED MULTIPLEX

COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE
In this chapter, we describe the outline of Unified Multiplex. In addition, we describe the past
research on notification of service address and describe the proposal method.
3.1 Brief Introduction of Unified Multiplex Communication Architecture
The current communication architecture generally assigns an address to a node and always provides
services by the same address. In this communication method, the server’s service address is reachable
by any node if the address is publisized or scanned by third parties. Therefore, The anonymity of
server’s service address should be protected for a secure network environment to avoid unnecessary
access from third parties.
However, the service address in the conventional communication method is used for fixed and for a
long period of time. Therefore, it is difficult to ensure the anonymity when the address is being
published.
In order to solve these problems, we propose a new communication architecture called Unified
Multiplex. Unified Multiplex assigns an address to a service. We review the condition of the
conventional communication that a single node has a single address.
The server’s service address is called SSA (specific Service Address) in Unified Multiplex.
SSA are assigned for each sessions. When clients connect to SSA, third parties can not communicate
using the particular SSA. Since it is already use.
In addition, even if the SSA is revealed to third parties, it can not be used since it is not used anymore.
As shown above, Unified Multiplex ensures the anonymity of servers by using an address per a
session.
This method needs a mechanism for client to receive SSA since SSA changes in each communication.
We discuss the three mechanisms in the past research in the next Subsection.
3.2 Problems on Sharing Specific Service Address
We discuss the problem of the three methods in the past research.

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Table 1: Method of receiving SSA
Generate on ahead Generate on demand

External service Registry service address to DNS DNSO
Only end node Notice list of service address on Sharing rule of generating
ahead address
• Registry service address to DNS: When server begins the service, server registers service
address to DNS. Client changes the FQDN to service address. Then, Client can communicate
using the service address. The target of this thesis is closed environment. Client can use
service anywhere in the Internet. Client that receive the service address is hard to be
pinpointed. However,we do not use this method since the mechanism of DNS has to be
changed to allow connections regardless of the connection point since there is a DNS server
per a network where it is connected.
• DNSO: Server begin to listen to service when the DNS query of the client is detected. We
need to implement this method for DNS server of the clients side. This method does not work
correctly when the client application issues a single DNS query but multiple access. Since,
this method uses DNS query. We need to change the client and the server as well as DNS in
this method. Therefore, this method is not used here.
• Notice list of service address on ahead: Server generates service addresses on ahead and
notices the address list. Client can connect to the address that is described in the address list.
Only the end node change in this method. Therefore, the implementation cost is small and
client can connect anywhere. However, if client’s connection is beyond the number of noticed
address list, server notice client address list once again. This address list notification has a risk
for exposure of service address to third parties. The proposal method does not need to
communicate the address information of server and client. Therefore, notice list of service
address on ahead has a higher risk compared to the proposed method.
3.3 Approach for Secure Communication
3.3.1 Architectural Overview
In this Section, we give an outline of the proposed method. In addition, we show the issues that have
to be solved in designing the proposal. The outline of the architecture is shown in Figure 3.1.
• The information that has to be shared between the server and the client.
1. Pass phrase
The target of this thesis is closed connections in home gateway. Therefore, sharing pass phrase
between the server and the client has a low risk. Since, the operator who configures the setting of
server can configure the setting of client without connecting to the global network.

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• Server
1. Generates address by entering time information and the pass phrase to the address generating
module.
2. Listen to the service by the regularly generated address.
3. Delete unused address when the server starts listening the next address When server starts to listen
to next service address, server deletes address which is assigned LISTEN state (unuse) socket. In this
way, we achieve short time establish address. This method has a to tolerance for brute force attack for
scanning third parties.
• Client
1. Regularly generate accessible address by entering the pass phrase and the server’s host name to the
address generating module.
2. The generated address is written to the configuration file (=etc=hosts) to map the host name and the
IP address.
3. Client can connect to the address using the generating sharing rule by the host name.
Figure 3.1: Communication architecture ensuring the security by sharing the generation rule

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3.3.2 Supporting Services using Multiple Connections Simultaneously
It is not possible to correspond by Unified Multiplex communication architecture to which one service
one address is required and a basic design of this address generation rule common mechanism when
two or more sessions are established to the address where the client is the same. Then, ”Single
Address Multi Listen” that was the technology to establish two or more sessions to one address to
have interchangeability with the communication method that established two or more sessions to such
one address was mounted. This generates two or more LISTEN sockets where the same address is
allocated, and is the one corresponding to the connection of simultaneous plurals from the client.
However, because it becomes possible to connect from the third party when the address that the client
connects by this technology leaks, the function to permit only the connection from the same source
address is needed for the address that the connection established once.
Figure 3.2: Address update time

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Figure 3.3: Time-sequence diagram from address generation to deletion

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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION METHOD
This chapter describes the design and implementation of the proposed method. First, we show
that there are two types of implementation of the proposed method will be described using a
block diagram of the flow of work for each method. For details of implementation will be
described below.
4.1 Block Diagram of Non-negotiable Address Sharing

Describe the design and implementation of the proposed two kinds. Client implementation of
this proposed the following two. The goal for each client is updated every time the
connection type and constant listening to calculate the addresses for each server you want to
connect to client We have proposed two kinds of type to calculate the hourly updates of the
server listen address. On the server side also proposed the design of both the design and
implementation of the same on the client side, different implementation.
The time is updated every type can be achieved by simply calculating every 200 seconds set
by this address as a means to achieve the =etc=hosts will be edited every time. This was
designed as a way to solve a static user name =etc=hosts and so different from the original
purpose of the =etc=hosts every time you edit and say the preferred implementation. We
resolve to be called when the API address getaddrinfo() hook, destination services Only
when we determine that this method to generate the server’s listen address, according to
suggestions made in connection with updating every address that connects to calculate
waiting. Using the flow describes a block diagram of the operation (Figure.4.1, 4.2). The
server works as follows.
• Address the listening process calculation programs, which reads the configuration file
that describes the different passphrase for each client to get connected to boot. The
client for the server address I should have generated each time a user requests to
update the address always comes when you do not know the client is connected, you
need to listen. To address the update time, using the control program as the program
information for controlling the address previously used per process. It also reads the
configuration file, the update timing to calculate the address of standby time from a
single address. This is a common client.

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Figure 4.1: Block diagram of connection-driven approach
• Time to calculate the address update program information and control. Uniquely
determined if a single address standby time is decided, as well as the earlier client.
• To assign a date and address to a socket address updates using the command if config
assigns an address for the process.
• After assigning the address, delete the unused address
• Address used to pre-compute the next address value calculation using the address
information for next time updates to be available soon.
• Immediately ready for use in computed address to the Uncertain Address cause a
transition.

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Figure 4.2: Block diagram of time-driven approach
4.2 Approaches for Address Composition

The client works there are two methods to be proposed to explain the behavior of each
method, respectively.
4.2.1 Connection-driven Approach
Figure.4, 6 shows the connection method for each update type. After the address the client is
calculated using the time information and passphrases for listening later determined that the
address changes every time the server address resolution when getaddrinfo() function return
value of the destination socket address information Rewritten. Following the operation of this
implementation.

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Figure 4.3: Flowchart of connection-driven

• Reads the configuration file for the client program will address the calculation, to
boot. In this case, the configuration file, which describes the continuous standby time
in a single address, which clients need to keep shared between servers. The
destination server, for generating the address determine a time-based settings for each
server process running on IPv6 address lower 64bit, which describes the pass phrase.
This is different to listen Different processes for the same destination server. This
method is because trying to provide a high level of safety by to listen to a different
address in Different listening process even the same server.
• Function is called to perform name resolution for the client user-specified address
getaddrinfo() hooks, DNS address resolution results using a lower 64bit
configuration files are described in the earlier If a match to those that request to the
address value calculation program. Kono Tame, getaddrinfo() should read the file
that the program also sets the hook.
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• Lower address value calculation program upon receiving a request to the server 64bit
shared passphrase that is configured for each address, the address value calculation
based on time information. Time and time information to update the address, which is
uniquely determined regardless of the time the program starts to determine the address
of standby time. Thus, with just the lower 64bit DNS 64 was calculated using the
obtained upper address bit is getaddrinfo () and the destination address of the return
value of the socket structure.
After the address the client is calculated using the time information and passphrases for
listening later determined that the address changes every time the server address resolution
when getaddrinfo() function return value of the destination socket address information
rewritten. This approach to calculate the destination address only if the target client user
connects to the server, unlike the method described to calculate the destination address is
always followed by, say efficient implementation because it minimizes the computational
cost. However, getaddrinfo() because it connects to a different destination address and
destination address obtained in applications such as getaddrinfo() as it is when the output
value of the log is actually a different destination address is output to the log.
4.2.2 Time-driven Approach

Figure.4.2,4.4 shows the hourly update type. The client listens to calculate the address of the
server every time changes every time, every time you edit =etc=hosts.
Implementation of the type shown below updated every hour. The client listens to calculate
the address of the server every time changes every hour, every =etc=hosts edit. In this
implementation is not always calculated, even if you do not have to connect to the server.
How to implement the following actions.
• Reads the configuration file for the client program will address the calculation, to
boot. In this case, the configuration file, which describes the continuous standby time
in a single address, which clients need to keep shared between servers. Unlike the
previous one and the method, we calculate the destination address in every address
update clients on time.

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Figure 4.4: Flowchart of time-driven

• Method.1 calculate the address using the update timing information and control
programs as well as servers, to keep.
• Address the request to the computer program will address the update time.
• Calculation program calculates the address of the address using the time information
and passphrases, and, DNS host to get the advantage of 64bit.
• Address calculated =etc=hosts add an entry with the server.
• When the correct address information to connect to the address that is updated every
time a
• client =etc=hosts
4.3 Detailed Implementation

The following update procedure for each connection type implementations. Client-side
implementation.

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• Config file of client
• Hook application
– Initialize
1. Read config data
– Loop
1. Hook getaddrinfo(),FQDN for DNS address resolution results, determine
the need for lower-value calculation 64bit address.
2. If we need to address value calculation, gettimeofday time information, the
mod takes the address of standby time, and time will update the address 0, IPv6
address of the computer program to pass the address 128bit.
3. Listening to the return address from the address of the computer program
getaddrinfo() return as a return value.
• Generate address
– Initialize
1. Read config data
– Loop
1. Get IPv6 address and address refresh time from hook application
2. Obtained in the above time and address updates 64bit 128bit lower bound
matches the passphrase.
3. During the high value of the SHA-1 64bit use.
4. Top uses a 64bit server address obtained from a hook program, the lower
the calculated address to listen 64bit server in conjunction.
5. Listen address to return the hook program.
We discuss the implementation of server side as follow.
• Config file of server
• Control program
– Initialize
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1. Read config data

– Loop
1. Time information on gettimeofday, the mod takes standby time address, the
time will hold the information.
2. 2s address update time passes the updated time address before the address
of the computer program, called.
3. 64bit address of the computer program obtained from the address of the
FQDN of the upper 64bit address to be coupled.
4. Available state to address the resulting uncertain issues a command to
prepare the address.
5. At the time address updates das address issuing commands to add addresses
to the process.
6. Address was added to the process control program to keep information.
7. Time has passed to address valid address is del address commands to delete.
– Initialize
1. Read config file.
– Loop
1. Get information from control program.
2. Add address refresh time and pass phrase.
3. Hash the value.
4. Return the value.
We discuss these steps of time-driven approach. Client-side.
• Config file of client.
• Control program
– Initialize
– Loop
1. Time information on gettimeofday, the mod takes standby time address, the
time will hold the information.
2. 2s address update time passes the updated time address before the address
of the computer program, called.
– Initialize
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– Loop
1. Get information from control program.
2. Add address refresh time and pass phrase.
3. Hash the value.
4. Obtain DNS server address is the top referring to 64bit, 64bit and just
calculated in conjunction with the address of the server listens.
5. When refresh address, edit =etc=hosts.

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CHAPTER 5
RESULTS
This chapter describes about the adequacy of this method.
5.1 Architectural Validation
I show how this suggestion technique can be satisfied with two chapters for the problem that I
spoke. The anonymity which I spoke in two chapters is as follows. I speak how much can
satisfy these.
• Uni-directionality: The server cannot connect to the client using the client’s source
address in the packet originated the clinet. Since this states the anonymity of the
clinet, we do not describe in detail in this thesis.
• Discontinuity: By grouping the same addresses recorded in the communication
session, multiple communications are associated so that it is difficult to guess the
behavior of the node. Unified Multiplex listen address of the server by using this
method will be able to take seemingly random values. This grouping could not
address value, these conditions are met.
• Dissimilarity: Even if the server address is known to a third party the server cannot be
communicated using the address or some other addresses inferred from the original
address. By changing the address of the server that can be achieved by Unified
Multiplex used. The method is considered viable by this method to notify the client
that address. So, say that these conditions are met.
5.2 Numerical Evaluation
In this proposed method is 216 seconds and the effective time of the server listen address.
Time to examine the validity of the address for this stand. It is a pair from Figure 5.1 to
10000-per second random selection attack for these 216 seconds. It is thought that it has
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security strength that can endure practical use because it can suppress the collision rate to
0.000001% or less by doing. Moreover, it is usually 32 at constant intervals of 60 seconds
based on the random numbers key generated when it clocks and the factory is shipped
building into RSA Secure ID that is the one-time password attestation mechanism that uses
the token that generates the validation code of bit is introduced into the enterprise that will
exceed 20,000 by present. It uses it by this proposal technique, and changing information is
bit row twice 32bit subordinate position 64bit of IPv6, and is thought to have high security
strength enough even if it keeps using information on 64bit for 216 seconds because it
becomes 232twice as volume of information when thinking the number of reported cases of
the security breach is 0 for 15 years. Therefore, it is thought this waiting address effective
time is appropriate.
Figure 5.1: Collision probability at a random selection

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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion
In this thesis, it proposed the mechanism that was able to be peeled off to practical development of
Unified Multiplex. Whether it notifies becomes important for the client ..waiting address of the
server.. very because it changes it in Unified Multiplex in each session of the address. This time, the
waiting address of this server was assumed to be a method of notifying the client and it proposed the
mechanism of the notification of the address of non-negotiation type. Because this technique shares
the passphrase between the client and the server beforehand, the client becomes possible to connect
with the server without acquiring the waiting address of the server whenever connecting to the server
it. It designed to achieve this proposal technique, and the mounting specification was settled on.

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REFRENCES
[1] G. Huston, “IPv4 Address Report.” available at http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/.
[2] K.Nishida, S.Ata, H.Kitamura, and M.Murata, “An Unified Multiplex Communication
Architecture for Simple Security Enhancements in IPv6 Communications,” EuroView, Aug.
2010.
[3] S.Ata, H.Kitamura, and M.Murata, “Architectural Design of Unified Multiplex

Communications for One-Time Use of IP Addresses,” in proseedings of NTMS, Feb. 2011.
[4] H. Kitamura, S. Ata, and M. Murata, “IPv6 ephemeral addresses,” Internet-Draft, draft-
kitamura-ipv6-ephemeral-address-00, Oct. 2008. work in progress.
[5] F. Armknecht, J. Gir˜ao, A. Matos, and R. L. Aguiar, “Who said that? privacy at link
layer,” in Procedings of INFOCOM, pp. 2521–2525, May 2007.
[6] P. Srisuresh and M. Holdrege, “IP Network Address Translator (NAT) terminology and
considerations,” RFC2663, Aug. 1999.
[7] G. V. de Velde, T. Hain, R. Droms, B. Carpenter, and E. Klein, “Local network protection
for IPv6,” RFC4864, May 2007.
[8] M. J. Freedman and R. Morris, “Tarzan: A peer-to-peer anonymizing network layer,” in

Proceedings of the 9th ACM (CCS 9), pp. 193–206, Nov. 2002.
[9] M. J. Freedman, E. Sit, J. Cates, and R. Morris, “Introducing tarzan, a peer-to-peer

anonymizing network layer,” in Proceedings of the IPTPS, Mar. 2002.

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[10] M. K. Reiter and A. D. Rubin, “Crowds: anonymity for web transactions,” ACM
Transactions on Information and System Security, vol. 1, pp. 66–92, Nov. 1998.
[11] H. T. Kung, C.-M. Cheng, K.-S. Tan, and S. Bradner, “Design and analysis of an IP-
layer anonymizing infrastructure,” in Proceedings of the DISCEX-III, pp. 62–75, Apr. 2003.
[12] C.-M. Cheng, H. T. Kung, K.-S. Tan, and S. Bradner, “Anon: An IP-layer anonymizing
infrastructure,” in Proceedings of the DISCEX-III, pp. 78–80, Apr. 2003.
[13] R. Dingledine, N. Mathewson, and P. F. Syverson, “Tor: The second-generation onion

router,” in Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Security Symposium, pp. 303–320, Aug. 2004.
[14] S. Katti, J. Cohen, and D. Katabi, “Information slicing: Anonymity using unreliable
overlays,” in Proceedings of the NSDI, pp. 43–56, Apr. 2007.
[15] D. McCoy, K. S. Bauer, D. Grunwald, T. Kohno, and D. C. Sicker, “Shining light in

dark places: Understanding the tor network,” in Proceedings of the 8th International
Symposium on PETS, pp. 63–76, July 2008.
[16] K. Shima and H. Kitamura, “IPv6 global communication architecture build on a

mechanism for conveying service dedicated address information (DNSO),” IEICE Technical
Report (IN2008-29), vol. 108, pp. 17–22, Mar. 2008.
[17] B. Schneier, “Attack trees,” Dr. Dobb 􀊟s journal, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 21–29, 1999.
[18] S. Thomson, T. Narten, and B. Jinmei, “RFC 4862: IPv6 stateless address
autoconfiguration,” Sept. 2007.

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[19] J. Philip and P. Erdelsky, “The birthday paradox,” EFG, at http://www. efgh.
com/math/birthday. htm, Mar. 2002.
[20] G. Xie, C. Irvine, and T. Levin, “Quantifying effect of network latency and clock drift
on time-driven key sequencing,” in Proceedings of ADSN, pp. 35–42, IEEE, Nov. 2002.

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APPENDIX – B
LIST OF PUBLICATION
[1] “Experimental Studies of Different RCC Structure”, International Research

Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume: 6, Issue 2, pp 55-57, June 2016.
[2] “Investigation & Discussion on the Damping Behavior of GFRP Composite

Subjected to Liquid Environment”, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & MEDICAL RESEARCH (IJEMMR), Volume: 3, Issue 1, 2017.

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Analysis of Ipv6 Communication Architecture Using Specific Addresses

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Analysis of Ipv6 Communication Architecture Using Specific Addresses

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ANALYSIS OF IPV6 COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE USING SPECIFIC ADDRESSES

I hereby take a chance to express my sense of extreme gratitude towards my Master of

He is an extremely sympathetic and principle-centered person. His skills, as a researcher and

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Date: (Sarvesh Rai)

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Date: (Mahendra Kumar)

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

(एम.ई /एम. टे क /एम. फामाा छात्रों हेतु)

1. यह कक मेिे (एम. ई /एम. टे क /एम. फामाष) के ववर्य…………………………...……

गाईड एवं संचालक प्राचार्ा द्धारा सत्र्ापपत ककर्ा जावे |

सत्यावपत करते है कक छात्रा / छात्रा का िाम

गाईड के हस्ताक्षर संचालक प्राचार्ा

हस्तक्षर पदनाम सील

संस्था का िाम ………………………………………………………….

संस्था का कोड ………………………………………………………….

िरू भार् क्रमांक ………………………………………………………….

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Communication Architecture Secure Communication IPv6

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Chapter 1. Introduction 1-3

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Related Work

Chapter 2. Literature Review 4 - 25

2.1.1 Vibration analysis of GFRP composites

2.1.2 Environmental effects on damping of GFRP composites

2.1.3 Fracture to ugliness and impact

properties of GFRP composites

2.1.4 Environmental effects on dynamic properties

and water absorption characteristics of GFRP

2.2 Gaps in the existing study

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Chapter 3. Achieving Anonymity And Privacy

By Using Unified Multiplex

3.1 Brief Introduction of Unified Multiplex

3.2 Problems on Sharing Specific Service Address

3.3 Approach for Secure Communication

3.3.1 Architectural Overview

3.3.2 Supporting Services using Multiple

Chapter 4. Design And Implementation Method 31 -

4.1 Block Diagram of Non-negotiable Address Sharing

4.2 Approaches for Address Composition

4.2.1 Connection-driven Approach

4.2.2 Time-driven Approach

4.3 Detailed Implementation

5.1 Architectural Validation

5.2 Numerical Evaluation

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Fig. 1.1 Weave styles in Fabric 8

Fig 1.2 Notched specimens for determining the 11

fracture toughness of a material:

Fig 1.3 Typical load vs. crack opening displacement 12

(COD) records obtained in tension testing of notched

Fig 1.4 Schematic arrangements 13

Chapter 2. Literature Survey

Chapter 3. Experimental Setup & Procedure

Fig. 3.1 Vibration test specimen used in 38

Fig. 3.2 Schematic representation of experimental 39

setup used for dampingmeasurement

Fig. 3.3 Vibration test rig 40

Fig .3.4 SENB Specimen used for 3 point bend test 40

Fig. 3.5 Three point bend testing of the composite 41

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi