THE OVERALL STUDY OF GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION

AT MINT COMPOUND IN HYDERABAD

A Mini project report

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree

of

Bachelor of Technology

In
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

VELURU RAMU

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

HITECH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyd, A.P)

Gandipet, Himayath nagar, C.B.post, Hyderabad – 500075, A.P.

Ph: 08413 235170/71/72 Fax: 08413 235173

2010
 HITECH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyd, A.P)

Gandipet, Himayath nagar, C.B.post, Hyderabad – 500075

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

CERTIFICATE
DATE:

This is to certify that the mini project work entitled STUDY OF GAS INSULATED
SUBSTATION is a bonafide work carried out by VELURU RAMU (08J15A0210) in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECRICAL
AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING by the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad during the academic year 2010 -2011.

The results embodied in this report have not been submitted by the student to any
other University or institution for the award of any degree of diploma.

Mini project supervisor Head of the department

Basha, M.tech Venkatiah, M.tech

Associate professor, Professor & Head,

HITECH, HITECH,

Hyderabad. Hyderabad.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take immense pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to my project guide

Mr. RAMU for their valuable suggestions and rare insights, for constant source of
encouragement and inspiration throughout my project work.

I thank all in the staff of Gas insulated substation in mint compound who helped me
with valuable data and inputs for the project.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to my beloved asst.professor Mr.Basha and

professor Mr.Venkatiah, head, department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Hitech
college of engineering and technology for the valuable guidance and suggestions, keen
interest and thorough encouragement extended throughout period of project work and
permitting to do this project

With gratitude,

VELURU RAMU _____________________.

 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2: REASONS FOR USAGE SF6

Chapter 3: MAIN PARTS

3.1: Expansion Bellows

3.2: Circuit breakers

3.3: Current Transformer

3.4: Voltage Transformer

3.5: Earthing Switch

3.6: Isolating switches

3.7: Connections to Transformer

3.8: Feeder bey

3.9: Transformer bey

3.10: Bus section bey

3.11: Direct Transformer connections

3.12: Surge Arrestor

3.13: Control system of GIS

3.14: Gas monitor Systems

3.15: Gas compartment and zones

Chapter 4: RATINGS OF GIS PARTS

4.1: Switch gear

 4.2: Circuit breaker

4.3: Surge arrestor

4.4: Isolator

4.5: Earthing switch

4.6: Power Transformer

Chapter 5: ADVANTAGES OF GIS AND APPLICATION ASPECTS

Chapter 6: FEATURES

Chapter 7: ADVANTAGES OF GIS OVER AIR INSULATED SUB STATION

Chapter 8: DISADVANTAGES

Chapter 9: CONCLUSIONS

REFFFERENCES
 1. CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

How a substation happens

What is a Substation?
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation,
transmission, and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to
low or the reverse using transformers. A transformer is a device that transfers
electrical energy from one circuit to another through conductors. Substations
may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in special-
purpose buildings. Substations do not usually have generators, although a power
plant may have a substation nearby. High-rise buildings may have indoor
substations. Indoor substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the
noise from the transformers, for reasons of appearance, or to protect switchgear
from extreme climate or pollution conditions.

Distribution substations transfer power from the transmission system to

the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect
electricity consumers to the high-voltage main transmission network, unless
they use large amounts of energy; so the distribution station reduces voltage to a
value suitable for local distribution. The electricity outputs are feeders (power
lines) which run overhead or underground (in cities) to power the distribution
transformers nearby the customers.

FUNCTIONS OF A SUBSTATION

 Supply of required electrical power.

 Maximum possible coverage of the supply network.
 Maximum security of supply.
 Shortest possible fault-duration.
 Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
 Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5 Hz and
50.5 Hz).
 Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
 Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.
OUT DOOR SUBSTATION MODELS
SUBSTATION LAYOUTS

 Switching requirements for normal operation.

  Switching requirements during abnormal operations,
 Such as short circuits and overloads.
 Degree of flexibility in operations, simplicity.
 Freedom from total shutdown and permissible period of shutdown.
 Maintenance requirements, space for approaching various
 Safety of personnel.
 Protective zones, main protection, back-up protection
 Bypass facilities
 Technical requirements such as ratings, clearances,
 Earthing lightning protection, Noise, radio interference, etc.
 Provision for extensions, space requirement.
 Economic considerations, availability, foreign 
exchange involvement, cost of the equipment.
 Requirements of network monitoring, power line communication, data
collection, Data transmission etc.
 Compatibility with ambient conditions.
 Environmental aspects, audible noise, RI, TI etc.
 Long service life, Quality, Reliability, and Aesthetics.

Essential Features for substation

 Outdoor Switchyard having any one of the above.

 Bus-Bar schemes.
 High voltage Switchgear. Medium voltage Switchgear, Low voltage
Switchgear and control room. 
 Office building.
 Roads and rail track for transporting equipment
 Incoming line towers and outgoing line towers/cables.

Design, Construction, and Commissioning Process

Once the site location has been selected, the design, construction, and
commissioning process would broadly follow the steps shown in Figure. Recent
trends in utilities have been toward sourcing design and construction of
substations through a competitive bidding process to ensure capital efficiency
and labor productivity.

Station Design
 Now the final detailed designs can be developed along with all the
drawings necessary for construction. The electrical equipment and all the other
materials can now be ordered and detailed schedules for all disciplines
negotiated. Final manpower forecasts must be developed and coordinated with
other business units. It is imperative that all stakeholders be aware of the design
details and understand what needs to be built and when it needs to be completed
to meet the in-service date. Once the designs are completed and the drawings
published, the remaining permits can be obtained. Flow chart illustrating steps
involved in establishing a new substation.

Station Construction

With permits in hand and drawings published, the construction of the

station can begin. Site logistics and housekeeping can have a significant impact
on the acceptance of the facility. Parking for construction personnel, traffic
routing, truck activity, trailers, fencing, lack of mud and dirt control, along with
trash and noise can be major irritations for neighbours, so attention to these
details is essential for achieving community acceptance. All the civil, electrical,
and electronic systems are installed at this time. Proper attention should also be
paid to site security during the construction phase, not only to safeguard the
material and equipment, but also to protect the public.

Station Commissioning

Once construction is complete, testing of various systems can commence

and all punch-list items can be addressed. Environmental cleanup must be
undertaken before final landscaping can be installed. Note that, depending upon
the species of plants involved, it may be prudent to delay final until a more
favourable season in order to insure optimal survival of the foliage. Public
relations personnel can make the residents and community leaders aware that
the project is complete, and the station can be made functional and turned over
to the operating staff.

2.CHAPTER
 REASONS FOR USAGE SF6

SF6 Gas Properties

Introduction

SF6 is a combination of sulfur and fluorine its first synthesis was realized in 1900 by
French researchers of the  Pharmaceutical Faculty of Paris. It was used for the first time as
insulating material, In the United States about 1935. In 1953, the Americans discovered its
properties for extinguishing the electric arc. This aptitude is quite remarkable.

Physical properties
It is about five times heavier than air, and has a density of 6.1 4kg / m3. It is colorless,
odorless and non-toxic. Tests have been carried out replacing the nitrogen content of air by
SF6 (the gaseous mixture consisted of 79 % SF6 and 24 % oxygen): five mice were then
immersed in this atmosphere for 24 hours, without feeling any ill effects. It is a gas which the
speed of sound propagation is about three times less than in air, at atmospheric pressure. The
interruption of the arc will therefore be less loud in SF6 than in air. The dielectric strength of
SF6 in on average 2.5 times that of air, and, by increasing pressure, it can be seen that the
dielectric strength also increases and than around 3.5 bar of relative pressure, SF6 has the
same strength as fresh oil.

The principal characteristics of the gas are as follows:

Molar mass                                   146.078

Critical temperature                     45.55°C
Critical pressure                           37.59 bars
In short, SF6 at atmospheric pressure is a heavier gas than air, it becomes liquid at - 63.2°C
and in which noise propagates badly.

SF6 on the market

 SF6 which is delivered in cylinders in liquid phase, contains impurities (within limits
imposed by IEC standards No. 376)
 Carbon tetra fluoride               (CF4) 0.03 %
 Oxygen + nitrogen                   (air) 0.03 %
 Water                                       15 ppm
 C02                                           traces
 HF                                             0.3 ppm
 SF6 is therefore                        99.99 % pur.
 
Chemical properties
SF6 is a synthetic gas which is obtained as we have just explained by combination of six
atoms of fluorine with one atom of sulfur:
 

 
 
          You can see therefore that this reaction is accompanied by an important release of heat.
This approximately similar to coal combustion.
Given that the energy released during synthesis is the same as is needed in order to dissociate
the final element, it can immediately be seen that:
     - SF6 is a stable gas
     - 524 k. calories are necessary for molecular breakdown, we can there fore already expect
that it will be a powerful cooling agent:

                                   
 
The dissociation products before interruption of the arc
At normal temperature, the gas is stable, and does not react with its environment. In contact
with the parts where electric currents circulate, the gas is heated to temperatures of around
four hundred degrees SF6 gives the following decomposition products:
Thionyl fluoride               SOF2
Sulfur fluoride                 SO2F2
Sulfur tetra fluoride          SF4
Sulfur deca fluoride         S2F10
Thionyl tetra fluoride       SOF4
 
SF6 also reacts with the materials that are found in its environment:
With water (impurity in the gas), it gives hydrofluoric acid HF,
With air dioxide (impurity in the gas), it gives sulfur dioxide SO2,
With carbon dioxide (impurity in the gas), it gives carbon tetra fluoride CF4,
With the araldite casings which are high in silicon dioxide, it gives silicon tetra fluoride SF4.
 
The dissociation products after interruption of an arc.
An electric are develops high temperatures which can reach 15000 °C.
At these temperatures, many dissociation products that we have previously studied disappear.
It is thus that, besides the impurities of the gas (water, air, carbon, and dioxide), there only
remain:
  
Sulfur fluoride                     SO2F2
 Carbon tetra fluoride            CF4
 Silicon tetra fluoride            SIF4
Sulfurous anhydride             SO2.
 
You can therefore see that a large number of products have been dissociated by the
electric arc. The importance of the remaining products may be lessened by adding a powder
(alumina silicate).
All these gases are heavier than air, and May, under certain conditions is poisonous.

SF6 Safety precautions:

Today there is no known dielectric and breaking agent combined better than SF6 gas.

Initial state
In its initial state, before it has undergone thermal stress (usually the electric arc); SF6 is
perfectly safe in normal conditions:
- It is non-toxic,
- It is uninflammable,
- It will not explode.
This does not mean that no precautions need to be taken: because of its lack of oxygen, this
gas will not support life.
However, the concentration of SF6 would have to be high, since the International electro
technical Commission (IEC) has shown that five mice left for 24 hours in an atmosphere of
79 % SF6 and 21 % oxygen will not only remain alive but will show no signs of abnormal
behavior.
Man dies when the oxygen level of the gas he is breathing falls below 12 %.

Precautions and hygiene

  The first recommendation is not to smoke when SF6 gas is around. The heat given off
by the cigarette may decompose the gas. Your cigarette would then take on a very strange
taste also avoid operating combustion engines in this gas.
When the work positions are indoors, have ventilation and / or a system for detecting this
halogen placed at the lowest points of the installations.
Remember that SF6 is a very heavy gas. This device will warn you any gas leaks.

Post-breaking state

As we seen at the beginning of this Chapter, the heat from the arc modifies the SF6.This
creates gaseous and solid decomposition products.

It is these products that need to be spoken about. Certain of these gases are medically defined
as being violent irritants of the mucous membranes and of the lungs. In extreme cases, they
may cause pulmonary edema.
 
The solid decomposition products (whitish powder) an aggressive when the react with the
humidity of the mucous membranes and of the hands.
Following this rather unpleasant description of the SF6 after breaking we may reassure
ourselves on two counts:

- For reasons of quantity

Quantity.

The volume of decomposed is microscopic. This means that dangerous thresholds are
rarely reached, thanks in part to the molecular sieve which regenerates the decomposition
products to form pure SF6. This sieve is present in all extinguishing chambers. Regeneration
time is short, but depends on the number of ampere being broken.

The presence of hydrogen sulphide, noticeable through its sickening smell, makes an
excellent alarm signal. The smell detection threshold is ten times lower than the toxic
threshold (1 ppm is detected by smell).
 

Probability.

In normal operation, electric Switchgear using SF6 has a leak rate guaranteed to be
less than 1 % of the mass per year. This makes any danger impossible in normal operation.
The abnormal situation is the risk of an appliance exploding. This is fortunately extremely
infrequent. And if by chance such an incident accrued, the putrid smell would make us aware
of it immediately.
 
Precaution and hygiene.

If you were to find yourself in contact with decomposed SF6 gas, you must leave your
post and ensure that the gas is eliminated by means of powerful ventilation.
Once the polluted gas has disappeared (when the smell becomes bearable) you are still in
contact with solid decomposition products.
Operations on the equipment must be carried out with a gas mask, gloves and appropriate
clothing. All this - together with the powders themselves - shall be sent to a factory for
dealing with dangerous products.
Any damage to the hands caused by these powders can be neutralized by limewater.

 CONCLUSION
It is important to point out that sulfur hexafluoride does not bring about an increase in
the risks entailed in the work stations. This lack of specific danger is furthermore confirmed
by the fact that we have not had to record any accident since 1960, the year in which SF6 was
first used as a breaking agent. As a matter of interest SF6 does not harm the ozone layer. This
is partly due to its weight.
 
The electric arc
The creation of an arc
Everyone has noticed that, when placing one’s hand near to a television screen, one
feels a force which attracts.
There exists, in fact, in this apparatus, what one calls an electric field. The latter is the source
of an electric current, for it is this that displaces the electrons in the conductors.
An electric field appears at the separation of the live contacts. Such a field of a very great
intensity will draw electrons at the hot points of contacts.
The electric arc has been born. If its own energy is not sufficient, the arc will
extinguish rapidly itself. If, on the other hand, it is crossed by a strong current, it draws
throughout its own energy, which ensures the survival of the arc.
 The electric arc:

We have seen that the electric field was at the origin of the displacement of electrons.
When the contacts separate, the electric field draws electrons to the hot points. These
electrons are going to circulate in surroundings which are not conductive, which one calls
dielectric, and will cause the temperature of the surroundings to increase, if they are in
sufficient number.
All bodies, under the influence of temperature, end up by reaching their threshold of
ionic dissociation. At this moment, it parts with electrons, and becomes conductive. These
electrons themselves, and for the same reasons, will create others. We have an avalanche, that
is to say, creation of electrons, which will accelerate. One can reach temperature of 15000 °C.
The value of the thermal power can be 10MW.
The electric arc is thus going to follow the variations of alternating current, and thus,
at regular intervals, the arc will disappear and reappear immediately, if the electrons have not
been eliminated because in this case, the surroundings remain conductive.
In order to eliminate these electrons, one could:
- Rid oneself of them by some physical means, like blow-out for example,
      - use dielectric with a very high speed of recuperation (the case of SF6)
      - use a process to reduce the temperature of the element (decompression, blow-out,
etc.)         

  Out-off a current

If we perfect a system which allows cooling the arc (turning arc, magnetic blow-out,
mechanical or thermodynamic blow-out, etc ...). One can well understand that the arc
increasing to temperatures of 1500°C.
Under the effect of current passing through it, will see a temperature decrease as soon
as the alternating current starts its descent towards 0.
 The temperature will decrease all the more rapidly as:
- SF6 has two states of conduction, and appearance of the resistive arc will bring about a fall
in the intensity, and thus its temperature,
- SF6, as we have seen in its physical properties, is a gas which Absorbs large quantities of
energy when it dissociates.
The blow out of the arc will thus (mean) evacuate a large quantity of energy.
This lowering of temperature will make the ionic recombination of the bodies and the
dielectric will recover its insulating properties which thus ensure interruption of the current.
Lastly the hydrofluoric acids attack all metals giving metallic fluorides which are all very
hydroscopic insulating powders.
Fig (1) Disruptive voltage versus pressure

Fig (2) SF6 absolute pressure versus temperature with constant volume mass
(density)

3.CHAPTER
MAIN PARTS

MAIN PARTS OF GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION

1. EXPANSION BELLOWS
 Variations in length due to temperature changes and dimensional
differences due to assembly tolerances are resolved by making use of
the wide range of bellows, which take up axial or lateral tolerances.
 These bellows are self compensated or compensated in compression by
tie-rods.
 Bellow compensators permit absorption of manufacturing tolerances in
Bellow Compensators also permit absorption of vibrations caused by
length of enclosures Bus-Bars, Transformers, reactors. Conductors are
usually of aluminum alloy tubes.
 The conductors are plugged to silver plated finger contact assembly
mounted on support insulators.
 These sliding contacts permit tubular conductors to expand axially with
temperature rise without any additional stress on support insulators. 
 The enclosures are of welded aluminium or stainless steel plates to
which cast aluminium or stainless steel flanges are welded.
 Metallic connections between adjacent enclosures are ensured to
permit circulation of full return current. The induced currents circulate in
enclosures and provide magnetic field of their own such that.  Outside
the enclosures the magnetic field of enclosures opposes the magnetic
field of conductor currents.
 Inside the enclosures, the magnetic field of enclosure currents adds to
that of conductor current resulting in centralizing force on conductor.
 The conductor tends to remain along the central axis of enclosure.
 1. CIRCUIT BREAKER

 Construction
A triple-pole 8D.2 breaker is illustrated in Fig for example Used in 132 KV .Each
breaker pole consists of a chamber, Containing an interrupter, an adapter
housing and an operating mechanism. Complete with oil tank

The breaker chamber is sealed gas-tight by two bushings the breaker thus
forms an independent gas filled compartment.

The gas pressure in the breaker poles is indicated by a gauge in the control and
monitoring unit and is monitored by a density monitor.

The control and monitoring unit is installed in the control cubicle. It contains
the pump set, all the devices for electrical and hydraulic control and
monitoring of the breaker poles and also the terminal blocks.

The operating energy is produced by compressing nitrogen in a storage

cylinder. Fig each pole is fitted with a rupture diaphragm fig as a protection
against unduly high gas pressure.

A static filter is fitted in the breaker chamber. Its purpose is to absorb SF6
decomposition products and to keep the SF6 dry. Each pole rests on a ball-type
support. Fig in this way, the flanged joints of the modular assemblies is
relieved of strain. A section through a breaker pole is shown in Figure:
11. Breaker chamber

11.4 support

13. Hydraulic storage cylinder

14. Operating mechanism

14.3 Oil tank

15. Adapter chamber

22. Interrupter unit.

DESCRIPTION OF CICUIT BREAKER

 The Circuit Breakers are automatic Switches which can

interrupt fault currents.
 The part of the Circuit Breakers connected in one phase is
called the pole.
 A Circuit Breaker suitable for three phase system is called a
‘triple-pole Circuit Breaker. Each pole of the Circuit Breaker
 comprises one or more interrupter or arc-extinguishing
chambers.
 The interrupters are mounted on support insulators. The
interrupter encloses a set of fixed and moving contact's
 The moving contacts can be drawn apart by means of the
operating links of the operating mechanism. The operating
mechanism of the Circuit Breaker gives the necessary energy
for opening and closing of contacts of the Circuit Breakers.
 The arc produced by the separation of current carrying
contacts is interrupted by a suitable medium and by adopting
suitable techniques for arc extinction. The Circuit Breaker can
be classified on the basis of the arc extinction medium.

 The Fault Clearing Process

During the normal operating condition the Circuit Breaker can be

opened or closed by a station operator for the purpose of Switching
and maintenance. During the abnormal or faulty conditions the relays
sense the fault and close the trip circuit of the Circuit Breaker.

Thereafter the Circuit Breaker opens. The Circuit Breaker has

two working positions, open and closed. These correspond to open
Circuit Breaker contacts and closed Circuit Breaker contacts
respectively. The operation of automatic opening and closing the
contacts is achieved by means of the operating mechanism of the
Circuit Breaker. As the relay contacts close, the trip circuit is closed
and the operating mechanism of the Circuit Breaker starts the
opening operation. The contacts of the Circuit Breaker open and an
arc is draw between them.
The arc is extinguished at some natural current zero of a.c.
wave. The process of current interruption is completed when the arc
is extinguished and the current reaches final zero value. The fault is
said to be cleared.

The process of fault clearing has the following sequence:

1- Fault Occurs. As the fault occurs, the fault impedance being low,
     the currents increase and the relay gets actuated.
     The moving part of the relay move because of the increase in the
operating

     torque. The relay takes some time to close its contacts.

2 - Relay contacts close the trip circuit of the Circuit Breaker closes and trip coil
is energized.

3 - The operating mechanism starts operating for the opening operation.

     The Circuit Breaker contacts separate.

4 - Arc is drawn between the breaker contacts. The arc is extinguished

      in the Circuit Breaker by suitable techniques. The current reaches final
zero
      as the arc is extinguished and does not restrict again.
 

The Trip-Circuit

Fig (1) below illustrates the basic connections of the Circuit Breaker control for the opening

operation
 3. CURRENT TRANSFORMER

 Current Transformers comprise air insulated cores mounted inside a

cylindrical enclosure.
 The central main conductor forms the primary winding a second
cylindrical enclosure.
 Between the cores and the conductor, separates the cores from the SF6
thus preventing any risk of leakage from the LV terminals.
 The number and ratings of the cores are adapted according to customer
requirements.
 Current Transformers can be installed on either or both sides of the
circuit-breakers and at the ends of outgoing circuits.

Current Transformer

1- Main conductor.
2- Secondary winding.
3- Shunt insulating
 CTs are inductive ring types installed either inside the GIS enclosure or
outside the GIS enclosure. The GIS conductor is the single turn primary for the
CT. CTs inside the enclosure must be shielded from the electric field produced
by the high voltage conductor or high transient voltages can appear on the
secondary through capacitive coupling. For CTs outside the enclosure, the
enclosure itself must be provided with an insulating joint, and enclosure
currents shunted around the CT. Both types of construction are in wide use.
4.VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Voltage Transformers are induction type and are contained in their own   SF6
compartment, separated from the other parts of the installation.

The active portion consists of a rectangular core, upon which are placed the
secondary windings and the high voltage winding.

Provision is made for up to two secondary windings for measurement and an

additional open delta winding for earth fault detection.

A synthetic film separates the different wraps of the windings. The

Transformers can be installed anywhere on the substation.

Voltage Transformer Module

a.For rated voltage up to 145 kV inductive Transformer with cast resin coil For
rated voltage of 245 kV inductive VT with SF6 gas as main insulation. For 300
kV and above, Capacitive Voltage Transformers are preferred Inductive type
Voltage Transformer.
b.The single-pole inductive type Voltage Transformers (Fig. 1) can be mounted
either vertical or horizontal. They are connected to the Switchgear with the
standardized connecting flange via a barrier insulator.
c.The primary winding is insulated with SF6 gas and connected to the HV.  by a
flexible connection. The primary winding (2) surround the core on which the
secondary windings (1) are also wound.
d. The connection between the secondary winding and the terminals in the
external terminal box is made through a gas tight multiple bushing.The
Transformers are equipped with two metering windings and one tertiary
winding for earth-fault protection.

Capacitor Voltage Transformer

In Switchgear for voltage above 300 kV, Capacitor Voltage Transformers are
also employed. Two systems are available:
- Transformers with high capacitance connected to an intermediate
Transformer. The oil-insulated capacitor of conventional design is
accommodated in an enclosure filled with SF6 gas. The high-voltage
connection to the GIS is made through a barrier insulator. The low-voltage
choke and the intermediate Voltage Transformer are housed separately in a
cabinet on the earth potential side.- Transformers with a low capacitance
accommodated in the current Transformer or in a separate housing, connected
to an electronic

1 - Secondary winding

2 - Primary winding

3 - Terminal box

4 - Support insulator

5 - Filling valve

6 - Safety diaphragm

7 - Density Switch

Voltage Transformer (Make ABB)

 5.EARTHING SWITCH

Earthing Switch is necessary to earth the conducting parts before

maintenance and also to provide deliberate short-current while testing.
There can be three  types of  Earthing switches in metal-clad Switches
manually operated automatic high speed Earthing Switch, protective
Earthing Switch for Earthing the installation.

There are several versions of Earthing Switches for following applications

1 - Maintenance Earthing Switches. These are single pole or three pole

units; manually operating mechanism with a provision of filling motor
mechanism.

2 - High Speed Earthing Switches. These are operated by spring energy.

  
Fig (2) the one pole Earthing Switch

Closed position          Earthing Switch: Open

1- Moving contact position
 2- Operating lever

3- Position
indicator                         

The earth Switch is mounted direct on the enclosure Fig. (1) Earthing
Switch has to satisfy various requirements. For Earthing isolated sections of
Switchgear for protection of personal during maintenance and over-hauls or
erection, the maintenance Earthing Switches are employed. For Earthing
higher capacitances (cables, overhead line etc.) high speed Earthing Switch
are employed. Depending on the substation scheme, the Bus-Bars may be
earthed either by maintenance or high-speed Earthing Switches.
Special high speed Earthing Switches with interrupting capability are also
available. These are suitable for interrupting capacitive and inductive
currents from parallel overhead lines. In certain cases, Earthing Switches are
fitted to the enclosure with interposed insulation.

This enables various tests to be performed on the Switchgear or item

of equipment, such as testing the current Transformer of measuring the
operating time of breakers, without having to open the enclosure. During
normal operation the insulation is bypassed by a short-circuit-proof link.

To check whether a point to be earthed really is dead, the Earthing

Switch can be equipped with a capacitive tap for connecting a voltage test
unit. This additional safety device reduces the risk of closing onto a live
conductor.
 6.ISOLATING SWITCHES

Isolating Switches are normally Switched only when not on load but they
may also interrupt the no load current of small Transformers as well as
disconnect short pieces of overhead lines or cables.

Disconnector Switch.

1 - Support insulator

2 - Fixed contact

3 - Moving contact

4 - Coupling contact

5 - Moving earthing contact

6 - Drive insulator

7 - Arcing contact
The BS: 3078-1959 on isolators distinguishes between “off load” and “on   load” isolator as
under:

1 - Off Load Isolator is an isolator which is operated in a circuit either when the
isolator is already disconnected from all sources of supply or when the isolator
is already disconnected from the supply and the current may be due to
capacitance currents of bushings, Bus-Bar connections, and very short lengths
of cable.

2 - On Load Isolator is an isolator which is operated in a circuit where there is a

parallel path Of low impedance so that no significant change in the voltage
across the terminals of each pole occurs when it is operated.

Disconnector:

1-     supporting insulator

2-     fixed contact

3-     moving contact

4-     earthing Switch

5-     driving insulator

To ensure that the off load isolators are not operated inadvertently
under load it is necessary that the isolators are suitably interlocked with the
connected breakers.

Isolating Switches can broadly be divided into the three categories

given ahead.

a)     Bus isolator.

b)    Line isolator.

c)     Transformer isolating.

 7.CONNECTION TO TRANSFORMER

All cables, irrespective of their type of insulation (oil impregnated paper

or XLPE) and section, can be connected.

The cable sealing end is fixed inside the SF6 gas Filled compartment, in
accordance with the IEC 859 standard commonly used. Isolation of the
Switchgear from the high voltage cables during dielectric testing is achieved by
removing the contact (1) and the conductor (2).Safety is fully ensured by
earthing of the cable Side through access (3), in parallel with closing of the
cable earth Switch.

Connection to Transformer    
                      1 – Removable contacts

                      2 – Removable conductor.

                      3 – Expansion bellows. 

                      4 – Bushing.

Cable connection box

            1 - Removable contact's
            2 - Removable conductor.
            3 - Access for Earthing rod.
            4 - Gas tight bushing.
            5 - High voltage

A cable connecting to a GIS is provided with a cable termination kit that is

installed on the cable to provide a physical barrier between the cable dielectric
and the SF6 gas in the GIS. The cable termination kit also provides a suitable
electric field distribution at the end of the cable. Because the cable termination
will be in SF6 gas, the length is short and sheds are not needed. The cable
conductor is connected with bolted or compression connectors to the end plate
or cylinder of the cable termination kit. On the GIS side, a removable link or
plug in contact transfers current from the cable to the GIS conductor. For high
voltage testing of the GIS or the cable, the cable is disconnected from the GIS
by removing the conductor link or plug-in contact. The GIS enclosure around
the cable termination usually has an access port. This port can also be used for
attaching a test bushing.
 Feeder Bay

1 High Speed Earth Switch (Line Earth Switch).  

2 Isolator for Voltage Transformer.  
3 Voltage Transformer.    
4 Line Isolator. (Disconnector Switch)  
5 Maintenance Earth Switches.   
6 CT's For Bus-Bar protection. 
7 Circuit Breaker.
8 CT's For Line protection and metering. 

9 Maintenance Earth Switches. 

10 Bus-Bar Isolator  

Transformer bay
1 Bus-Bar Isolator. (Disconnector Switch)  
2 Maintenance Earth Switches. 
3 CT's For Transformer protection.
4 Circuit Breaker.   
5 CT's for Bus-Bar protection and metering.
6 Maintenance Earth Switches.
7 Transformer Isolator.
8 Maintenance Earth Switches. (Transformer
E.S) 
 Bus Section bay

1 Bus-Bar Isolator. (Disconnector Switch) 

2 Maintenance Earth Switches. 
3 CT's For Bus-Bar protection and metering.
4 Circuit Breaker. 
5 Maintenance Earth Switches. 

Bus coupler bay

1 Bus-Bar Isolator. (Disconnector Switch)

2 Maintenance Earth Switches. 
3 CT's For Bus-Bar protection and metering. 
4 Circuit Breaker.   
6 Maintenance Earth Switches.   
7 Bus-Bar Isolator. 
 Direct Transformer Connections
To connect a GIS directly to a transformer, a special SF 6-to-oil bushing
that mounts on the transformer is used. The bushing is connected under oil on
one end to the transformer’s high voltage leads. The other end is SF6 and has a
removable link or sliding contact for connection to the GIS conductor. The
bushing may be an oil-paper condenser type or more commonly today, a solid
insulation type. Because leakage of SF6 into the transformer oil must be
prevented, most SF6 -to-oil bushings have a center section that allows any
SF6leakage to go to the atmosphere rather than into the transformer. For testing,
the SF6 end of the bushing is disconnected from the GIS conductor after
gaining access through an opening in the GIS enclosure. The GIS enclosure of
the transformer can also be used for attaching a test bushing.
 Surge Arrester
Zinc oxide surge arrester elements suitable for immersion in SF6 are
supported by an insulating cylinder inside a GIS enclosure section to make a
surge arrester for overvoltage control . Because the GIS conductors are inside in
a grounded metal enclosure, the only way for lightning impulse voltages to
enter is through the connections of the GIS to the rest of the electrical system.
Cable and direct transformer connections are not subject to lightning strikes, so
only at SF6-to-air bushing connections is lightning a concern. Air-insulated
surge arresters in parallel with the SF6-to-air bushings usually provide adequate
protection of the GIS from lightning impulse voltages at a much lower cost than
SF6 insulated arresters.

Switching surges are seldom a concern in GIS because with SF6

insulation the withstand voltages for switching surges are not much less than the
lightning impulse voltage withstand. In AIS there is a significant decrease in
withstand voltage for switching surges than for lightning impulse because the
longer time span of the switching surge allows time for the discharge to
completely bridge the long insulation distances in air. In the GIS, the short
insulation distances can be bridged in the short time span of a lightning impulse
so the longer time span of a switching surge does not significantly decrease the
breakdown voltage. Insulation coordination studies usually show there is no
need for surge arresters.

FIGURE: Direct SF6 bus connection to transformer.

Control System for GIS:

For ease of operation and convenience in wiring the GIS back to the
substation control room, a local control cabinet (LCC) is provided for each
circuit breaker position. The control and power wires for all the operating
mechanisms, auxiliary switches, alarms, heaters, CTs, and VTs are brought
from the GIS equipment modules to the LCC using shielded multi conductor
control cables. In addition to providing terminals for all the GIS wiring, the
LCC has a mimic diagram of the part of the GIS being controlled. Associated
with the mimic diagram are control switches and position indicators for the
circuit breaker and switches. Annunciation of alarms is also usually provided in
the LCC.

Electrical interlocking and some other control functions can be

conveniently implemented in the LCC. Although the LCC is an extra expense,
with no equivalent in the typical AIS, it is so well established and popular that
attempts to eliminate it to reduce cost have not succeeded. The LCC does have
the advantage of providing a very clear division of responsibility between the
GIS manufacturer and user in terms of scope of equipment supply.

Switching and circuit breaker operation in a GIS produces internal surge

voltages with a very fast rise time on the order of nanoseconds and a peak
voltage level of about 2 per unit. These “very fast transient over voltages are not
a problem inside the GIS because the duration of this type of surge voltage is
very short — much shorter than the lightning impulse voltage. However, a
portion of the VFTO will emerge from the inside of the GIS at any place where
there is a discontinuity of the metal enclosure — for example, at insulating
enclosure joints for external CTs or at the SF6-to-air bushings. The resulting
“transient ground rise voltage” on the outside of the enclosure may cause some
small sparks across the insulating enclosure joint or to adjacent grounded parts.
These may alarm nearby personnel but are not harmful to a person because the
energy content is very low. However, if these VFT voltages enter the control
wires, they could cause faulty operation of control devices. Solid-state controls
can be particularly affected. The solution is thorough shielding and grounding
of the control wires. For this reason, in a GIS, the control cable shield should be
grounded at both the equipment and the LCC ends using either coaxial ground
bushings or short connections to the cabinet walls at the location where the
control cable first enters the cabinet.

Surge arrester for GIS.

 Gas Monitor System

The insulating and interrupting capability of the SF6 gas depends on the
density of the SF6 gas being at a minimum level established by design tests.
The pressure of the SF6 gas varies with temperature, so a mechanical
temperature-compensated pressure switch is used to monitor the equivalent of
gas density GIS is filled with SF6 to a density far enough above the minimum
density for full dielectric and interrupting capability so that from 10 to 20% of
the SF6 gas can be lost before the performance of the GIS deteriorates. The
density alarms provide a warning of gas being lost, and can be used to operate
the circuit breakers and switches to put a GIS that is losing gas into a condition
selected by the user. Because it is much easier to measure pressure than density,
the gas monitor system usually has a pressure gage. A chart is provided to
convert pressure and temperature measurements into density. Microprocessor-
based measurement systems are available that provide pressure, temperature,
density, and even percentage of proper SF6 content. These can also calculate the
rate at which SF6 is being lost. However, they are significantly more expensive
than the mechanical temperature-compensated pressure switches, so they are
supplied only when requested by the user.

Gas Compartments and Zones

A GIS is divided by gas barrier insulators into gas compartments for gas
handling purposes. In some cases, the use of a higher gas pressure in the circuit
breaker than is needed for the other devices, requires SF6 density monitor for
GIS.

That the circuit breaker be a separate gas compartment. Gas handling

systems are available to easily process and store about 1000 kg of SF6 at one
time, but the length of time needed to do this is longer than most GIS users will
accept. GIS is therefore divided into relatively small gas compartments of less
than several hundred kg. These small compartments may be connected with
external bypass piping to create a larger gas zone for density monitoring. The
electrical functions of the GIS are all on a three-phase basis, so there is no
electrical reason not to connect the parallel phases of a single-phase enclosure
type of GIS into one gas zone for monitoring. Reasons for not connecting
together many gas compartments into large gas zones include a concern with a
fault in one gas compartment causing contamination in adjacent compartments
and the greater amount of SF6 lost before a gas loss alarm. It is also easier to
locate a leak if the alarms correspond to small gas zones, but a larger gas zone
will, for the same size leak, give more time to add SF between the first alarm
and second alarm. Each GIS manufacturer has a standard approach
to gas compartments and gas zones, but will, of course, modify the approach to
satisfy the concerns of individual GIS users.

4.CHAPTER

RATINGS OF GIS PARTS

SF6 GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR

Rated voltage 145kv

Rated normal current

Bus bar 2000A

Circuit 1250A

Rated frequency 50 Hz

Rated short-time

Withstand current 31.5KA

Value of short-time 1s

Design pressure for enclosure 0.81mpa

Rated sf6 gas pressure

Circuit breaker 0.6mpa

Others 0.6mpa

Minimum gas density for

Insulation 037kg/m^

Mass inducing sf6 gas 5500kg

Applied standard 1EC 517

Year of manufacture 1998

SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BREAKER

Type designation BAK 514

Rated voltage 145KV

Rated insulation level Lighting impulse with

stand voltage 650 KV

Power frequency with stand voltage 275KV

Rated frequency 50HZ

Rated normal current 1250A

Rated short circuit breaking current 31.5KA

Rated transient Recovery voltage Peak value 249KV

Rate of rise 2.0KV/US

First-pole-to-clear-factor 1.5

Rated opening time 30ms

Rated break time 3~

Rated closing time 109ms

Rated control voltage DC 220v

SURGE ARRESTOR

Rated voltage 144kv

Nominal discharge current 1KA

Long duration discharge glass 3

Heavy duty glass

Rated pressure relief current 40KA

Applied standard 1EC 99

Total mass 420KG

Mass of sf6 gas 12KG

Year of manufacture 1998

SF6 GAS INSULATED ISOLATOR

Rated voltage 145kv

Rated normal current 1250a

Rated frequency 30 Hz

Rated lighting impulse

With stand voltage 650k peak

EARTHING SWITCH

Rated voltage 145kv

Rated frequency 50 Hz

Rated lighting impulse

With stand voltage 650kv peak

Rated short time making current 1kV

Rated duration of short circuit 1s

Rated short circuit current making

Rated auxillary voltage DC220v

Rated operating voltage DC 220v

Rated sf6 gas pressure 0.6mpa

POWER TRANSFORMER

Rating 33000/5000 KVA

Voltage at no-load

HV 132000

LV 33000

Full load current

HV 131.2/218.7A

LV 524.9/874.8A

Basic insulation level imp/pf

HV KVL1550 AC 230

LV KVL1 170 AC 70

GTD temp rise

Oil C 50

WDG C 55

Phase 3

Cable 400sqm

Year of manufacture 1997

6.CHAPTER

ADVANTAGES OF GIS AND APPLICATION ASPECTS

 1- Compactness.
The space occupied by SF6 installation is only about  8 to 10 % of that a
conventional outdoor substation. High cost is partly compensated by saving
in cost of space. A typical 420/525 kV SF6 GIS requires only 920 m 2 site area
against 30.000 m2 for a conventional air insulated substation.
2 - Choice of Mounting Site.
Modular SF6 GIS can be tailor made to Suit the particular site
requirements. This results is saving of otherwise Expensive civil-foundation
work. SF6 GIS can be suitably mounted indoor on any floor or basement
and SF6 Insulated Cables (GIC) can be taken through walls and terminated
through SF6 bushing or power cables.
3 - Reduced Installation Time.
The principle of building block construction (modular construction)
reduces the installation time to a few weeks. Each conventional substation
requires several months for installation. In SF6 substations, the time-
consuming high cost galvanized steel structures are eliminated. Heavy
foundations for galvanized steel structures, Equipment support structures
etc are eliminated. This results in economy and reduced project execution
time. Modules are factory assembled, tested and dispatched with nominal
SF6 gas. Site erection time is reduced to final assembly of modules. 
4 - Protection from pollution.
The external moisture. Atmospheric Pollution, snow dust etc. have little
influence on SF6 insulated substation. However, to facilitate installation and
maintenance, the substations are generally housed inside a small building.
5- Increased Safety.  
As the enclosures are at earth potential there is no possibility of
accidental contact by service personnel to live parts.
6 - Explosion-proof and Fire-proof installation.

SF6 breakers and SF6 filled equipment are explosion proof and fire-
proof.

Operating personnel are protected by

Safe
the earthed metal enclosures
 The complete enclosure of all live
Reliable parts guards against any Impairment
of the insulation system.
SF6 Switchgear installations take up
Space saving only 1/10 of the space Required for
conventional installations.
High flexibility and application
Economical versatility provide novel, and
economic overall concepts.
An extremely careful selection of
materials. an expedient design and a
Maintenance free high standard of manufacturing quality
assure Long service life with practically
no maintenance requirement.
Low weight due to aluminum
enclosure, correspondingly
Low weight
Low cost foundations and buildings.
Quick site assembly ensured by
extensive preassembly and Testing of
Shop assembled complete feeders or large units in the
factory.

FEATURES OF GIS

 Advantages of GIS over air insulated substations:

 a)      Because of the entire equipment being enclosed in enclosures, filled

with pressurized SF6 gas, installation is not subject to environmental
pollutions, as experienced along coastal areas or certain types of industries.

 b)      Such installations are preferred in cosmopolitan cities, industrial

townships, etc., where cost of land is very high and higher cost of SF6
insulated switchgear is justified by saving due to reduction in floor area
requirement. It is not necessary that high voltage or extra high voltage
switchgear to be installed outdoors.

 c)      Since most of the construction is modular and the assembly is done in
the works, one site erection time both for supporting structures and
switchgear is greatly reduced.

Disadvantages of GIS: 

1- High cost compared to conventional outdoor substation.

2 - Excessive damage in case of internal fault. Long outage periods as

     Repair of damaged part at site may be difficult.

3 - Requirement of cleanliness is very stringent. Dust or moisture can cause

      internal flashovers. 

4 - Such substations are generally in door. They need a separate building.

     This is generally not required for conventional outdoor substations.

5 - Procurement of gas and supply of gas to site is problematic.

     Adequate stock of gas must be maintained.

6 - Project needs almost total imports including SF6 Gas. Spares

conventional substation is totally indigenous up to 400 kV.