ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF

Brian Heber
Spring 2019

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ECE 5041 – AC Machines vs DC Machines
 Quick DC Machine review
– Stator has a constant direction magnetic field. In the
case of a permanent magnet, the field strength is also
constant.
– The rotor has windings that are perpendicular to the
stator field.
• When current flows in the rotor winding, a torque is developed
which tries to align the rotor magnetic field with the stator
magnetic field.
• The brushes and commutator “switch” the rotor current such
that the rotor’s magnetic field is always perpendicular to the
stator’s magnetic field.

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ECE 5041 – AC Machines vs DC Machines
 For an AC machine, the goal is to create a
rotating magnetic field due to the current in the
stator winding.
– If this is possible, then from the rotor’s perspective, it
would look as if a magnet was rotating.
– When current flows in the rotor, it will try to chase the
rotating “magnet” due the stator’s magnetic field.

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ECE 5041 – AC Machines vs DC Machines
 Equivalent rotating magnetic field due to the
windings on the stator.
– ωe is the electrical speed of the magnetic field NOT
the the rotational speed of the rotor

Not a “Real” Magnetic

ωe Just an equivalent magnetic field
produced by the stator windings
N S

Stator

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 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Sinusoidally Distributed Windings
– Stator windings are sinusoidally
distributed.
– As shown this forms a 2 pole single
phase winding Sinusoidally
Distributed Windings Magnetic Field (λas)
• Called a 2-Pole winding because there
is a single north-south magnetic field
created by the winding.
As
– The magnetic field (λ) flows as
shown for the given stator current Ias.
– Electrically the stator looks like one
inductor, but shown below as a
series combination of inductors .
N S θs
_
Represents As-axis
the number
of coils
Vas Las
Stator
ias As
+
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ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Winding Construction
– Coil: Collection of conductors with a start and finish
• example As to A’s
– Coil side: ½ of a coil, i.e., As is a coil side as is A’s.
– ncs: number of conductors per coil side

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ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 2 Phase 2 Pole Bs-axis Magnetic Field (λas + λbs)

As

_ S
θs

Bs

Vas Las
As-axis
Bs N
ias
+

Stator
As

Represents 2 coils Vbs

+
_

that are physically

rotated 90o with ibs
respect to each other
Lbs 7
 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Single Phase 2 Pole Winding Distribution
 Starting at θs = 0 and moving counter clockwise around the stator to π, the
number of turns is assumed to vary as the sin of the angle, θs, as follows
– Nas = Np * sin(θs) , 0 < θs < π
 Continuing from π to 2π, moving counter clockwise, the number of turns is the
same but negative because of the direction of current flow is opposite.
– Nas = -Np * sin(θs) , π < θs < 2π.
 Note Np is called a “turns density”, i.e., the number of equivalent turns in given
cross section.
Cut the stator in ½

θs

As-axis

θs
As-axis
2π π θs Stator

As-axis
Then flatten it out (this is referred to as the “Developed Diagram”) 8
 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Single Phase 2 Pole Winding Distribution
– Let Ns represent an equivalent sinusoidally distributed winding.
– Integrate along θs from 0 to π to calculate equivalent number of turns as follows
– Ns represents the equivalent number of sinusoidally distributed turns.

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 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Single Phase 2 Pole Magnetic Circuit Analysis – Calculating the MMF
– Consider the Phase A Winding only
Bs-axis

Sinusoidally
Distributed Windings Magnetic Field (λas)

As

Ns
mmf as (0) = ias
2

θs
As-axis
N mmfas = Nas*ias
mmf as (π ) = − s ias Ampere’s Law: Closed integral about the
2 θs = 0 field intensity (H) is equal to the net current
enclosed. Or the magneto motive force (mmf)

∫ H ⋅ dL = mmf
Stator
As

Maximum Positive Current

Enclosed (θs = 0) 10
 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Single Phase 2 Pole Magnetic Circuit Analysis – Calculating the MMF

Bs-axis Bs-axis

As As

θs
θs
As-axis As-axis
mmfas < Nasias mmfas = 0
θs < π/2 θs = π/2

Stator Stator
As As

More Positive than Negative Same Positive as Negative Current

Current Enclosed Enclosed so mmf = 0
(0 < θs < π/2) (0 < θs < π/2)

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 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Single Phase 2 Pole Magnetic Circuit Analysis – Calculating the MMF

MMF for Phase A

Ns
( )
mmf as θ s = ias cos(θ s )
2

Bs-axis

As

θs

Bs
MMF for Phase B
As-axis
Bs Apply the same technique for
Phase B which is 90o
Stator “mechanically” shifted with
As
respect to Phase A 12
 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Non-sinusoidal MMF – A more practical construction.
– Assume the windings are spaced as shown below.
– Next spread or flatten out the stator.
5π/6 5π/6
π/2 π/2
As As
π/3 π/3

θs θs
As-axis As-axis

As As
Stator Stator

5π/3 3π/2 7π/6 π 5π/6 π/2 π/3

θs

The Developed Diagram 13

 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Non-sinusoidal MMF
– Start at θs = 0, assume mmfas(0) = 0 and integrate in the counter clockwise direction.
Assume each step be ncsias (recall ncs is the number of turns per coil).
5π/3 3π/2 7π/6 π 5π/6 π/2 π/3
θs

∫ H ⋅ dL = mmf mmfas

Needs to be shifted so
the average is zero

5π/3 3π/2 7π/6 π 5π/6 π/2 π/3

mmfas

Gauss’s law says that the next magnetic flux out of any closed surface must be zero. The 1st
mmfas has a non-zero average value which implies all the flux leaves the stator and does not
return. Therefore the actual mmfas must be shifted so that the average is a zero.
In other words, the flux that leaves the stator must reenter the stator as some point.
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 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Non-sinusoidal MMF: 2-Phase / 2-Pole 5π/6
π/2
– Add 2nd winding, Bs, rotated by π/2. As
π/3
– The total mmf is the sum of the 2 mmfs.
Bs
θs
– mmf = mmfas + mmfbs. As-axis

Bs

As
Stator

θs

5π/3 3π/2 7π/6 π 5π/6 π/2 π/3

mmfas

mmfbs

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 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 2 Phase 2 Pole Stator – Calculating the MMF
Bs-axis 1.0

0.8

As 0.6

θs 0.4

Per-unit mmf
0.2
Bs
0.0

As-axis
θs -0.2

Bs
-0.4

-0.6

-0.8
Stator
As -1.0
-6.28 -5.97 -5.65 -5.34 -5.03 -4.71 -4.40 -4.08 -3.77 -3.46 -3.14 -2.83 -2.51 -2.20 -1.88 -1.57 -1.26 -0.94 -0.63 -0.31 0.00

θs (radians)

Ns mmf as mmf bs
mmf as (θ s ) = ias cos(θ s )
2
Ns
mmf bs (θ s ) = ibs sin (θ s )
2
Ns
mmf (θ s ) = [ias cos(θ s ) + ibs sin (θ s )]
2 16
 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Example SP4.3-2: 2 Phase / 2 Pole Stator
 Ias = 1A , Ibs = -1A
 Ns = 10
 Express the air gap mmf as a function of the 2 windings.

Ns Ns
mmf as (θ s ) = ias cos(θ s ) , mmf bs (θ s ) = ibs sin (θ s )
2 2
10 10
mmf (θ s ) = cos(θ s ) − sin(θ s )
5 5
π   π
Trig : cos( x) − sin( x) = 2 sin  − x  or 2 cos x + 
4   4
 π
sin( x) = cos x −  and cos(− x) = cos( x) so...
 2
 π
mms (θ s ) = 5 2 cosθ s + 
 4
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 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Single Phase / 2-Pole Stator
– The goal with an AC machine is to create a rotating magnetic field
on the stationary part of the machine, i.e., the stator.
– So far we have analyzed how the mmf distributes around the stator
assuming the windings are mechanically sinusoidally distributed.
• In other words we applied Ampere’s law integrating on a closed path
around the stator.
• For a constant current, Ias, the mmf was a value that only depended on
the position on the stator.
• If the magnitude of Ias changed, the orientation of the mmf is the same,
just the intensity changed.
• If the direction of Ias changed then the mmf would also switch polarity.

– If we could make the mmf rotate at some speed, then when

the rotor was added to the magnetic circuit, a torque would
develop that would cause the rotor to spin.

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 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Single Phase / 2-Pole Stator

As As

θs θs
As-axis As-axis

Stator Stator
As As

Sinusoidally Distributed Windings Equivalent

 Let I as = 2 I s cos(ωet + θ esi )

– Is the RMS value for stator current Ias
– ωe is the electrical speed (or electrical angular velocity)
– θesi is angular position at time-zero for Ias.
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 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Single Phase / 2-Pole Stator

N Ns
mmf as (θ s ) = s ias cos(θ s ) mmf as = 2 I s cos(ωet + θ esi (0) ) ⋅ cos(θ s )
2 2

– Consider standing on the stator at θs = 0 and θesi(0) = 0.

– So at t = 0, mmfas would be a positive maximum, meaning a “south pole”
would be θs = 0 which is where the flux leaves the Air Gap (Fig 1 Below).
– Likewise when ωet = π, then the mmfas would be a negative maximum,
meaning a “north pole” would be where the flux enters the Air Gap (Fig 2
Below).

It would seem that the mmf

mmf (θs = 0) mmf (θs = π) will pulsate from horizontally
at the electrical speed (ωe)
N S S N

Stator Stator

Fig 1 Fig 2 20
 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Single Phase / 2-Pole Stator
Ns
mmf as = 2 I s cos(ωet + θ esi (0) ) ⋅ cos(θ s )
2
– It would appear that this alone cannot create rotating magnetic field.
– But … using a trig identity, the mmf can be written as
Ns 1 1 
mmf as = 2 I s  cos(ωet + θ esi (0) − θ s ) + cos(ωet + θ esi (0) + θ s )
2 2 2 
– What happens if the cosine terms can be made constant.
ωet + θ esi (0) − θ s = C1
Remember this trick
ωet + θ esi (0) + θ s = C2
– Take the derivative w.r.t. time to get
dθ s
= ωe »which means that if we could move at ωe around the stator in the counter
dt clockwise direction one cosine would look like a constant N-S field.
dθ s »Likewise if we moved at ωe around the stator in the clockwise direction
= −ωe the other cosine would look like a constant N-S field.
dt
If we could get the rotor to react with one of these rotating magnetic fields, there would be a
torque that would cause the rotor to spin in that direction as the rotor tried to align itself with the
one of the rotating magnetic field.
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 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 Two Phase / 2-Pole Stator
Bs-axis

As

– Choose the stator currents as follows θs

Bs

I as = 2 I s cos(ωet + θ esi (0) ) Bs

As-axis

I bs = 2 I s sin (ωet + θ esi (0) ) Stator

As

– Assume the windings are sinusoidally distributed and the total mmf can be
expressed as mmf = mmfas + mmfbs.
Ns
mmf = [ias ⋅ cos(θ s ) + ibs ⋅ sin (θ s )]
2
Trig

𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
Ns 𝜔𝜔𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 = 𝐶𝐶
mmf = 2 I s cos(ωet + θ esi − φs ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 𝜔𝜔𝑒𝑒 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
– Following the same approach, it can be show that if we move around the stator at the
electrical speed, ωe, the mmf will appear to be a constant N-S field. In other words, IT
ROTATES!
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 ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
Two Phase / 2-Pole Stator mmf =
Ns
2 I s cos(ωet + θ esi − φs )
2

ω et = 0 ωet = π/4 ωet = π/2

Stator Stator Stator

ωet = 3π/4 ω et = π ωet = 5π/4

Stator Stator Stator

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 Questions

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ECE 5041 – Rotating MMF
 What if the construction is not perfect?
– What if the number of equivalent turns is not the same for winding
A and winding B?
– What if winding A and winding B are not exactly 90o apart?
– What if Ias and Ibs are not exactly 90 electrical degrees apart?
– What if Ias and Ibs do not have the same magnitude?
Ns   π 
mmf = i ⋅ cos (θ ) + i ⋅ cos θ
 s − 
2 
as s bs
 2 

I as = 2 I as cos(ωet + θ esi (0) )

I bs = 2 I bs sin (ωet + θ esi (0) + α )

Ns   π 
mmf =  I as ⋅ cos(ωet + θ esi (0) ) + I bs ⋅ cos ωet + θ esi (0) − + α 
2   2 

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ECE 5041 – 3-Phase Stator Windings
 Phase 3 is the same as the 2 phase / 2 pole except the
windings are displaced by 2π/3
 Windings are sinusoidally distributed with Ns equivalent
turns.
 Rotation is counter clockwise such that ABC is considered
positive phase rotation

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ECE 5041 – 3-Phase Stator Windings
 The balanced steady state currents are as follows

 And the equivalent magneto-motive force (mmf) is

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