http://www.hariduskeskus.

ee/opiobjektid/ingliseit/ kuulamisharjutuste lindistused

http://www.youtube.com/user/logintolearn
http://www.youtube.com/user/logintolearn
EX.2D.page 86. Article about eBay.

eBay is an American Internet company that manages eBay.com, an online auction and shopping
website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services
worldwide. Founded in 1995, eBay is one of the notable success stories of the dot-com bubble; it is
now a multi-billion dollar business with operations localized in over thirty countries.eBay expanded
from its original "set-time" auction format to include "Buy It Now" standard shopping; shopping by
UPC, ISBN, or other kind of SKU ; online classified advertisements ; online event ticket trading ;
online money transfers (via PayPal) and other services.The online auction website was founded as
AuctionWeb in San Jose, California, on September 3, 1995, by French-born Iranian computer
programmer Pierre Omidyar as part of a larger personal site that included, among other things,
Omidyar's own tongue-in-cheek tribute to the Ebola virus. One of the first items sold on eBay was a
broken laser pointer for $14.83.

EX.2.4 page 15.

First programmable computer

The Z1 originally created by Germany's Konrad Zuse in his parents living room in 1936 to 1938 is
considered to be the first electrical binary programmable computer.
See our Z1 dictionary definition for additional information about this computer.
The first digital computer
Short for Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the ABC started being developed by Professor John Vincent
Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry in 1937 and continued to be developed until 1942 at the
Iowa State College (now Iowa State University). On October 19, 1973, US Federal Judge Earl R.
Larson signed his decision that the ENIAC patent by Eckert and Mauchly was invalid and named
Atanasoff the inventor of the electronic digital computer.
See our ABC dictionary definition for additional information about this computer.
The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania
and began construction in 1943 and was not completed until 1946. It occupied about 1,800 square
feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing almost 50 tons. Although the Judge ruled that
the ABC computer was the first digital computer many still consider the ENIAC to be the first
digital computer.
See our ENIAC dictionary definition for additional information about this computer.
Because of the Judge ruling and because the case was never appealed like most we consider the
ABC to be the first digital computer. However, because the ABC was never fully functional we
consider the first functional digital computer to be the ENIAC.
The first computer with RAM
MIT introduces the Whirlwind machine March 8, 1955, a revolutionary computer that was the first
digital computer with magnetic core RAM and real-time graphics.
The first transistor computer
The TX-O (Transistorized Experimental computer) and first transistorized computer is
demonstrated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1956.
The first stored program computer
The early British computer known as the EDSAC is considered to be the first stored program
electronic computer. The computer performed its first calculation on May 6, 1949 and was the
computer that ran the first graphical computer game.
See our EDSAC dictionary definition for additional information about this computer.
The first minicomputer

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In 1960 Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of many PDP computers the PDP-1.
The first personal computer
In 1975 Ed Roberts coined the term personal computer when he introduced the Altair 8800.
Although the first personal computer is considered to be the Kenback-1, which was first introduced
for $750 in 1971. The computer relied on a series of switches for inputting data and output data by
turning on and off a series of lights.
The Micral is considered the be the first commercial non-assembly computer. The computer used
the Intel 8008 processor and sold for $1,750 in 1973.
The first workstation

EX.4.4 page 19.

Speech recognition (also known as automatic speech recognition or computer speech recognition)
converts spoken words to text. The term "voice recognition" is sometimes used to refer to
recognition systems that must be trained to a particular speaker—as is the case for most desktop
recognition software. Recognizing the speaker can simplify the task of translating speech.
Speech recognition is a broader solution which refers to technology that can recognize speech
without being targeted at single speaker—such as a call center system that can recognize arbitrary
voices.The performance of speech recognition systems is usually specified in terms of accuracy and
speed. Accuracy is usually rated with word error rate , whereas speed is measured with the real time
factor.People with disabilities can benefit from speech recognition programs.
EX.6 page 36.

Machine Set-up
# Visibility.You must be able to see what you are doing easily to avoid eye strain and neck pain.
Have adequate amounts of light. Florescent lights are not very good, the so called "natural spectra"
florescent lights are not quite as bad, incandescent lighting is better and indirect natural (sun) light
is best. Reduce glare as much as possible, not only on your screen but also on the rest of your work
ares including the keyboard
# Chairs. As with visibility factors, experiment with chair height and/or tilt. Try different chairs.
Keep trying until you get it the way your body likes.
# Keyboards. Be sure to get the height right to prevent too much bend at the wrist and allow the
forearm to have some support. The arms should hang loose to prevent the shoulder muscles from
cramping. Many keyboards can tilt; unfortunately, most of them tilt the wrong way. If any thing the
keyboard should tilt to help the wrist stay straight, which is to say raising the space bar end and
lowering the "top"(the F1, F2 etc.) end. Tilting the key board the other way, (space bar lower and
"top" row higher) can predispose you to carpel tunnel syndrome.
# Mouse. The continual clicking and small, precise motions involved in mouse use are a repetitive
action that can be a health hazard. A few basic rules can help make handling this convenient input
devise safer and more comfortable:
1.) Hold the mouse loosely. "White knuckling" the mouse creates too much tension. Use a light
touch when you click.
2.) Use you whole arm and shoulder to move the mouse, not just your wrist. Don't rest your
forearm on the desk while you move the mouse.
3.) Do not lift your "pinkie", use all of your fingers to lightly hold the mouse.
4.) Keep your wrist relaxed and neutral, not bent. The click button should be about the same
height as your keyboard.
5.) Avoid prolonged postures. Rotate your shoulders, gently shake your hands and fingers four or
five times per hour.
6.) Left handers should use a "left handed" mouse, or configure the mouse to work best with their
different (mirror image) hand shape.
# Desks. Make enough space so that you have room to work, especially if your pushing your mouse

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around. Use a paper holder to keep letters or books semi-vertical and at eye level. Your work space
should be set up so that you need not twist your neck. Documents should be positioned at the same
height and next to the VDT, especially if a lot of time is to be spent at these tasks. Make your work
space user friendly.
# VDT. Keep your distance. Electromagnetic radiations follows the inverse square rule, which is to
say the further away you are from the source, the weaker they get and they do so quickly. You can
protect yourself with space. I recommend you stay at least 75 centimeters (30 inches) from your
terminal and at least one meter (40 inches) from other terminals.
# VDT. Keep it fixed. X-ray and other radiation production increases dramatically when the VDT
is damaged, improperly maintained, or just plain worn out. PCBs are sometimes released by very
old VDT models.
Human Set-Up
# Posture. No one posture is perfect. You do not have to be "military" but getting comfortable is
essential. Footrests help, (or a book or lunch pail or anything handy to rest your feet up a bit), as do
cushions if your chair is not providing adequate support. The most important rule is to avoid
prolonged positions. Shake your hands and shoulders now and then. Keep lose.
# Eyes. After good lighting and avoiding glare, the most important eye consideration is to look
away from the screen occasionally. It really helps. Also, don't forget to blink. Blinking moistens the
eyes to prevent burning from dryness.
# Warm up. Just as an athlete prepares for the game by stretching and loosening the joints and
muscles to prevent injury and enhance performance, you too should prepare for a marathon session
surfing the Net. Do some shoulder rolls, neck stretches, wrist wiggles and leg stretches before you
even log in. Prevention is better than repair.
EX.5 page 67.
A user interface is the system by which people (users) interact with a machine. The user interface
includes hardware (physical) and software (logical) components. User interfaces exist for various
systems, and provide a means of:
Input, allowing the users to manipulate a system, and/or
Output, allowing the system to indicate the effects of the users' manipulation.
A graphical user interface (GUI),is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with
programs in more ways than typing such as computers; hand-held devices such as MP3 players,
portable media players or gaming devices and office equipment with images rather than text
commands. A GUI offers graphical icons, and visual indicators, as opposed to text-based interfaces,
typed command labels or text navigation to fully represent the information and actions available to
a user.The most popular operating systems are: Windows, Mac OS, Unix, Linux, Windows Mobile,
Palm OS, RIM, Symbian OS.