~RESUME PARTICLE DYNAMICS~

Particle dynamics is a science that discusses forces which make a particle that was
originally stationary move, or which accelerates or slows the motion of a particle.

Mass and Weight

1. Mass
Mass is a quantity that shows the size of inertia (Humidity or also known
as inertia is the tendency of all physical objects to reject changes in the state
of motion) which is owned by an object or the number of particles contained
in the substance. The mass of an object will not change or be fixed wherever
it is.
2. Weight
Weight is a quantity that shows the size of gravitational acceleration that
affects the mass of an object, the weight of an object can vary depending on
the acceleration of gravity in the environment of the object. For example,
the weight of an object on earth will be different from the weight of an
object on the moon, because the acceleration of the gravity of the earth and
the moon is different. To find the weight of an object simply multiplying
the mass of the object and the acceleration of gravity, here is the formula:
w=mxg
Information:
w = object weight (N / Newton)
m = object mass (kg / Kilogram)
g = gravity acceleration (m / s2 or N / kg)
Difference in Mass and Weight
a. Mass is the number of particles (the amount of matter) contained by
substances / objects, while the weight of the mass affected by gravity.
 b. The mass value does not change / remain, while the weight value can
change, depending on the gravity where the object is located.
c. Mass is expressed in units of kg (Kilogram), while weight is expressed
in Newton
d. Masses include scalar and principal quantities, while weights include
vector and derivative quantities.
e. Mass is a quantity that has no direction, while the weight of the
magnitude has direction.
f. The mass is measured using a balance sheet, while the weight is
measured using a spring balance or dynamometer.
Concept Force
Before learning the concept of force we must understand the concept of
Newton's law.
Newtons’n Law is devide three, that is
Newton's first law reads "if the resultant force acting on an object is zero, then
a stationary object will remain stationary and a moving object will continue to
move irregularly straight (GLB)." Mathematically, Newton's first law is
formulated as follows.
ΣF = 0
If the resultant force acting on an object is zero, then there are two possibilities
experienced by the object, namely:
∎ Still objects (v = 0 m / s)
∎ Objects moving in a straight line (v = constant)
Newton's Second Law reads "if one or more forces work on an object,
then the resulting acceleration is directly proportional to the resultant force and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object." Newton's second law can be
mathematically written in the form of the equation as follows.
ΣF = ma
Newton's Third Law reads "if a force (action) is given to an object, then the
object will give a force (reaction) that is equal and opposite to the force given."
Mathematically, Newton's third law can be written in the form of the equation
.
Faction = - reaction
Two styles are the action-reaction force if the two styles have the following
properties.
∎ Same size
∎ Opposite direction
∎ Occurs on two objects or objects that interact with each other
Information:
F = Style (N)
ΣF = Result of force (N)
m = mass of object (kg)
a = Acceleration of objects (m / s2)

1. The Formula of Weight Force

Gravity or usually abbreviated as weight is the gravitational force acting on
an object with mass.

Mathematically, the gravity formula is written as follows.

w = mg
Information:
w = Weight (N)
m = mass of object (kg)
g = Gravity acceleration (m / s2)
2. Normal Force Formula
Normal force is a force acting on a plane that is in contact between two
surface objects, whose direction is always perpendicular to the touch plane.

# 1 Formula for Normal Style of Flat Objects

N = mg
# 2 Formula for Normal Style of Objects Pressed in the Flat Field
N = mg + F
# 3 Normal Style Formula for Objects Pulled in a Flat Field
N = mg - F sin θ
# 4 Formula for Normal Style of Object Driven in a Flat Field
N = mg + F sin θ
# 5 Formula for the Normal Style of Objects in the Oblique Field
N = mg cos θ

Information:
N = Nomal force (N)
F = External force (N)
θ = The angle of the outer force with the horizontal plane
m = mass of object (kg)
g = Gravity acceleration (m / s2)

3. Swipe Force Formula

Friction is a force that works between two surfaces of objects that are
touching or tangent. The direction of the friction forces is opposite to the
tendency of the direction of movement of objects. Friction is symbolized by
the letter f which stands for friction. Friction is divided into two, namely
static friction (fs) and kinetic friction (fk).
Static friction forces work on stationary objects. While kinetic friction
works on moving objects. Try to note the difference between static and
kinetic friction as shown above. Mathematically, the formula for these two
types of friction is as follows.

fs = μsN

fk = μkN
Information:
 fs = Statisk friction (N)
fk = kinetic friction (N)
μs = static friction coefficient
μk = kinetic friction coefficient
N = Normal force (N)

4. Rope Voltage Force Formula

The rope tension force is the force on the rope when the rope in question is
tense. The direction of the rope tension force depends on the point or object
being reviewed.

# 1 String tension formula for freely hung objects

T = mg

# 2 The Rope Voltage Formula on the Slippery Pulley System

T = 2m1m2g / m1 + m2

# 3 The Rope String Formula on the Interaction of Two Things

T = m1F / m1 + m2
This formula only applies to slippery or rough flat fields with a large coefficient
of friction between the two objects together.
# 4 The Rope Voltage Formula in Slippery Sloping Fields
T = mg sin θ

Information:
T = Rope tension force (N)
F = External force (N)
θ = Field slope angle
m = mass of object (kg)
g = Gravity acceleration (m / s2)

Particle dynamics problem solving patterns

The following are given steps to resolve dynamic problems:
1. Determine the object or collection of objects that we will learn about the
motion. This thing or collection of objects we call a system
2. pay attention to the system environment. like earth, spring, rope and so on
3. Identify the styles that determine the type of motion of the system through
the free body diagram created
4. Describe all of these forces over the x component and y component
according to coordinate cartesius
5. Connect the style and motion of the system with Newton's second law
(including Newton's I law). For this reason, it must be known the magnitudes of
system movements such as distance and displacement, speed and speed,
acceleration and the relationship with one another with the help of differential
and integral

Dynamics Kinemtics
Interaction
Force:
Resultan Diplacement
Graravity Force
Force
Coulumb Force Acceleration
F=ma Velocity
Touch Force
Dsb

Hk. I,II,II Newton

Limitations of Newtonian Mechanics

Classical mechanics describes particle dynamics or particle systems.
Particle dynamics is shown by Newton's laws regarding motion, especially by
Newton's second law. This law states "an object that has the influence of force
or interaction will move in such a way that the rate of change of time from
momentum is the same as that force".

Classical physics has two main branches, namely:

1. Newtonian classical mechanics: characterized by the presence of

particles as being confined in space. The term caged can be said as a
clear boundary between material and something that is outside himself
and the environment.
2. The theory of maxwellian electromagnetic fields: characterized by the
quantity of fields of waves that spread in space like fog of different
thicknesses and thinning until finally completely vanished.
Failure of Classical Mechanics
Black body radiation
All objects when at temperatures above absolute zero (oo K) will emit light
at all wavelengths. If black objects are perfect (not reflecting any light), the
light coming from them is called black matter radiation.
Classical mechanical explanation: Light is an electromagnetic wave
produced when an electric charge vibrates. (vibrating means any
change in how the charge moves - speeding up, slowing down, or
changing direction.) Recall that heat is only kinetic energy from
random motion. In a hot object, electrons vibrate randomly and
produce light. If an object is hotter it means having more vibration
energy and more light emitted. But classical physics cannot explain the
shape of a spectrum of black objects.