Primary Sources
Palawan by Robert Fox. (May 28, 1962),earliest
These sources are records of events or evidence as
they are first described or actually happened
without any interpretation or commentary. It is
information that is shown for the first time or
original materials on which other research is
based. Primary sources display original thinking,
report on new discoveries, or share fresh
information.
Examples of primary sources:
Theses, dissertations, scholarly journal articles
(research based), some government reports,
symposia and conference proceedings, original
artwork, poems, photographs, speeches, letters,
memos, personal narratives, diaries, interviews,
autobiographies, and correspondence.
Secondary Sources
These sources offer an analysis or restatement of
primary sources. They often try to describe or
explain primary sources. They tend to be works
which summarize, interpret, reorganize, or
otherwise provide an added value to a primary
source.
Examples of Secondary Sources:
Textbooks, edited works, books and articles that
interpret or review research works, histories,
biographies, literary criticism and interpretation,
reviews of law and legislation, political analyses and
commentaries.
Tertiary Sources
These are sources that index, abstract, organize,
compile, or digest other sources. Some reference
materials and textbooks are considered tertiary
sources when their chief purpose is to list,
summarize or simply repackage ideas or other
information. Tertiary sources are usually not
credited to a particular author.
Examples of Tertiary Sources:
Dictionaries/encyclopedias (may also be secondary),
almanacs, fact books, Wikipedia, bibliographies (may
also be secondary), directories, guidebooks,
manuals, handbooks, and textbooks (may be
secondary), indexing and abstracting sources.
Tabon Man- discovered sa tabon caves, Quezon,
human remains in the Phil (16500), skull and jaw
bone of 3 individual
Manunggul Jar- secondary burial jar excavated from
the Neolithic burial site, Quezon, Palawan by Robert
Fox and Miguel Antonio (1962), 890-710 B.C., made
up of clay with some soil, sa National Museum of
Anthropology dinisplay,Top ng jar represent the
journey of the soul to the afterlife
Maitum Jar- earthenware secondary burial jar
(1991) sa Saranggani, the remains inside the jar
could be determined through carvings.
Butuan gold artifacts- 13th century, displayed sa
Ayala Museum, found sa Surigao DelSur, parang sash
Kinari- Hindu Buddhist goddess, Esperanza, Agusan
Del Sur
Golden Tara- (1918) Esperanza, Agusan Del Sur,
discovered by Bilay Campos, stolen and sold sa
Chicago
Dagger Hilt- used sa ceremony, saan nilalagay ung
sword
Romblon Death Shroud- banton cloth, 400 yrs old,
oldest fabric, burial cloth was found in a wooden
coffin, Banton Island, Romblom, waven from abaca
threads
Islas de Gigantes artifacts- has 10 islands, Ilo-Ilo,
may nakitang coffin na inakalang higante ang laman
dahil sa haba
Calatagan Pot- oldest cultural artifacts, Calatagan,
Batangas (1958), sold for 6 pesos, 14th to 16th
century, ritual pot/jar for offering
Homo Luzonensis (Callao Man)- MT3 was discovered
at Callao caves, Cagayan , discovered by Armand
Mijares & Philip Piper, early human hobbit
Kalinga Archeological Remains (rhino/elephant)-
Rizal, Kalinga , rhino lower jaw, elephant fossil &
tusk, elephant hill, the rhino was said to be
butchered and consumed by early humans
Quezon Limestone Coffins- Mulanay, Quezon, pre
colonial tagalog people were responsible for the
creation of the tomb, composed of 15 coffins (10th-
14th century), treasure hunters disovered the tombs,
considered the ruins as sacred place
Laguna Copperplate- Lumban, Laguna , early kawi
script, Sanskrit, semi- official certificate of debt
incurred by a person, together with his family,
relatives and descendants
___________________________________________
SPANISH COLONIAL POLICIES
- designed to exploit rich natural resources
-taxation inherited by govt
- tax, purpose to promote the welfare of the people
8 reales to 12 reales but abolished and replaced with
personal cedula tax
- bandala system required to sell agriculture to govt
*policy na pedeng may sumali. Alkade
mayor-governor
>Insolanes
>Peninsolanes (Kastila galling sa Espanya,
yumayaman sa Bandala
>Mestiso (Europeo-Indio Sangli
>Indio (pinakamababa)
*Sangli – pure Spanish na hindi naconvert
sa Christian
*Gobernado de silyo
*Kabesa
- polo y servicio (forced labor)- 16 to 60 yrs old
> polo – male to render service for 40 days
> polista- native who rendered forced
labor, no food rations
> falla – fee given to the Spaniards
Jose Basco y Vargas (1781) – Tobacco Monopoly of
Basco
Galleon Trade (Manila – Mexico Route) – China and
Mexico
>Obrias Pias- foundation where money
from trade was invested and appropriated to
charitable institutions. Charity works and religious
activity. Banking institution run by the friars.
Encomienda System –land of ownership
>Private- hinahinati ang Pilipinas para
sakupin
>Public- lahat ng public domain ng Espanya
(Royal)
-Problematic dahil di nila alam na sinasakop
na sila
>tributo/buwis – nagababayad for public
good. Para may panggastos ang colonizers
Encomiendas (right)- right extended by the king
upon the Spaniard who help facilitate the settlement
of the territory
>Encomiendero (person)- holder of
encomienda and empowered to collect taxes from
people under his jurisdiction
Economic Retrogressions (worst state) - Spaniard
blamed the indolence. Govt imposition of numerous
tax and its utter insensitiveness to render services
upon which tax was extracted
Abolition of Slavery- Aug 9, 1598. King abolished the
slavery influenced by bishop and other religious
head
Cultural Development- language, art, religion.
Wealthy learned to write and read. First press and
first book in the Phil (1593) (Doctrina Christina)
Religion – soldiers, missionaries coverted the natives
into Christians
Social Results – because of the conversions, fiesta
became a thins to thank for a bountiful harvest
Architectures – influenced by the Western, PH
churches has Baroque style
Edcuation- during the Spanish time school was not
open to everyone, only to the upper and economic
class
Economy- allowed foreign investors to reside in the
PH. Opened ports. Banking credit and lending were
opened. Roads, bridges were build, shipping lines, > record kung san silang lugar
inter islands, overseas were improved and
Malacca- Indian Ocean- go back to spain
communication system were upgraded
Animism (anino) Christianity (God)
Domingo Salazar – 1st bishop PH
First Mass in the Ph- Butuan, Limasawa Island,
Martin de Rada- superior of the Augustinians in the
Northern Mindanao
PH
1898 – American Invasion
1521- Kastila arrived sa Phil to get food/spices.
Folk-catholicism – nakasanayang paniniwala ng
>Visayas (Western)
diwata
> Banua (bayan)- led by datu
1565 – Spaniard Colonization (333yrs), Miguel Lopez
> clash of culture- physical appearance de Legazpi

Hernan Cortez (Mexico)- Aztecs believed he is god, Karakoa- barkong pandigma

no tattoo
>Ang kultura ay hinuhubog ng kapaligiran ang
Pentados- tawag ng kastila sa Pilipino dahil sa tattoo kapiligiran ay hinuhubog ngmga tao

Puraw – tawag ng Pilipino na walang tattoo >different tao, different culture

>pag may puting ngipin ay para lamang sa >ethnolinguistic groups

mga hayop- katutubo
>Ista, Christian, non ista/Christian
Scal/Skull Molding – need lagyan ng kahoy sa ulo
and bata Diyalekto – variation of the mother tounge

Kastila- acceptable appearance Lenggwahe- pangasinense, waray, Bicolano,

Cebuano, etc.
Pilipino- hindi nagsusuot ng damit pantaas (Kaman –
jacket ng lalaki) and bahag Culture is distinct

>Katagalugan- saya Maginoo- Datu, Raja

>pula (patong sa ulo ng datu) Timawa – right hand

>ampilan- sandata Maharlika- regular people

>Visayas- gold accessories sa body Alipin

>Kalumbigas- arm band Mercantilism – more profit, more gold= power

Ferdinand Magellan – leader/ capt Colonialism – extraction of natural resources

>Sumakra Reducion?- sama sama, komunidad, military

complex
>Enriquez- nakakaintindi ng Bisaya
Yin Yang – init at lamig for balance
>Sebastian Elkano-2nd capt
Anting- anting – panagang(bisaya), pamproteksyon
Pegafeta- 16th century, tagapagtala
Siquijor- lumay > gayuma
>collector ng pangyayari
Tanay?- 400 yrs old pinakalumang simabahan
>black box
1700- tumayo ng permanentrng esktruktura sa
simabhan light materyales madaling masunog
>mula sa corals simabahan sa visayas
19 yrs old-pede magnegosyo ung bata
Monastic era- pyrokrasya (prayle)- namumuno,
nangongolekta ng salapi (obras pias)
>may sariling bangko Monte de Piad
BPI – pinakamatandang bangko sap h
>El Banco Espanyol (1565-1898)
19th- natapos and pananakop dahil sa “Phil
Revolution”- larger movement plus may layuning
magpapatalsik at nagging matagumpay ito
Dagami Revolution- mula sa Leyte, nasupress si
Miguel de Legazpi, pinatay mga kasamahan ni
Dagami
>si Dagami pinatay (quartening)
Babaylan- persecuted kasi ayaw magconvert kaya
pumunta sa Siquijor, tinawag na mangkukulam, pag-
aanito o pagaalay
Ritwal na pagbawi
>pangasi (uli, uli kalag) (chant)
>anahaw pinapalo sa patay
>await hanggang mabuhay
Pandaki- diwata ng mayawa, puti na maganda
>nakipaglban kay pagwayan
Pagwayan- diwata na nangunguha ng kaluluwa
>bangkay- purgatoryo- langit
Tamblot- babaylang aso, umayaw, talo
Tapar- babaylang aso, nanalo
Tondo Conspirancy- pagaalsa, pagsabwatan ng datu
at mga raha
>natalo dahil dumayo ang 23 barko ni
Legazpi (supreme power)
Tamblot Revolt at Tapar Revolt – gusto maibalik ang
mga Pilipino sa kanilang kultura
Sumuroy Revolt- pagaalsa sa Galleon Trade, ayaw
pumunta sa Cavite
Dagohoy Revolt- Bohol, Longest (85 yrs), reason na
hindi mabigyan ng Christian burial ang kaptaid
Pampanga Revolt – Pedro Pilais
Basi Revolt (alak)- “pagpigil sa kultura”
19TH CENTURY- 1801- 1900 (mga nagreport)
1st actual newspaper- Del Superior Govierno (aug8,
1811)
1828- First attempt gumawa ng banco (failed)
1851- El Banco Espanol (BPI)
Obras Pias- constituition
Monte Piedad – 2nd oldest bank (may ari ng
simbahan)
Peso fuerte- first paper money ng ph
BPI- oldest bank sap h
Jan 20 1872- pagaalsa sa cavite (failed) –buwis ni
Rafael (200 na sundalo at mangagawa ng arsenal
(campo))
>kamatayan na garote
>Serhento La Madrid? – karoon ng
pagbabago by Heneral Carlos Dela Torre(?)
Execution of GOMBURZA – Gomez,Burgos,Zamora
>sekularisasyon- pagtanggol ang pari
secular (dalawang uri ng pari -agustino, dominikano)
>prayle iswita? – namamahalan ng school
PNR – Nov 24, 1892 , 195km  gadupan
>Manila Rail Road (Amerikano)
Pact of Biak na Bato – 5 proclamation
>Pact- sa sunduan (Espanya,Phil)babayad
ng 800k ang espanyol, downpayment lng binayad na
400k sa HK (failed dahil di nagbayad ng buo)
>Biak na Bato- lugar sa bulacan. Republika
ng Biak na Bato – wakasan ang digmaan Fil at
Espanol

1884
Tributo- iba kulay dependesa probinsya
Cedula (personal)- di ka tao labas
Aug 1896 – digma sa kalayaan ng Fil
>The Tagalog Rebellion and Battle of San
Juan Del Monte (first digmaan Aug 30 1896)
Polictical Structure – pano nakalaya ang pilipinas
The Katipunan Government- Aug 26, 1896 laban sa
pinaglabanan
The Dictatorial Gov – Independence ng pilipinas
The Revolutionary govt – pres si Aguinaldo
The first phil republic- Malolos Constitution
Pinagsasabi ni sir meng
th
Mahalaga ang 19 century – banua at brgy hiwalay
pero may trading na nagaganap
>sense of nationalism (sense of
belongingness)
Nation- cultural concept ethnic
Awakening of Philippine Nationalism
>333 years tau sinakop
>Europa center ng mundo dati
1780 – French Revolution(Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos)
>patalsik sa pamamahalan ang mga tao
>Liberty, Fraternity, Equality
>Divine Theory- Hari at Reyna
>Dito nangyari ang liberalism (malayang
pagisip)
Dumating si Polyon(?)- sinakop and Espanya
>ordinaryong tao, nasakop ang malaking
bahagi
>paved way sa mga Filipino
1810 – Mexico (war for Independence)
1813- lumaya ang Mexico (ano effect?  Galleon
Trade (Manila – Acapulco)) 1815 di kasama fil sa
trading, monopolyo (250yys)
Real Estado – pondo
1834- Pilipinas sa pandaigdigan. Iba ang economic
status
Indio- discriminate kapwa Indio
Prinsipalya- may lupa (attraction)
Media Class- Middle class (katulad ni Jose Rizal)
1863- edukasyon (public system) may problema
Filipino noon pinipili and magandang eskuwela
Ilustrado- “enlighten”, dito nabuo and
pamamahalan na propaganda
>propaganda – maging province ng spain
ung pilipinas maging kasitla ang mga Filipino
Pilipinas – Kolonial, Indio
>Para may pantay karapatan anf Fil at Esp
>hindi na tagumpay, may awayang , may
sariling problema ang espanya
1892- umuwi si Jose Rizal
June 7 1892- KKK (Bonifacio) – patalsikin sa Pilipinas
ang lahat ng Kastila
Aug 1896 – Rebolusyon, Pres Aguinaldo
1897 – Biak na Bato, namatay si Bonifacio
June 12, 1898 – Kalayaan
Dec 10, 1898 – Kasunduan sa paris (treaty of paris)
Espanya  Amerikana
July 4 1946- Spanish – American War (gusto gawin
colony ung pilipinas)
>pinalaya tayo ng Amerikano after ng
common wealth
July4 1946 – Kalayaan sa Amerikano, Pres Mar Roxas
until Diosdado Macapagal. Kasabay ng amerika.
>Fil at Amerika friendship day
VFA – need ng senator matanggal ung treaty