STEAM NOZZLE

Power Lab

FEBRUARY 23, 2020

ALI WALEED JAFFAR
4th -A-
 Steam Nozzle

INTRODUCTION OF STEAM NOZZLES

• Nozzle is a duct by flowing through which the velocity of a fluid

increases at the expense of pressure drop. if the fluid is steam, then
the nozzle is called as Steam nozzle.

• The flow of steam through nozzles may be taken as

adiabatic expansion. The steam possesses a very high
velocity at the end of the expansion, and the enthalpy
decreases as expansion occurs.

• The major function of nozzle is to produce steam jet with

high velocity to drive a turbine.

• Friction exists between the steam and the sides of the

nozzle; heat is produced as the result of the resistance to
the flow.

• The phenomenon of super saturation occurs in the steam

flow through nozzles. This is because of the time lag in the
condensation of the steam during the expansion.

• The area of such duct having minimum cross-section is known as

throat.

• A fluid is called compressible if its density changes with the

change in pressure brought about by the flow.

• If the density changes very little or does not changes, the fluid is
said to be incompressible.

• Generally, the gases and vapours are compressible, whereas

liquids are incompressible.

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Steam Nozzle

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 Steam Nozzle

TYPES OF NOZZLES

1.Convergent Nozzle

• A typical convergent nozzle is shown in the Fig.

• In a convergent nozzle, the cross-sectional area

decreases continuously from its entrance to exit.

• It is used in a case where the back pressure is equal

to or greater than the critical pressure ratio

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 Steam Nozzle

2.Divergent Nozzle

The cross-sectional area of divergent nozzle increases

continuously from its entrance to exit.

• It is used in a case where the back pressure is less than

the critical pressure ratio.

A diverging nozzle would typically be used to accelerate supersonic

flow to generate thrust. If used at subsonic condition, it would slow
the flow down and increase the pressure. Then it would be acting as
a diffuser.

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 Steam Nozzle

3.Convergent-Divergent Nozzle

A converging-diverging nozzle ('Condi' nozzle, or CD-nozzle) must

have a smooth area law, with a
smooth throat, dA/dx=0, for the flow to remain attached to the
walls. The flow starts from rest and
accelerates subsonically to a maximum speed at the throat, where it
may arrive at M<1 or at M=1, as for
converging nozzles

• In this condition, the cross-sectional area first decreases

from its entrance to the throat and then again increases
from throat to the exit.

• This case is used in the case where the back pressure is

less than the critical pressure.

• Also, in present day application, it is widely used in many

types of steam turbines.

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 Steam Nozzle

Flow of Steam through Nozzle

Super-saturated flow or metastable flow of in Nozzles:

• As steam expands in the nozzle, the pressure and
temperature in it drop, and it is likely that the steam start
condensing when it strikes the saturation line. But this is not
always the situation.

• Due to the high velocities, the time up to which the steam

resides in the nozzle is small, and there may not be
enough time for the needed heat transfer and the
formation of liquid droplets due to condensation. As a
result, the condensation of steam is delayed for a while.

• This phenomenon is known as super saturation, and the

steam that remains in the wet region without holding any
liquid is known as supersaturated steam.

• The locus of points where condensation occurs regardless

of the initial temperature and pressure at the entrance of
the nozzle is called the Wilson line.

• The Wilson line generally lies between 4 and 5 percent

moisture curves in the saturation region on the h-s diagram
in case of steam, and is often taken as 4 percent moisture
line

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 Steam Nozzle

Choked flow
Choked flow is a phenomenon that limits the mass flow rate of a
compressible fluid flowing through nozzles, orifices and sudden
expansions. It is the mass flux after which a further reduction in
downstream pressure will not result in an increase in mass flow rate.

The establishment of choked flow can be identified as the point at

which the ratio of the minimum fluid pressure to inlet
pressure (Pmin/P1) falls below the critical pressure ratio in the
fluid.

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 Steam Nozzle

Effects of Super-saturation:
The following are the effects of super-saturation in a nozzle.

1. The temperature at which the steam becomes supersaturated

will be less than the saturation temperature corresponding to
that pressure. Therefore, supersaturated steam will have the
density more than that of equilibrium condition which results in
the increase in the mass of steam discharged.

2. Super-saturation causes the specific volume and entropy of

the steam to increase.

3. Super-saturation reduces the heat drop. Thus, the exit velocity

of the steam is reduced.

4. Super-saturation increases the dryness fraction of the steam.

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 Steam Nozzle

• Effect of Friction on Nozzles:

• Entropy is increased.
• The energy available decreases.
• Velocity of flow at the throat get decreased.
• Volume of flowing steam is decreased.
• Throat area required to discharge a given mass of
steam is increased

• nozzle is used to increase the kinetic head and subsequently

decrease the potential head of fluids. Friction will lead to an
inappropriate boundary layer formation around the opening of the
nozzle. This will in turn decrease the value of Coefficient of
Discharge which will directly reduce the exit velocity of the fluid.
Also there's a possibility of increased turbulence.

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 Steam Nozzle

Calculations & Results (Experimental)

at (168 co ,7 bar, vo = 0.2751 m3/kg)

∆𝑝
Q = k√
𝑣𝑜

75
1. Q = 5.615 * √0.2751 → Q = 92.71 kg/hr
90
2. Q = 5.615 * √0.2751 → Q = 101.56 kg/hr
125
3. Q = 5.615 * √0.2751 → Q = 119.69 kg/hr
145
4. Q = 5.615 * √0.2751 → Q = 128.91 kg/hr
190
5. Q = 5.615 * √0.2751 → Q = 147.56 kg/hr
225
6. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 160.58 kg/hr
0.2751

230
7. Q = 5.615 * √0.2751 → Q = 162.35 kg/hr

∆𝑝
Q = k√ at (165 cõ , 6 bar, vo = 0.321 m3/kg)
𝑣 𝑜

75
1. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 85.82 kg/hr
0.321

90
2. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 94.01 kg/hr
0.321

125
3. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 110.8 kg/hr
0.321

145
4. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 119.33 kg/hr
0.321

190
5. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 136.6 kg/hr
0.321

225
6. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 148.65 kg/hr
0.321

230
7. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 150.3 kg/hr
0.321

185
8. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 134.79 kg/hr
0.321

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 Steam Nozzle

∆𝑝
Q =k√ at (155 cõ , 5 bar , vo = 0.378 m3/kg)
𝑣 𝑜

105.008
1. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 93.58 kg/hr
0.378

112.509
2. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 96.87 kg/hr
0.378

127.51
3. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 103.12 kg/hr
0.378

150.01
4. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 111.85 kg/hr
0.378

∆𝑝
Q = k√ at (145 cõ , 4 bar , vo = 0.464 m3/kg)
𝑣
𝑜

90.007
1. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 78.2 kg/hr
0.464

97.5
2. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 81.39 kg/hr
0.464

120.009
3. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 90.3 kg/hr
0.464

165.01
4. Q = 5.615 * √ → Q = 105.88 kg/hr
0.464

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 Steam Nozzle

Calculations & Results (Theoretical)

𝑃𝑜 2𝑘 𝑃2 2 𝑃2 𝑘+1
Q = Au √ [( ) − ( )
𝑘 𝑘 ]
√𝑃𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑘−1 𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝑜

at (T = 168co, Po = 7 bar, vo=0.2751 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)

2 1.4+1
700000
1. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(650000)1.4 − (650000) 1.4 ]
√700000∗0.2751 1.4−1 700000 700000
Q = 104.4 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
700000
2. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(620000)1.4 − (620000) 1.4 ]
√700000∗0.2751 1.4−1 700000 700000
Q = 126 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
700000
3. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(590000)1.4 − (590000) 1.4 ]
√700000∗0.2751 1.4−1 700000 700000
Q = 144 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
700000
4. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(560000)1.4 − (560000) 1.4 ]
√700000∗0.2751 1.4−1 700000 700000
Q = 158.4 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
700000
5. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(500000)1.4 − (500000) 1.4 ]
√700000∗0.2751 1.4−1 700000 700000
Q = 181.68 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
700000
6. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(440000)1.4 − (440000) 1.4 ]
√700000∗0.2751 1.4−1 700000 700000
Q = 193.06 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
700000
7. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(350000)1.4 − (350000) 1.4 ]
√700000∗0.2751 1.4−1 700000 700000
Q = 197.17 kg/hr

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 Steam Nozzle

𝑃𝑜 2𝑘 𝑃2 2 𝑃2 𝑘+1
Q = Au √ [( )𝑘 − ( 𝑃 ) 𝑘 ]
√𝑃𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑘−1 𝑃 𝑜 𝑜

at (T = 165co, Po = 6 bar, vo=0.321 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)

2 1.4+1
600000
1. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(560000)1.4 − (560000) 1.4 ]
√600000∗0.321 1.4−1 600000 600000
Q = 86.98 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
600000
2. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(540000)1.4 − (540000) 1.4 ]
√600000∗0.321 1.4−1 600000 600000
Q = 104.46 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
600000
3. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(510000)1.4 − (510000) 1.4 ]
√600000∗0.321 1.4−1 600000 600000
Q = 124.04 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
600000
4. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(490000)1.4 − (490000) 1.4 ]
√600000∗0.321 1.4−1 600000 600000
Q = 134.19 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
600000
5. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(450000)1.4 − (450000) 1.4 ]
√600000∗0.321 1.4−1 600000 600000
Q = 149.6 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
600000
6. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(430000)1.4 − (430000) 1.4 ]
√600000∗0.321 1.4−1 600000 600000
Q = 155.35 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
600000
7. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(390000)1.4 − (390000) 1.4 ]
√600000∗0.321 1.4−1 600000 600000
Q = 163.63 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
600000
8. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(340000)1.4 − (340000) 1.4 ]
√600000∗0.321 1.4−1 600000 600000
Q = 168.73 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
600000
9. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(310000)1.4 − (310000) 1.4 ]
√600000∗0.321 1.4−1 600000 600000
Q = 169.23 kg/hr

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 Steam Nozzle

𝑃𝑜 2𝑘 𝑃2 2 𝑃2 𝑘+1
Q = Au √ [( )𝑘 − ( 𝑃 ) 𝑘 ]
√𝑃𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑘−1 𝑃 𝑜 𝑜

at (T = 155co, Po = 5 bar, vo=0.378 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)

2 1.4+1
500000
1. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(450000)1.4 − (450000) 1.4 ]
√500000∗0.378 1.4−1 500000 500000

Q = 87.87 kg/hr

2 1.4+1
500000
2. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(400000)1.4 − (400000) 1.4 ]
√500000∗0.378 1.4−1 500000 500000

Q = 116.59 kg/hr

2 1.4+1
500000
3. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(350000)1.4 − (350000) 1.4 ]
√500000∗0.378 1.4−1 500000 500000

Q = 132.74 kg/hr

2 1.4+1
500000
4. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(300000)1.4 − (300000) 1.4 ]
√500000∗0.378 1.4−1 500000 500000

Q = 140.78 kg/hr

𝑃𝑜 2𝑘 𝑃2 2 𝑃2 𝑘+1
Q = Au √ [( )𝑘 − ( 𝑃 ) 𝑘 ]
√𝑃𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑘−1 𝑃 𝑜 𝑜

at (T = 145co, Po = 4 bar, vo=0.464 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)

2 1.4+1
400000
1. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(350000)1.4 − (350000) 1.4 ]
√400000∗0.464 1.4−1 400000 400000
Q = 78.11 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
400000
2. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(300000)1.4 − (300000) 1.4 ]
√400000∗0.464 1.4−1 400000 400000
Q = 101.59 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
400000
3. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(250000)1.4 − (250000) 1.4 ]
√400000∗0.464 1.4−1 400000 400000
Q = 112.56 kg/hr
2 1.4+1
400000
4. Q = 50 * 10-6 √2(1.4) [(200000)1.4 − (200000) 1.4 ]
√400000∗0.464 1.4−1 400000 400000
Q = 114.76 kg/hr

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 Steam Nozzle

𝑃𝑜 2𝑘
Qmax = Au √
√𝑃𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑘−1

700000 2(1.4)
1. Qmax = 50 * 10-6 √ → Qmax = 759.67 kg/hr
√700000∗0.2751 1.4−1

600000 2(1.4)
2. Qmax = 50 * 10-6 √ → Qmax = 651.09 kg/hr
√600000∗0.321 1.4−1

500000 2(1.4)
3. Qmax = 50 * 10-6 √ → Qmax = 547.72 kg/hr
√500000∗0.378 1.4−1

400000 2(1.4)
4. Qmax = 50 * 10-6 √ → Qmax = 442.17 kg/hr
√400000∗0.464 1.4−1

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 Steam Nozzle

Tables & Results

1.

Po(bar) To(co) Pb(bar) ∆P Qth(kg/hr) Qexp(kg/hr)

6 168 5.5 75 104.4 92.71
6 168 5.2 90 126 101.56
6 168 4.9 125 144 119.69
6 168 4.6 145 158.4 128.91
6 168 4 190 181.68 147.56
6 168 3.4 225 193.06 160.58
6 168 2.5 230 197.17 162.35

2.

Po(bar) To(co) Pb(bar) ∆P Qth(kg/hr) Qexp(kg/hr)

5 165 4.6 75 86.98 85.82
5 165 4.4 90 104.46 94.01
5 165 4.1 125 124.04 110.8
5 165 3.9 145 134.19 119.33
5 165 3.5 190 149.6 136.6
5 165 3.3 225 155.35 148.65
5 165 2.9 230 163.63 150.3
5 165 2.4 185 168.73 134.79
5 165 2.1 185 169.23 -

3.

Po(bar) To(co) Pb(bar) ∆P(bar) Qth(kg/hr) Qexp(kg/hr)

4 155 3.5 0.14 87.87 93.58
4 155 3 0.15 116.59 96.87
4 155 2.5 0.17 132.74 103.12
4 155 2 0.2 140.78 111.85

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 Steam Nozzle

Po(bar) To(co) Pb(bar) ∆P(bar) Qth(kg/hr) Qexp(kg/hr)

3 145 2.5 0.12 78.11 78.2
3 145 2 0.13 101.59 81.39
3 145 1.5 0.16 112.56 90.3
3 145 1 0.22 114.76 105.88

Charts

at (T = 168co, Po = 7 bar, vo=0.2751 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)

250

200

150
Q

Qth
Qexp
100

50

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Pressure Ratio

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 Steam Nozzle

at (T = 165co, Po = 6 bar, vo=0.321 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)

180

160

140

120

100
Q

Qth
80
Qexp
60

40

20

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Pressure Ratio

at (T = 155co, Po = 5 bar, vo=0.378 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)

160

140

120

100

80
Q

Qth

60 Qexp

40

20

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Pressure Ratio

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 Steam Nozzle

at (T = 145co, Po = 4 bar, vo=0.464 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)

140

120

100

80
Q

Qth
60
Qexp

40

20

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pressure Ratio

Conclusion : the above charts shows that the theoretical value of

flow rate is greater than experiment value and that because of the
accuracy of device , gages , person who take reads and the
atmosphere all these affect on the taken reads and results .

3. the effect of downstresam pressure on flow rate values ?

A/ Case (i): As shown in fig (b), case (i); the pressure Po is throughout,
i.e. Po=PE=PB. There will be no flow through the nozzle.

Case (ii): As we decrease PB gradually ,the flow rate will increase.

The pressure will decrease in the direction of the flow as shown in
fig (b),

case (ii). The pressure PE at the exit plane of the nozzle shall
remain equal to PB if the maximum discharge condition is not
reached. The flow rate is directly proportional to mass flow rate, so
as the flow rate increases mass flow rate will also increase.

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 Steam Nozzle

Case (iii): illustrates the pressure distribution in the maximum

discharge situation. The flow rate/mass flow rate has attained its
maximum valve, i.e. when Mach, Ma = 1 is achieved and the nozzle
is said to be choked

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