3

NAME :………………………

CLASS :………………………

TEACHER’S NAME :……………………… Chapter

The will to win, the desire to succeed,

the urge to reach your full potential…
These are the keys
that will unlock the door to personal excellence.

DREAM BIG ... AIM HIGH ... NEVER GIVE UP ...

 3.1 NEWTON’S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
A. Gravitational force
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
state that

FORMULA
F =

G =

m1 =

m2 =

r =

Factor that affect gravitational force

Relationship Relationship

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 2

 B. Relationship gravitational acceleration, g, on the surface of the
earth with the universal gravitational constant, g

r
Object

Earth
Newton's Second Law of
Motion
1

Newton’s Universal Law of

Gravitation 2

1 = 2 =

Factor that affect Relationship

gravitational
acceleration

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 3

 C. Centripetal force in the motion of satellites and planets system
Centripetal force

FORMULA
F =

m =

v =

r =

Relationship

Factor that affect

Centripetal force

Relationship

Relationship

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 4

 Force formula
1

Centripetal force formula

2

1 = 2 =

Planets orbiting around the Sun Going through a loop on a roller coaster

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 5

D. Mass of the Earth and the Sun

Newton’s Universal Law of

Gravitation 1

Centripetal force formula

2

1 = 2 =

!"#
replace v with
$

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 6

 3.2 KEPLER'S LAW
A. Explain Kepler's Law
Kepler's Law

Kepler's Law I Kepler's Law II Kepler's Law III

stated that stated that stated that

B. Express Kepler's Third Law

Distance travelled by the planet in one complete circle = 2𝜋𝑟

!"#
Linear speed of the planet, 𝑣 =
$

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 7

Gravitational force that acts
on the planet 1

Centripetal force 2

1 = 2 =

!"#
replace v with Express T2 as formula title
$

From Kepler's Third Law

Compare with
! -
𝑇 ∝ 𝑟 so, k 4𝜋 !
𝑇 ! = 𝑘𝑟 - 4𝜋! 𝑘 =
𝑇 ! = / 3 𝑟- 𝐺𝑀
𝐺𝑀
k = constant

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 8

C. Problem solving using Kepler's Third Law
r1 Radius of the orbit planet 1
r2 Radius of the orbit planet 1
T1 Period of planet 1 orbiting the sun
T2 Period of planet 1 orbiting the sun

From Kepler's Third Law,

can be derived:

𝑇4! 𝑟4-
= -
𝑇!! 𝑟!

1
For planet orbiting the sun,
• r is the distance between centre of the planet and centre of the sun

2 For satellite orbiting the earth,

• r is the distance between centre of the earth and centre of the satellite
•r=R+h

R = radius of the earth = 6370 km

h = height of satellite from the earth

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 9

 3.3 MAN-MADE SATELLITE
A. Derived linear speed formula of a satellite

Gravitational force between

satellite and the earth

Centripetal force

F1 = F2

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 10

B. Escape velocity

!;<
𝑣567895 = :
=

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 11

 EXERCISES:

1. (a) Communications satellites orbit the Earth at a height of 36 000 km.

PL3 How far is this from the centre of the Earth?
Given: Radius of the Earth = 6.4 x 106 m

PL3 (b) If such a satellite has a mass of 250 kg, what is the force of attraction on it from the
Earth?
Given: G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2
Mass of the Earth = 6.0 x 1024 kg

2. Two spherical objects have masses of 200 kg and 500 kg. Their centres are separated by a
PL3 distance of 25 m. Find the gravitational attraction between them.

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 12

3. Diagram 1.1 shows an athlete spinning a 7 kg hammer in a sport.
Diagram 1.2 shows top view of the spinning.

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2

(a) Based on Diagram 1.2,

PL1 (i) Name the force that make the hammer move in circle path.
Tick (√) the correct answer in the box provided.

Gravitational Centripetal
force force

[1 mark]

PL1 (ii) Mark on Diagram 1.2 the direction of force, F that stated in (a)(i).
[1 mark]

(b) If the hammer moves with constant velocity 25 ms-1, calculate the force stated in (a)(i)
PL3 that acts on the hammer.

[2 marks]

(c) How does the movement of the hammer when the athlete release the string?
PL2
............................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]

TOTAL 5 marks

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 13

4. Diagram 2 shows an object A on the surface of the earth and object B at height h from the
earth. R is the radius of earth, r is the distance of the object from the centre of the earth and
PL4 M is the mass of the earth.

Diagram 2

(a) Based on the information above, derive the gravitational acceleration in terms of G, M,
R and h for:
(i) Object A

[1 mark]

(ii) Object B

[2 marks]

(b) Given the mass of the earth 5.97 x 1024 kg, radius of earth is 6.37 x 106 m, universal
gravitational constant is 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2.
Calculate:

(i) the value of gravitational acceleration of object A

[2 marks]

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 14

 (ii) the gravitational acceleration of object B at 345 km height from the surface of the
earth.

[2 marks]

TOTAL 7 marks

5. Diagram 3 shows a satellite with mass 102 kg orbiting the earth at 3500 km height from the
surface of the earth. Gravitational acceleration at the surface of the earth is 9.81 m s-2 and the
radius of the earth is 6370 km.

Diagram 3

(a) What is centripetal force?

PL1
............................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]

(b) What is the orbital radius of the satellite?

PL2

[1 mark]

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 15

(c) What is the gravitational acceleration at the position of the satellite?
PL3

[4 marks]

(d) What will happen to the gravitational acceleration if the height decrease?
PL2 Give a reason.

............................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

TOTAL 8 marks

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 16

6. Venus and Mars are planets in our Solar System. The acceleration due gravity and the escape
velocity in both planets are different. Table 1 shows the mass and radius of both planets.

Planet Radius, r
Mass, m (kg)
(m)
Venus 4.87 x 1024 6.05 x 106
Mars 6.42 x 1023 3.40 x 106

Table 1

(a) Calculate:
PL3 (i) Acceleration due to gravity at Venus and Mars

[4 marks]

PL3 (ii) Escape velocity at Venus and Mars

[4 marks]

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 17

 (b) Compare the value of acceleration due to gravity and escape velocity for both planets
PL2
.................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]

(c) Explain your answer in 6(b)

PL2
.................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]

TOTAL 10 marks

7. A satellite is orbiting the earth at height 250 km from the surface of the earth. the mass of the
satellite is 100 kg and the radius of the earth is 6.4 x 103 km.

(a) What is the radius of the satellite?

PL1

[1 mark]

(b) What is the gravity of the satellite if the gravity at the surface of the earth is 10 N kg-1?
PL2 Give a reason

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(c) What is the force acting on the satellite while orbiting the earth in a certain orbit and what
PL3 is the value?

[2 marks]

(d) What is the linear speed of the satellite?

PL3

[2 marks]

TOTAL 7 marks

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 18

8. State the difference between Geostationary and Non-geostationary satellites.
PL4
Satellite Geostationary Satellite Non-geostationary
A satellite that moves around the earth at A satellite that moves around the earth at
certain height (Geostationary Earth Orbit) changing orbit height

[10 marks]

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 19

9. You are an engineer whom is assigned to determine which satellite that can be used as GOES
PL5 'Geostationary Environment Satellite'. By using your knowledge on the characteristic of
Geostationary satellite, choose the most suitable satellite to be used as GOES. Give justification
for your choice.

Satellite Direction of satellite rotation Orbit period Position of the satellite

In the opposite direction of the
A 24 hours Orbiting from pole to pole
Earth orbit
B In the direction of the Orbiting above the
24 hours
Earth orbit Equator
In the opposite direction of the
C 12 hours Orbiting from pole to pole
Earth orbit
In the direction of the Orbiting above the
D 12 hours
Earth orbit Equator

[8 marks]

PL2 State one other use of Geostationary satellite. Give one example of the satellite stated.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

TOTAL 10 marks

Learn from yesterday

Live for today
Hope for tomorrow
The important thing is not to stop questioning

Training our mind to think

because
The Imagination Is More Than Knowledge

GRAVITATION 2020@MRSM TGB 20