A SHORT AND EAS Y

MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR

W I TH

GR A MMA TI CA L A ND CON V ERS A TI ONA L EXER CI S ES ,

I DI OMA TI C, P R O V ERB I A L P H RA S ES , A ND

F UL L V O CA B UL A R Y .

AF T ER THE GERMAN OF C ARL WI ED

(1 MARY GARDNER
'

WITH A P R EF ACE BY

ERNES T GA RDNER, MA ,

PI LLO W O P C O NV I LL E AND GAI U S CO LL EG E, “ M O E,

AND DI R ECTO R O F THE B RI TI S H SCHOO L O F AR M O I D G Y A T A THENS

x
lo nbo n
DA VID NU IT '
2 70 mo 271 STRAND
1 89 2
 TRA NS L ATO R S PREF A CE
’
.

MY very hearty thanks are due to a ll who ha v e so ki n dly helped

me in my sl ight task F irst I must thank Mr VVie d and tak e
. .
,

t he o pport u nity to ask his pard on for t he amou nt of a l te ra tion

a n d rearra n ge me nt of his t ex t w h ich I h ave fo u n d it impo ssi ble

to a voi d Mr Le grand ha s also my gratitu de and t han k s f o r

. .

h is inva l ua ble dictionari es F rench G reek a n d Greek F re n ch ;

— -

,
-

their ampl e information and clear arrangement w ere a great

h elp.

To Mr No elof Eu b oea I a m in debte d for his kindness in

. .

p utting an ex ten sive kno w le dge o f the v ern acular idioms to u se

in l ook ing o ver and correcting tho se cite d and to Mr Wi ll iam , .

Loring for similar help w ith the v oca bulary w h ile Dr Walter .

Lea f has compl ete d the tale of my ind e b ted ness by looking o v er
the proofs .Oth ers who have helpe d me I n eed not mention by
n ame b ut it is not o u t of place to acknowl ed ge here my thanks
to my h u sband Mr Erne st G ard ner to w hose con stant hel p
, .
,

a l one t he book ow es its ex istenc e .

I hape that t he book w ill b e u se fu l to al l w ho visit G reec e

I sh o u ld have been gla d of something of the sort mysel f some
y ears ago .

MARY GARDN ER .

ATHENS ,
No v . 1 89 1 .
 PREF A CE .

I T is hope d that this transl ation of a G rammar of the Mod ern

G reek or Ro maic lan gu age a s it is sp oken in the Le va nt w i ll
, ,

su ppl y a n ee d in Englan d The con d ition of the la ngu age

.

p re se nts in n u mera ble difficu ltie s eve n to Greek s themselves ,

mu ch more therefore to foreigners who w ould l ea rn to speak an d

r ead Mod er n Greek A n d the absence of any fix ed a n d recog
.

n ised sta n dar d of grammatica l accu racy of acci d enc e of syntax

, , ,

of v ocab u l ary o r of sty le has l

, , e d many to mak e the a ssertion

that there is no su ch thing as a Mod ern Greek l anguage at all .

S trange to say it is amon g the Gree k s th emselves that this

,

a ssertion ha s fo u n d the strongest su pporte rs Th eir method is

.

to ignore the Moder n Greek or Ro maic tongu e as d ial ectical a n d

hy brid and to fix on some arbitrary stan dar d of pa st times say
, ,

t he Greek of the Ne w Testament or even of Xeno phon th ey

a d mit in deed that the futu re the in fin itive and perhaps the
, ,

d ati v e have fallen o u t of u se ; b ut even these th ey are anx iou s

,

to restore and w ith these ex ceptions they would make a pro

, , ,

f essedl Mo d ern G r ee k G rammar i dentica l to a ll int nt nd

y , e s a

pu rpo ses with a grammar of the A ncient Greek man } A n d it

, .

must b e admitted that many newspapers an d books are pu bl ish ed

in G reece w hich are in t elligi ble to any schol ar w ho is famil iar
with A n cient Greek an d has l earnt some f ew i dioms and peri
,

phrases which eve n the strictest imitators of Classical Greek

viii PREFA C E .

fin d ind i spen sa bl e in mo dern u sage F o r the stu d ent who wi shes

.

to l earn this artificial langu age the present Grammar is n o t

inte nd ed Bu t he mu st not imagin e that he w ill fin d his
.

know l ed ge of mu ch u se to him in trav ell ing in Greec e , or in any

other par t of the Le van t He may b e a ble to conver se w ith an
.

e du cat e d A th enian w ho h as l earnt thi s same ar tificial tongu e

and w h o is sure al so to b e a bl e to speak F rench Ital ian or , ,

Engl i sh .But with shopk eepers an d servant s mu leteers boat , ,

men a n d peasant s all indee d wit h who m he w ill wi sh to speak

,
—

in his travel s ou tsi de the pal e of Eu ropean l angu ages an d

ci vilisation he will fin d hi mse l f qu ite un able to commun icate
, .

Thi s G rammar, on the othe r han d en dea vou rs to teach Modern,

G reek a s it is sp oken b y t he common people The atte mpt is a .

difficul t on e th ere is as has been sai d no fix ed standard o f

, , ,

correctness an d the dialectical variation from place to place is

,

consi dera bl e But a peasant of the Morea would not really

.

hav e a difficulty in making himsel f u n d erstood if he fou n d

hi msel f in S myrna or Cyprus t hough his speech an d pro n u n
,

ciati o n might see m pecu lia r an d if this book can give some
n otion of t he co m mon an d li ving basi s w hich un derl i es the w hol
e

spoke n tongu e of G reece it wi ll n o t b e u sel ess

,
D ou btless t he .

stu d ent w il lnotice small variations fr om the forms or r ul es h e re

l ai d dow n in almo st any pl ac e where he may fin d himself b u t th e s
will seldomprevent hi mfrom bein g u n d erstood when he speak s o r ,

from recogni sing the meanin g of w hat he hears Thu s if he r e .

,

qu ires the simpl est n ecessaries of l if e say bread and w ine t h e , ,

words npwmand k pam will fin d them for him w herever th ere a re

’ ’

Greeks to hear b ut the ancien t w ord s dpf o s an d o Ivo s whi ch he w i ll ,

fin d in some book s an d n ew spapers wi ll certain ly not b e u n d e r

,

stoo d e ven tho u gh he ma ask in an A the nian sho p w ith dp ro

y
-
,

vro ccto v or o ivo wwk eio v w ritte n in

‘

archa ic letters o ver the do or .

This Grammar in i ts Engl i sh form is intended to b e u se fu l

, ,

e spe ciall y to c l a ssical schol ars who possess alread y some fami l i
 PR EFA CE . ix

arit w ith A n ci ent G re ek an d are a n x io u s to l e arn the mo d ern

y ,

language either for the sake of fac il ity in travell ing or from ,

interest in the hi storica l devel opme nt of the lan guage a n d its

moder n l iteratu re . A t t he same time no k n ow l ed ge of
A n ci ent G reek is assume d ex cept in d ea l ing w ith forms u sages or , ,

i d ioms w hich p roperl y bel ong to the c l assica l l angu age Thu s .

t he Gr ammar may b e u sed al so b y tho se w ho w itho u t a previo u s

,

kn o wl ed ge of A n cie nt G re ek wish to acqu ire a practical acquain

,

t ance with the mo d ern tongu e .

A f ew w ord s may b e a dded a s to the rel a tion of the stu d y of

A nci ent an d Mo d ern Greek It ha s sometime s been asserte d
.

that a conversational acqu ain tan c e w ith Mo dern Greek wou ld b e

u se ful as a ba i s for th e ac q u isition of Classica l G ree k
s or at ,

l e ast as a help to it s stu dy Bu t it mu st in the fir st pl ace b e

.

re membered that b y Mod ern Gree k those who a d opt this view
d o not mea n t he l an gua ge as spoken by the common people ,

b u t that ar tificial se mi c la ssical d ial ect writt en by so me an d

-

spoke n b y a f ew . S ti ll e ven thi s d ialect might b e ta u ght

, B ut .

t he fact is that t he w ho l e t en dency of Mod er n G ree k is so

difi ere n t from that of A nci ent that it is mu ch t o b e d o u bted
.

whe th er a knowl edge of o n e would greatl y facilitate the

acqu isition of the other Mod ern Greek with its compou n d
.
,

te nses an d resolve d case s is an anal ytica l langu age j u st as

,

Engl ish i s A n d eve n tho se w ho are most carefu l in t he sel ec

.

tion of a pu rel y classical vocabu lary can not escape the in flu en ce

of F rench an d German i dioms whi ch d estroy the characte r of
,

th e l ang u age an d are most difficul

,
t to avoi d if o n c e beco me
familiar Th us there is l ittle left of that ex q ui site] y perfect
.

i n fle x i o n al in stru men t of ex p ression the A ncie n t Greek l an

,

u ag e a n d the intell ectua l train i ng o fi er ed by it s acc u rate an d

g
sc ien tific ac q u isition compl etely di sappears if it b e tau ght
,

merely as an anal ytica l language in a transition al stage : to the

st u dent of t he hi story of l anguage su ch a stage is mo st i n ter
 PR EF A C E .

es ting an d in structive b ut not so to a beginner whose min d is

.

to b e tr ained in a n ew and acc urate method of ex pression .

The fu t u r e of the G ree k l ang uage w i ll b e watched w ith the

u t mo st i n t ere st it is ex posed to most serio us d an ge r for there
is so me d ou bt w heth er it is stro n g e no u gh to survi v e the attempt
at a cl a ssica l and ar tificialre novation that is no w being made
an attemp t not on l y to rej ect a ll wor d s of foreign origin b ut to ,

retur n to the accid ence an d t he i diom of cl assical times S uch .

a ru de a mpu tation of the growt h of 2 000 years can not safely

‘

b e performed . S ho u ld the advocat es of cl assica l revi v a l attain

their obj ect in Greece t he n G reek s w ill cease to b e mu tuall y
,

intel ligi ble throu gho ut the Levant ex cept in an artificially ,

constr uct ed d ialect and no people has ever yet conscio u sl y

i n ven ted a language or re stored a dea d o n e to the l ife of popula r
,

spe ech after it had foll o w e d th e ordinary co u r se of d ecay an d ana

,

l t i lr g eneration w hich h as p ro d u c ed n earl y al

l th e l an gua ges
y ca e

spoke n in Euro pe at the pre sent d ay Man y of the best edu

.

cated G ree k s ar e fu ll y a w are t hat an y refor m an d pur ifica tio n of

t he Romaic tongu e mu st star t from the lan guage now learn t b y

t he p eopl e at th eir moth er s kn ee an d enrich its voca bu l ary
’
,

w ithou t a l tering its essentia l n ature an d it is to b e hoped that

t he more mo de rate co u n sel s of this bo dy may p re vai l over the
rash ex pe rim e nt of the ex treme p uri st s .

The anal ogy of anothe r l angu age that has passe d thro u gh t h e
same stage is in stru cti ve I n the d ay s of Dante there wer e
.

man y pu rists who d espise d the v ulgar tong ue of Italy a n d ,

thought that ancient Latin was the on l y l angu age fit for a n

e d u cate d man to spe ak or writ e Had not the monu me nta l
.

work of the great F lorentin e at once raised the vernac ula r to a

l iterary lang uage it is even possi ble that a frigi d pseu d o c lassica l
,
-

Latin might ha ve first stran gled the pop u lar ton g ue an d th e n

d ied a natural d eath In Greece there are many songs an d
.

ball ads an d even some p rose work s writ ten in the 'tru e langu age
,
 PREFA CE . x i

o f t he people ; and the in fl uen ce of all is needed to strength en

that langu age in the d angers it is n o w passing throu gh There .

a r e al read y man y in d ications that the popu lar to ngue is begin

ning to prevail in the str uggle If its de vel opment w hich has
.
,

bee n retarded du rin g the l ast fif ty years by the classical mania ,

b e once again a ll o w e d its free co u rse there is l itt le d o u b t t hat

,

it w ill be very rap i d ; Mo d er n G reek on l y requ ir es a li ttl e

organisation an d academic a ckn ow l ed gmen t on t he part of
e d u cat ed G ree k s to take its du e pl ac e a mong t he analyti ca l

mo d ern l angu age s of Eu ro pe an d th en its position w ill b e

u n iq ue hearing as it d oe s a l mo st t h e same re l ation to A nci ent
,

G ree k which the Romance lang uages bear to Latin .

The difficul t q u e stion of pron u ncia tion cann ot here b e entir el y

pa ssed o ver especia lly as those who advocate l earn i n g A ncient
,

Gree k by mean s of Modern of ten assert t he i d entity of pro n u n

c iatio n b et w ee n th e t w o In t he pronu nciation of con sonant s
.

t he d i verge n ce in principl e is n o t so gre at tho ugh the w e akening

,

a n d a ssi mi l at io n th at has tak e n pl ac e in Mo d e rn Gree k in vo lv e s

c o n si d era bl e chan ge s an d is v e ry co n f using to a l ea rn er w h e n

, ,

e g h e fin ds he mu st prono u nce B e
mp G r ma n n a me We b e r
’
. . re a s t h e e

o r t ha t B yro n s n ame is r ep re sen t e d b y Mvra t wv

’
r w h en h
‘

p o e ,

r e cog n ise s in th e mo d er n Sév o o e a fa mil iar w or d of w hich

n ( )
tre ,

t h e fir st 8 is a soft t h w hi l e t he se co n d h as only sa ved i ts sou n d

,

by c han gi n g it s w ri t te n symb ol B u t i t i s tw o po in t s c hiefly that

.

a r e matt er s of co n tro v ersy t he p ro n u n cia tion of vo w el s an d

t h e pron un ciation a co rdi n g to a cc e n t
c
.

T hat a n y sho uld ser iou sl y asser t tha t t he Mod ern G ree k
p ronu nciation of v o w e l s in w hich 1 7 t v a o n m are a ll a b so
, , , , , , ,

l u t el i d e n tical in o u nd i t h ame a s t he A nci ent G ree k

y s s , e s

p ron u nciation may see m i n credi bl e to any Engl i sh schol ar yet

,

this system for A n ci en t G reek i s actu all y u pheld a s correct b y

, ,

man y Gr eek s a n d some En gl ish men so that it may n o t b e super

,

fl u o u s to n ot e w e or t w o arg u ments on the o th e r si d e F ir st a s .

,
 PREFA C E .

to eu phony let any o n e p ronou nce after the Modern G reek

—

fashio n o i v ial{x o u v r ip 1 1 7 ;c (Whi ch may b e transl itera ted 0 0

,
°

e e eé é hee e n t ee n w ye é m an ) an d th e n assert
— - -
, if he can that , ,

Greek in this form is a l an gu age l ikel y to b e to lerated by a

people with a k een a pprecia tion for beau ty th e n as to ambiguity , ,

is it p ro b abl e t hat th ere was no d istinction in pronunciation

bet ween the first an d second person plu ra l of the pronoun tha t ,

w e and yo u were i dentica l ? Yet a ccor d i n g to the mod er n

pron u nciation an d a re both eemeé ss Bu t the .

u na n sw era bl e arg umen t is thi s if there were no distinction s in

pronu nciation how did d istinctions in spell in g arise and how wer e
, ,

th ey pre ser ved ? A n y stu den t of early inscriptions kno ws tha t

the Gree k s b y a grad u al an d t en tati ve proc ess ad opted th e
, ,

Phoenician sy mbo ls to ex p ress th eir spe ech not ac cording t o ,

phi l ol ogical r u les of d erivatio n b ut accordin g to t he sou n d an d

,

each d i al ect a d ap te d t he char act ers to e x p re ss t he so u n d it u sed

so me d ial ect s d e noted o u by 0 others by O Y according to th e

, ,

breadth of their pron un cia tio n Y et there is not a shadow o f

.

ep igraphica l e vi de nc e for any ge ne ra l co n fusion d u rin g th e ,

c lassica l period between the difi er en t symbol s u sed to d enot e

,

t he so u n d s w hich in Mo d ern Gree k hav e b eco me i d entical 80 .

so on as the conf usion be gan in spee ch it pen etrated al so into

,

w r iti n g a s w a s i n e v ita bl e ; th u s x a c is o f ten w ritte n K E aft e r

’

t he third c ent u ry A D .and l oca lly a l i ttl e ear lier

.
, Tha t .

thi s confu sion di d take plac e at thi s pe rio d an d n o t be fore in , ,

writing may be taken as an u nan swerabl e proof that it di d n o t

ex ist b efore in spe ech .Y et st range to say this very fact i s
, ,

quoted by some to prove t hat in c lassical time s the pronu nciati o n

w a s conf u sed Wh ich is the tru e i n ference may fair ly be left t o
.

t he d ecision of an y u nprej u d iced rea der On the oth er han d c c

. .

an d c which must always have bee n similar so unds are conf u se d

, ,

in writin g in Boeotia an d sometimes e ve n in A ttica as early a s

the fo u rt h cent u ry That a simi lar conf usion d oes not o cc u r
 P REFA CE .

in other so u n ds that have since become i dentical ex cept in a f ew ,

late or dialectical in scription s in which the beginnin g of thi s

tendency can b e see n is a su flicien t proof that in the common
,

G reek of the best perio d no su ch confu sion ex i ste d .

We English are at a disa dvantage in di scu ssin g this matter ,

b eca use the system n o w u sed in o ur schoo l s an d u ni ver siti es

i s o bvio u sl y incorrect ,in sub stitu ting o u r thin Engl ish
v o we l scal e of a e i for t he b road er so u n d s a l mo st u n iver sa l

a mong other l an gu ages (it wou ld b e a simple change

t o pronou nce a a lway s a s in fath er an d so o n ) £u t
, .

e ven in sp ite of this d ra wback we do at least preserve the

,

d istinction betwee n the difier en t v o wel s an d keep their r elati ve

m
,

v al u es a r o x ima co r ct d th r for u p ro n u nciation

pp r e ; an e e e o r ,

e ve n w itho u t reform, is su perior to o n e w hich sink s al lth e vow el s

to e while a sl ight reform wou ld bring o ur system very n ear to
c orrectn ess by restoring the tru e Era smian pronu nciation .

When w e approach the question of pron u nciation by acc ent ,

w e are on more del icate gro un d for here the practice of many
f oreign sc holars is w ith the mod ern Greek s again st u s A n d w e .

must at once ackn owledge that it is o ur Engli sh practice to

i gn ore the acce nts a ltogether in speech so that they b ec ome pu rely
,

c on ventionalsign s an d a v ex ation of sp irit to th e l earner an d

,

e v en someti mes to the a dv anced st u de nt of A ncien t G reek .

That a fami l iarity with Mo d er n Gree k pronu nciation w o uld b e a

r at h elp in t hi s r espect cannot b e den i ed b ut wh eth er thi s
g e

r on u n ciation afi o r ds a tru e in d ication of c lassical u sag e is

p
q u ite anoth er qu estion . W h eth er t he acce nt in A nci e n t G ree k

w asa pitch acc ent or of some other nature not easy for mo d ern
,

e ar s to d e tect an d fo ll o w 1 8 a difiicu l
, t an d compl icated question
w hich cannot h ere b e d iscu sse d B ut there ar e very clear in d i
.

c ations that it w a s not in c la ssica l times a stre ss accent su ch as ,

t ha t no w u sed in Modern Greek an d Mo dern Engli sh Where .

t h e re is a fix ed sy ste m o f stress acc ent s the l ong an d short ,

x iv PREFA C E .

q uantity of vo wel s must at once di sa ppear as i n Modern Greek , ,

where 0 and w for i n stanc e are in distin gu ishab lejn p ron unciation .

The e vi d enc e of p oet ry see ms concl u sive o n this matter If .

pronou n ced by stre ss a ccent any An cien t G reek verse is in distin

,

u i h b e fro m p ro se
l d in r d ing A ci t G r k p o t y th
g s a a n e a n e n e e e r e

ord er of t he word s may b e an d is often i n verted by a Modern

Greek w itho ut an y d i scomfor t eith er to reader or to h earer .

The fact is that a s soo n a s a stre ss acc e nt beco mes predo min an t
,

in pron u n ciatio n all sca n sion of verse mu st b e b y tha t an d tha t

,

al one a s it is in En gl ish an d in Modern G reek ; an d as it came

,

to b e in G reek wh en thi s chan ge ha d ta ken place A n d there .

fore in Byz an ti n e w rit ers a s in Mod ern G r ee k accen t al on e

, , ,

r ul es the verse p ro n o u nce d b y accen t S ophocl e s ,

’

I I
w
m
w
(re h a V Oa vec
a
x eu x o va as s
e ec n
x 7
)
’
is pu re pr o se an d on l y
,
su ch a l in e as Tz et z e s
m
’ I I A A a I
A y o pa x pvrcg x a pt ra s 77 0 v '
T
? e w
p p c
g

ca n c
be d as verse That all cl a ssical poetry w a s scann e d
s an n e .

b y an ar bi trar y sy ste m w hich had n o relation to the actu a l

,

pron u nciation of t he l an gu age is su rely a par ad ox w hich is n o t ,

worth di sc u ssin g A n d thi s cer tainl y w o u ld ha v e been the ca sé

.
,

if the pron u n c iation of the acc en ted sylla ble ln A ncient G re e k

w a s si milar to that hear d i n Mod ern G ree k speech .

Thu s mu ch ha s been sai d u pon so me p oi n t s of controve r sy ,

b ecau se th ey a re u su ally raised by the a dv ocates of t he advanta g e

of lear ni n g Mod er n Greek an d by pu ttin g this stu dy u p on a
false footing th ey eit her a ttract stu de n ts for mista ken re aso n s
, ,

or repe l the m by assertion s w hic h a cl assica l schol ar w ill rese n t .

No w apart from th ese err on eou s con sid eration s Modern Gree k i s ,

of the greatest u tili ty an d i n t er e st an d i n its presen t de ve l o pe d

stage it ma y w el l attr act man y to stu d y the l iving l angua g e .

O u t he oth e r han d to ha ve remaine d 2 000 years withou t chan g e

,
 PREFA CE .

or devel op ment in grammar or pronu nciation as some imagine ,

t o b e the case w ith Mo d ern G ree k w o u ld b e a proof of d eath

,

rath er than of vital ity in a l angu age .

Nothing co u ld b e more arb itrary than the distinction made by

so me of the p u ri st s in Greece w ho app are nt ly defin e d eve l opm
, en t

or impro veme nt a s a chan ge which took pl ace in the c lassical

’
a e or in the p re se nt ce nt u ry an d corr u p tion a chang
g , as e

w hi ch took pla ce d uring med iae va l times

’
.

It may not b e su perfluo us to a dd a f e w word s from a practica l ,

point of v iew as to the u til ity of a k n owledge of A n cient Gree k

,

in l earning the Modern l anguage It is o bvio u s that s

. u ch

kno wl edge must b e a ve ry great h elp an d is indee d ind i spen sabl e

,

for a thorou gh an d scien tific stu dy of the Ro maic tong ue Y et .

,

para d ox ical as i t may seem I have know n several in stances in

,

w hich tho se w ho started w ithou t a n y kno wl edg e of A nci en t

G reek ma de eve n more rapi d p rogress at first than oth ers w ho
'

e nj oye d the same faci l i tie s f o r l e ar n ing an d a kno w led ge of

,

t he A ncient l ang uag e as we ll . No r d o I bel ieve thi s resul t to

have bee n du e entirel y to acciden t O ften whil e the classica l
.
,

st u d en t i s ran sackin g his memory for the ancie n t word or i di om

w hi ch see ms to himmost simple or mo st l ik el y to su rv i ve o r ,

w hi l e he is trying to fit t he sou n d s he hear s into the spell ing of

so me ancient form h is a pp arentl y l e ss well equ i ppe d co mpanion
,
-

w ill have l earn t or r ecognised t h e wor d co mmonl y u se d by t he

peo ple he is among To make qu ick p rogress in first beginning
.

Mod ern Gree k tw o things are n ece ssary first to learn it by ear
—
,

and not by eye otherw i se the confu sin g spell ing an d the variety
of sy mbo ls that may d enote o n e sou n d will make it al most
i mp ossi ble to recogni se at first any spoken wor d an d secon dly ,

to forget u nti l the most fami l iar word s an d i dioms are mastered
, ,

that any su ch language as c lassica l Greek ex ists In a short .

time of course those w ho ar e fa mil iar with c l assical G reek w i ll

, ,

fin d th eir kno wledge in va l ua bl e for e n larging th eir v oca bu lary

x vi PREFA CE .

an d for ex pl ain i ng g n o t to spea k o f

u sa e s—
reading bo o k s an d
ne wspa pers But it must b e borne in min d that all dialects now
.

in u se for an y pu rpose vary between the two ex tremes of classica l

Gree k an d the Ro maic o f po pular speech an d that any bod y w ho
kn o ws bo th will nud he can by the help o f his knowled ge under
stan d any co mp rom i se or mix tu re that he may come across
w hi l e if he l earn s o n l y what is itsel f a co mpro mise he is alway s
,

l iabl e to meet some n ew d ia lect co nstru cted on difi eren t l in es or

compou n ded in difi eren t p ro portions .

It is i mpossi bl e to fin d an y Moder n G reek which can b e set u p

a s a u ni ve r sa ll y recogn i sed standar d ; b u t the cl assical scholar
who has learnt the true spoke n tongue need n ever be un a ble to
e x pl ain any of t he p he nomen a he ma m t or to n d r t n d
y ee , u e s a

an d make himsel f u nderstoo d in any written or S poken diale ct

w hich he may ha ve oc casion to u se .

ERN ES T G ARDNER .

A THE N S No v
, . 1 89 1 .
 CO NTENTS .

THE A LPHA BET

V OW ELS

DI I HTB O NG S
’

CONS ON AN TS
THE A RTI C LE A ND T HE NO U X

THE ADJ E CTI V E

I RO NO U NS
’

THE V ER B

E XE RC I S ES I N CONJ U G ATI ON
PR E PO S I T I ON S

A DV ERBS

CONJ U NCTI ON S A ND I N TE RJ EC TI ON S
I D I O MS
V O CA BU L A R Y
 A SHORT AND EASY
MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .

THE

S mallletters
. Pro n u n ciatio n .

a alpha .

v eeta.

ghamma .

d hel ta .
 A
‘

A SHO RT A ND EASY MODERN G REEK GRA MMAR .

V0 WELS .

NB . . foll owing table i s put in a de fin ite w ay for the

—
The
sake of c learness ; thou gh the v owel so un d s vary irregularl y
be twee n the t wo ex treme so u nds given in each case .

The vowels are seven in n u mber .

They ar e pronou nce d as fo llow s each vo wel v aryin g in so u n d ,

a ccor d ing to acc ent an d circ u mstances .

acce nted l ike a in father a0m m i l k p r on g h a l a

, y , , , . .

unacc e nt ed a F r malle
, n a k og goo d ; . k al é ss , , .

accente d l ik e a i n name epc han d ha iri ’

p r o n
, x , ,
. .

u n acce nte d c met , 868mm tw elve ; ,

dh6dhek a , .

accented l ike cc in mee t , 6p m h e r o ; p r on e é r o s , ,

. .

m) in no s e m eé ti ,
.

cSa g o at e é dha
'

y y , .

p ain e y e m a ti , .

s im fo ntain v r eé ssi

m
u p r on ,
. .

u nacc ent ed l ik e i i n hit , a s

s sw ee t g h li k
,
eé s s «
,
.

accented l ik e a n in au tu mn
,
y ai . e t me se e
863, l ,

pro n . i
n a idha l .

u naccented l ike , 0 in on dhc s a ll , , pr o n .

aulos .

DI H :

The si mple -
Sf . a rc c fw n in w ritin g b y

is pronou nced like cm ?in aim an d i knife

‘

at , x p p a
z, a , p ron .

i s th erefore eq u ival en t to e makhair i .

i tha t e k eé n o
’ '

ex e vo , p r on . .

ea or i, fate meé r a
l
.

av a , i fly meé a .

a , o u, m are therefore equ i va l ent to t, v .

1
m is n o t co mmo n .
 A S HO RT AND EASY MOD ERN GR EEK G RA MMAR . o

a t yai, e ggs
p ron . av
gh a .

mi these
at
’

In these the first vowe l has its p ron aft a . .

the secon d soun d s

'
u su a l so u n d , t yyck co v, gospe l ;
c a

l ike 1 ) be fore v o wel s and the p r o m e v a n

g h é l i on .

conson ants B 7 8 C pt v p an d , , , , , , , stk o z afi

y , s m a ll p o x -

lik e f be fore the other conso p r o n e v lo

gh
. i zi .

nan ts . efix o ho s, easy

p r on é f k o lo
. s .

fi
n p ,
a I fou n d
p r o n . e é v r a .

ov pronou nced l ike 0 0 in moon

is I sh ake pr o n k o o n a ti , , . .

W hen the secon d of t wo vo w el s has a d iaeresis o ver it each ,

v o w e lis p ron o u n ce d as it wo uld b e if al on e x a ii évo s p oo r

p , ,

fell ow pr o n k aemain o s l
'

.
, .

A n y i so u n d fo ll o w e d by a n acce n te d v o w el is prono u n c e d as
-

t he semi v o wel 9 an d is w ritt en 9 g & c

-

, , , .

CONS O NA NT S .

The conson ants are prono un ced as fo ll ows

E
a ters .

9 h
.

or r
Pro n un ciatio n

a th e r hal f w a
y
.

-
idk i t fi w
Ex z ml es
w, ro
.

. V
Pr
é
n un c iatio n

fi
0 .
.

y a ra , ca t .
'

gb é ta
bet ween 9 an d 3/ .

w oman

£ 3
“,
before 1 or c so u nds
fizzy 33 :
.

3! .

n9 before 6 X 7 , » . 5 7 76 1 0 9 , an gel . dn ghel os .

N
tie in thou gh fiat th Séx a , ten dh eka
”
. .
,
S
. .

z .
(11 1 61 , I-
—d e si r e . z itafi .

in think sharp th
'
th , . Guya f epa , da u ghter . t higha ta ira .

k . x a h é s, g o o d . k al é ss .

an d

2 23552
701 0 6 L
Kv
p ta ,
'
lady . k h ire é a .

7 6V mipco v, master ton gi rio n

after and
.

9 v y .

A l . Mom» I mel t , . l
iali n o .

1
T his is a t ruediphtho n g An o ther ex ampl e m ay b e seen in su ch w o rd s
.

as é po A é —
y w ,
w h en th e g, wh ich is n o t hear d in p ro n u n ciatio n , stillser ves to
k eep the vo wels o , 1 f ro m co alescin g in to o z .
4 A SHO RT A ND EASY MOD ERN GREEK G RAMMAR
m .

n . v0 1 , .
yes.

m in t he article b e
fore a word begi n mwé k q w the war e mo
to m b afil
‘

l
u , . .

ning w i th 7r .

5 6m, get o ut 1
wa r pr iestds, .

6 fter
a
p . an d v . E w
p op o s m e rch a nt , .

t r ille d 02
5n ta il or .

a d ofvr a forty

f
p
(har d
.
,
83
as .

z ( f“t b efore B
S myrna Zmir n ee
8, A, p,
. .

v,
p .

i
r u pa , n o w . t 6r a .

fi ve
'
d after v. 1 rew e, .
pé n de .

d at b eginn in g
the
of a word p receded Sév ra cpuif u it dhe n deri ahz i e
, .

’
b y the v of the d oe sn t fi t .

a rt icl e o r by 861 1 .

6 1 1 in l o ok or 161 1 d I l o se kh ano
x, .
, . .

so ft er like a gu t
l
—
,

t ural 71 before 5 x ep1 han d ’

I
.
,

an d 1 so u nd s .

f I b r ing f ro '

d; . (bpe w e , . .

l
g/
p a . n ppw f b re a d p s o meé , . .

Thou gh d ou bl e con son an ts are written in mo dern Greek ,

3 1 1 1 01,
t h i s d o u bl i n g has n o e ff e ct o n t h e p ron u nci a tion e x c e p t ,

in th e ca se of W
IOTA S uBsc RI PT .

a n d w in l it erary fo rm s is so meti m
1
; ( ) es w ri tt e n w i th an iot a

su b script w hich i s not pron o u n c ed

, w} ypaittys th at yo u ma y . .
'

w rite pr on n a gré fis
, . .

RO U G H A ND SM B aEA rmNG s '

.

In Mo dern Greek the an c ien t m contin u e to ex ist i n w rit in ,

g
according to th e anci en t u sage b ,
in speak i n g .

81 7 1 0 9 hol y p ron ah yo s
, , .
-
.

yo u sa w , p ro n . eé dh ete .

d r g, tail or , p ro n rah f i
fi fiq
c t s . .

dvo qma , tho ugh tlessn e ss, p ro n an

’
. is cea .
6 A SHORT A ND EASY M OD ER N GR EEK G RA MMA R .

F o r thepu r po ses of accentu ation 1 7 w and the d iphthon gs cou nt , ,

a s l ong sy l l
abl es e an d 0 shor t w hile a 1 an d v may b e e ith e r , ,

l ong or short .

NB Thi s d i sti n ction of l ong an d short syll abl es is a su rvi va l

.

f ro m an cien t G reek in w hich it w as made in pronu n ciation In

, .

Modern G reek it ex ists on ly i n w riting an d its use in deci d ing ,

t he a c ce n tuation is th e refore a r bitrar y The ru l e s of ac cen tuation .

a re, a s migh t b e ex pe cte d u n d e r the circu mstanc e s freq u e nt l y ,

v io l ate d i n po p u l ar S po k e n G r ee k e speciall y w h e n a w ord change s ,

its accen t f rom ru l e i n dec len sion .

Pn o c mr rcs '
A ND EN CL IT I C S .

The f e w w ord s w itho u t acce nt fall ing i n to the c la ss of pr o

cl itics a re, for t he p u r poses of acce n tuation , considere d a s par t of
t he word fol lo w ing them .

Th ey ar e the artic l e 6, f), o i, 75 (a t), an d the p reposi tion ( is .

The cl itics throw their acce nts back

en on th e preced in g word ,

u n l ess th ey be gi n a sente nc e .

The geniti ve an d accu sati ve cases of the personal p ronou n ar e

e x ampl e s of e nc l itic s .

R ULES I If t he prec edi ng w ord has a circu mflex acc ent o n

.
—
.

the l a st syl lable , or an acu te ac cent on either of the last t w o

sy ll a bl e s, t he en cl itic l o ses its acce nt .

7 5 k
p
a m y o u in ste ad of
’
. 7 6 k pa a i my Wine .

7 0531 ra 1 31 o i3f o v f o il1 ra 1 81 o i3 7 0 0, of his chi ld .

7 6 a 1 r1 1 1 G a s 7 6 0 11 0 6 9 , yo ur hou se
'
' -
.

2 . precedi n g word has a circu mflex on the pen u l tima t e

I f the
abl e or a n acu te accent on the an tepen ul timate the encl i ti c
sy l l , ,

transfe rs i ts accen t to the l a st syllabl e of the preced ing word a n d ,

that accent becomes ac ute .

E9 . 7 6 7 pof¢1 p 6v r ov in stead of T o ypdtln ov

p 7 0 13, his han d
writing .
 A SHO RT A ND EA SY MOD ERN GREEK G RAMMA R . 7

P U NCTUA T IO N .

The semicol o n is u se mark of in terrogation

d as t he and
for the semicol on a d ot pl aced a bov e the line is u sed
The oth er marks of pu nctuation a re u se d as in English .

Ex n amsn IN R mn me .

NB . fo llo w ing transl iteration mu st b e regarded a s

.
—
The
merely approx imate a s the so u n d s in En gl ish an d Mo de rn G reek ,

d ifie r so w i del y

Ea irAOp evo s
'
o dAAa u; h
' f
‘
1r
p d; 77 93 Aw x ov a s
p
‘
rot s

o main o s
X apl tai ss pro l
ale ss e sss t ee ss L yak o o r ass t o o ss

6 x ép1 ,
‘
3
’
p 1 ‘
nyv «Adi o x a
y o u 9 7

may t ee m b lausk a mo o ss to h airi ,

é ¢ a w da €nx a 7 ts
'
11
-
61 9 1
1 1 0 1 11, p i ro
y p e o vs
'

e f an dasthik a uss e é moo n may to o ss a ir oo ss

pa y
(rvv r
'
d
p b
c o v s
‘

sin drauf o u ss

1ma
6 7 0 m as
”
11 1 .
’

s7
‘
6 Anp epu
'

k a thauss prafita sto lima iri ;

Ix :
6 yhvx ? k aa i m m
'
6V il
‘
Aa cfipcz
’
e 7 vo v po v ( )
p 7 p n r a

e a ra lf ton noon mo o i k d k rasseé sik ati ssi

eé h ay to gl
’

cv
’

flvp o up o vv wa Ano
'
. x
'
34mm ’

b
9 T v x a
’
fie 3da
en t hi mo é mo o n ta pal
y a mas k aipsal
a st ee n k a th e dhafissi
9 I d A 9
w GLV G L
Tl . (
Y GLV G V 77 0 1 }

au t ee a i yi n an po o é e n ay
-

{71 1 1 511 1 1 1 é x eiva a

'

a i p as
“

a y ee mairay mass ek eé n ay .
8 A S HO RT A ND EASY MOD ERN GR EEK G RA MMA R .

mp m o BaAré rm p k f a ts Scidwax s 53 édx i m

'
i r oa . T
'
7 0 ,

e mb ro st a moo to V altetsi may ta iss dhaf n ess too ef ahn i,

Moipx o si 6 émj f 6 ec afw

’

e 7 6V n wv v fi
p p p p
'
a
'
Ka . a 7 ,

k a y o M ar co s a utan epe éray ta u n ma r teé ro n to stef ahn i ,

Ap 7rAa vfig a i y a fipa cs dm) To vpx o vs

’ ‘ '

Ka i nj
'
'
s
‘
. .

k ay t eess A mb l
an eé ss ay mavress apo To brk o o ss paidhiadhess,

1 é 8a 1 9 ,
’

K Aeca o fla s 7 86x 11 Ap¢iflwv

'
Ka i
. f f); 11 . 7 13 V
x A 1

k ay teess K l d heka tau n A rava u n hil dh

‘

eé sso v a ss ay ya e s s,
’ ’
Kai 6 K apa ifcrx o s a rav s fil
v Apofx o fla v vcx o iio e,

k ay o K ar a1 sk o s af1 tan s ee t n A rak ho van n ik o é ssay ,

m m
’

dp lro v i d
‘
i ro iio
’
Ka fl w x
‘
Ka . o x ro s
p . c
p
- '
c

k ay tau n gambon airo to bssa, kay o ca mb o s m ’

airo to ossa
y
A
t
9 l d
w 7 1 ew a v wo n 6 v0 1.
e
y .

te e ai yinan o ce s n y
au
po
-

a i é
fip pat . é x ef va a
ay e e mairay mass ek eé n ay .

EAA¢£ m
°
f 80 9 1 i So f a a p f
‘
Q 6 Aa 1 c1
-
o qp a a. 7 9 1 ra Ka .

Au se e miiya teses El
lé dho s lpa l ay a kay dho x az main ee
Aé fla mir e m
’ ’
s
'
x a I
( )? 06 va . c r i e o x ov éw;
steen
g g al
eé v a mo o a uss pa ti tay thay na staik eess sk o n iz main ee 2
d pew p eve, m ai l
’

p a iipe p o v ( si 7 6V p ov
y p a
e v
s

mav ray mo o an dhreeau main ay vl mo o ’

, eess ton sta o

ye rn a
nhss

m; dpx w es 8 ex 1 0 0 ip Bp fi d Ana p o vds,

‘
7 0 7 0v ¢ y o u r ovr
‘
v y .
‘

k yark heé ssess too to o f ek yé o mo o teen v ro n t eé n na ee smo n é h ss,

l
’ '

f ex a 0 es '
11 1 19
-
7 Ka
B M a
ofpw i
( s
“
myv
‘
d
fix 1 o ov
'

pus fx e
e

x aik hasse ss pau se k av a l

laree n sess teen rakhes so o may eé k he s

i dw dvep o s
’
Ka . o
' -
1 1 61 0
-
00 6; 1
1 2 dypw p eva ts
k ay s ahn ahn e ma uss pe to o ssess may a
gh reea u main e ss

T f
px a ts
‘
.

treé khess .
 A SHO RT A ND EASY MODE RN GR EEK G RAMMA R .

9 I v
ew a v
0

f l 77 0 1 ) e1 va 1
(0 . e
y
au tee ai yi n an poo eé n ay
-

a i f wépa t p as éx ef vm .

a
y ee ma iray mass ek eé n ay .

THE “
A RTI CLE A ND THE “
NO U N .

Gen der .
—
T here are three genders masc uline feminine , , ,
n eu e t r
.

Nu mber .
—
Th ere are tw o n umbers singu l ar , an d pl u ral .

Casa —
There are four cases no minati ve accu sative vocative
, , , ,

geni tive .

%
The
da ti ve is wanting and is replaced by , the geniti ve or
acc usative or the ac cusative w ith a pre po sitio
,

THE A RT I C L E .

There is a defin ite an d an in defin ite ar ticle .

The de fin ite article is d ec lined as follows

M
7 60 0 m( ) v 7 01 9 5 V a s f
6>(v)
mfi
‘
s

77 9 3 7

N B The fin alv of the article is only retaine d before vow els

. .
—
,

and the conson an ts x f 1 r 7 up b ut even then it is ofte n , , , , ,

d ropped .

The in defin ite a rticle is dec lined as foll ows

Mace . F em . Ncu t .

zi ms 1 6 1 1 . 2m .

c
3va (v)
A e I Q
M( ) A
V
c A
3m
e
.

I Q
CV O U S , 6 7 0 9 , ( V G. ( V O S, ( V 0
‘

0
1 0 SHO R T AND EASY M OD ERN G RE E K G RA MMAR
.
 A SHORT A ND EASY M OD ERN G REEK G RA MMA R . 1 1

F msr D ECLENSI O N .

The fir st d ec lension contai n s ma sc ul ine nou ns en di n g in as, i};

“

cc, 0 09 , an d
’
feminine no u ns in e an d o i) '
“

6 to n Decl
S kel en sio n f No u n f F i D l
'

o a o r st ec en sz on .

S ing . Pl
ur .

F em . No un s . B o th
No m . 61 1 3
A cc . 81 1 1 ;
V oc . 811 1 s
G en . 31 1 W

The dash stan d s for the stem of t he w ord . The fin alv foll ow s
t he same ru l e as in t he articl e .

I t is thus v isibl e th at th e masc n o u n s f o rm the G en itive si n gul

ar b y .

dro ppin g s f ro m No m , the f emin in e b y addi n g 5 to t he No m ; b o th masc

. . .

an d f em ad d v to the stem f o r th e Acc ; th e V o cati ve in bo th masc an d f em

. . . .

is simpl y th e stem o f th e wo rd The luralis f o rmed in bo th in the same

.

w ay ; by addi n g 81 1 1 s to th e stem f o r t e No m V o c an d A ce cases ; an d . . .

f o r the G en i ti ve .

6 wa r ds, the pri est .

S in g .

No m 6 m wds .
‘
p riest
, t he . o i mu rdSa is,
.

A ce . 7 6V 1 ra1 r8 v
() th e pri est , . To ts 1 ra 1 rd8a 1 s, ‘

V oc . wa r d , priest . 1 ra 1 r d3a 1 s,
f6wv,
‘
G en . r o v 1 ra 7ra of the p riest
, . 7 13 V 1 ra 1 ro

dAerro i), the f o x

‘
.

No m . dkf wo t,
‘

A ce . T b( )d
vlevro fl )
v ,
th e f o x .

V oc 0 61 1 0
-
0, fox
m
. .

G en . 77 93 g, of the f o x .

1;
1 2 A S HO RT A ND EASY MO DE RN GR EEK G RA MMA R .

Co mpou n d word s like vo mo mfpm master of the house are , ,

’

simi larl y d ec l ine d the on ly 9 be ing in the accen t w hich ,

is not on the last sy ll a ble .

S ECO ND D ECLEN S I O N .

The secon d d ecl ensio n contains masc u line no un s en d ing in 1 79 ,

a n d f em1 n in e w or ds en d i n g in a ,
n .

S kel cmion
eton Decl .

A cc .

V oc .

G en . 9 «W a c e c nted .

F ro m this it is visible that f o r the Gen itive the mascul in e n o un s d ro p their

No m fin al3 , whil
. e the f emin in e n o u n s add a fin al3 to the No m bo th mass . .

an d f em add 1 1 to the stem f o r the A ccusative, an d have sim l y t h st m f

.
p e e or
t ho V o cative to f o rm the pl ural bo th an d f em n o un s tak e e m fo r .

No m , V oc , Acc , an d 8 9 al
. ways accen ted f o r the Gen
. . .

6 x k ecfrr
’

m , the thief . 1
} 051 11 0 0 11 , the sea .

S in g . S in g .

No m . «Ai din g KAGtfrmt s

’
901 1 1 0 0 01 1 9

m Odha o za a fi)
'
A ce . x h edr v

V oc . x Aéc/
y rq
'
003 4 0 0 0.

G en e dmrp 001 Ga Aa mJ Gw
’
«Accbr fiv
-
. 11 0 0 1 1 9

f, x a
pSui, the heart . the no se .

No m . x a
p81a
'
. xa
pSuu s
'
No m .
p ur?p ” 5 1 7 11 1 ; (1 61 1 6 )
A cc . x a
p8 ()
1d v A ce .
1 5 1 0)
1 1 1 1

V oc . x ap
fi w
'
.
V o c.
11 6 m
3 Sufw G en 1 1 57 7 9
'

G en . 11 1
4 1 89
1 x a
p .
1 7 1
. 1 1)e
1 4 A SHO RT A ND EASY MOD ERN G REEK GR AMMA R .

Am8a , mix ra
'
e
’
hope . .

Pl
ur .

AmBa w
’ '
c

Am
’ '
e «w

6 wa r cpa s, the
’
father . the me n th .

r ar épa 1 9

'
wa r epwv

F O U R TH D ECLENSI O N .

The fou r th declension contain s ma sc words in . 09, an d n eu te r

w ord s in o an d 1 .

Thi s dec lension contains the greatest n umber of w ord s .

en si o m
eton Decl
S kel '
.

M asc word s in
. 09 . mo .

S in g . Pl
ur '
.

09 OI .

o vs
'

— '
0) V
 A SHO RT AND EASY MOD ERN GREEK GRAMMA R 15

Ne u ter word s in 1 . Neu ter w ords in

Ex a mpl
es .

6 dvapon ro s ( p
dO wr
)
o s , the man .

S in g .

dvapumo s '
dvflpwwm
6v0pw1 ro (v) i flpo mo vs
' '
'
cv

dvflpume '
dvflpw n m ‘ ‘

dv0p1 67ro v d pomwv BB

'

BB
' ’
'
A1 ov
1 A11w v

7
’
6 x ep1 , the han d 7 6 wo vAc, the
'
bird (fo w l ) .

Pl
ur . S in g .

’
No m
'

x pwe . . 1 ro v A1 1 ro v A1 1 i
A ce .

Voc .

Ge n wo vAw i) A1 6 w
‘

. 7ro v

1
d
r »

F I F T H DECLENSI O N .

The fif th decl en sion incl u des neuter n ou ns in a , as,

S kel en siom
eton Decl .

um No m
um . A ce .

a ra
'
Voc .

ar c s i m(v)
at
-
G en . o vs
1 6 A SHO RT AND EASY MOD ERN G RE EK G RA MMAR .

Word s in m ow.

1 11 0 1 !

1 11 0 1 1

f m r o s, fp a r o v

7 6 37 0 9 , the year .

S in g .

37 0 9

7rP
w u im t')

7 6 7 11 6191 1 1 0 1 1 , the writing .

No m V o c . . A cc . 5
71 4
1 0 1 1 11 0 1 ! yp at
flp a ra
'

G en dr w(v)
'

1
a1 /1 1 1 0 1 0 9
7p a
¢ 1p
'
.
7p

WORDS F O R EXE RC IS E IN THE D ECLENSI O NS .

6 41 1 0 1 1 6 9 , the baker . 6 ma m as , the siev e mak er .

6 wa wo vr l fis, t he sho emak er . 6 f evex es,

'
t he tin .

6 x a c/x s, the coff ee i), the

'
ai
'

a
.
p p o
pe .

2n d .

1
) aa d
p , t he ro w .
6 miAa o
, th e stair .

7
}p eAw
'
a a
'
the b ee 6 m o m e nt th e
m
, [
. .

A1 60 t he to n gue } mi (mi ) h to w n
’

7 0 a, . 1 ) “ s t e , .

47 m i
a x a
( gen . the woman . 6 dépa s, the air , win d .

Mp r dSa , the torch .

¢p 0 vr 1
'
80 , the care .
 A S HO RT AND EASY MOD ERN GREEK G RA MMA R . 1 7

4 th .

6 6 6cA¢ 6s, t he broth er ~

. 6 f é h o v, the w oo d
7 .

M
6 ( AW , the frie n d 7 6 e 1 61 , th e k e
'
.
y .

6 7 0 1 1 1 1 1 69 , the ri ver 7 6 1 01 7 1 , t he e e
.
1 y .

t he l eaf . 7 6 o Ao i381 , t he fl o w er .

5 th .

7 6 3631 1 11 , t he t err ace . 6 7 the t hi cket .

t he meat 1
7 6 B ci Ao tp o v, the d i sl ocatio n
'

y
'
ea s,
'
x
p . .

6 6 1 1 60 9 , th e fl o w er 7 6 ( é m o v, t h e freight , be ha v io u r
tp p
-
1 .

NO TES O H THE D ECLENSIO NS .

S everal word s are of difieren t gen ders in the s ingular an d

p l u r al , 6 9 .

6 «o r o s, weal th '
7 6 . 1r A0 1 5 -

m rich e
,s .

6 x pdvo s the year ; 7 6 x pd the years

, .

O th er w or d s have two pl u ral forms, the bride ai

micpa ug an d a i w ¢ 66a 1 s O thers a gain h ave tw o forms in some o f th e

n

c ases : 1 q
1 ; an d 7 0 0 1 5
1 1 1 1 0.
,
t w o G e niti v e forms of 6 p fiva s
'
.

Pl ural No n) . o i 11 3
7 11 0 1 an d i 1 1 131 1 11 1 9
o .

A ce . 7 0 69 1 1 1 5v and 7 0 69 1 1 51 1 1 1 1 9 .

6 yepo s (occ asionally 6 y epo vr a s), th e o ld

’ '
man .

é é
'
G en v, 7 0 0 w a , f o il e o v ro v
y p o
y po
y p
'
. .

6 p do ro pa s, t he craft sman
'
.

Gen 4 01 0 7 0 1 0 , an d a o rd o v
1 1 p p
'
. .

DmmUr I V Es '
.

Mode rn G re ek h as seve ral en d ings l ike o ur Engl ish kin in

l a mb ki n lin g in d arl ing & c b ut th ey a re mo re commonl y u sed
, .
, ,

a n d may in fact b e a dd e d to al most any w ord s D imin uti ve s .

a r e ofte n u sed as te rms of e n d ear ment .

1
G en itive x pea ro s '
‘
.
1 3 A SHO RT A ND EASY MODE RN GREEK G RA MMA R .

The most important are

l
() to for m m asc . w ord s —
i
a x
n s, II é rpo s,
- '
Her o

p m
d s P e t e r P et e
, rki n , 651 1 1 71 1 1 9 , dvr po JAns, man ma n n iki n
, .

()
2 to form f em . w o rd s —
ii h a , { f ( a ,
o dSeM M , 6 85 A4> 0 1 5Aa ,
i
s ste r , littl e sister ; n
’
f p
a, wef pérf a , ston e, pe bbl e .

to for m neu te r fm, (ipl s is t he mo st co m m on )

()
3 w o r ds —
o .
(thi ,

maf ro'

, w w r ofm, plate ,
l itt le plate ; 1 m1 61 1 ra 1 60fp1 child, '

, ,

l i ttl e chi ld .

A MPL I ATI V ES .

There are al so se ve r al en d i n gs for ampl ifyi n g w ord s

(1) to for m m asc . w ord s, 0 s, or a

p o dded to w ord s of f em
s, a .

or n e uter g en d er ,
'

p vr o s, or 1 1 1 57 11 11 0 9 , big no se from ,
n o se .

()
2 a, a
p a, 0 i} K A a to form femi n in e w ord s,
'
c
x p a, e
x p fia o ,

from x ép1 han d , .

PAT RO N YMI CS .

Patronymics common ly en d in f 6 77 9 , 8 77 g, 81; 9

’ ’

6 1r 0 v A0 s, o. e 1 1 .

6 .
9 .
’
Apyvp61 r0 vAo s, v a mw w cfsqs '
.

F O RMAT I O N OF THE F EMININ E .

The common en d in gs f o r the formation of correspon d ing fe mi

i
n ne w ord s a re 1 0 0 11 an d p a .

Sé a x a k o s, teach er f em Ba a x oA w o a .
’
'
.

11 91 1 50 7 779 , washerman f em wh impa . .

 A SHO RT AND EASY MOD ERN GREEK G RA MMA R . 1 9

THE A DJ ECTI V E .

The adj ective has d iff eren t en d ings for ea ch of t he three

gen d ers w e d iv i d e adj ectiv es in to three d ecl ension s .

F I RS T DECLENS I O N .

The a dj ectives of this dec lension ( ) () en d in 0 9, 1 ; a , o v .

The feminin e form e nd s in a w hen t he termination is preced e d .

b y a v owe l or liq u id b u t so me times e ve n in t his case the en di n g

,

S in gu l
ar .

F em . Neu t . M1 1 8 6 .

x a Afi Ka A6(v) x a Ao f
Ka Arflv)
'
x a A6(v) s x a Amis
Ka Aé
'
Ka A6(v) Ka Ao f
Afis Ao ii AtBv
'

x a
‘
x a na

hol y .

S in gu l
ar . ur al
Pl .

M1 1 3 6 . F em . Nea t .

657 1 0 9 dym . 67 1 0 1 1
Qa1
I7 1 0 1 ! I
)
V
( a u
y y w
67 1 : 67 1 01 67 1 0 1 /
dy to v

The fo ll o w in g are s i milarl y decl i n ed

uk
p p dc, l itt l
e .
p p fi
a o s, bl a ck .
7 1 1 10 0 7 69 ,
kn o w n .

K a x ds, ba d 1 6 01 0 9 , great dx x w o s, re d
1 7
'
. . x .
20 A SHO RT AND EASY M OD ERN GR EEK G RA MMA R .

S EC O ND DECL EN S I O N OF A DJ ECT I V ES .

The con d d ecl e n sion co n tai n s adj ectives en din g in

se
7
1 9 , a, 1 Ko
() v

a n d in
m 10 0 0
, ()
1 o v x .

Eat {nhtdpfl 9 j ealo u s

.
, .

S i n gu l
ar .

Masc . F em . Neu t . Maac . F em . Neu t .

N {nh dpng t tdpa

.
t ui
p uco
b) l k ui
{n p s a t
‘
A f
Cn pa t s
w ‘

Cnhwfpma
A 120 6 1 610 770 )
V .
Cn wfpa
h
G C d h f h m i} A
Cq p b h M
'

n
,h pn { n w pa s {n p
w o La c v Cn pux d w {n p
a c w

11 696 89 9 , h ead st ron g , 11 6 96 81 57 0 0 , a 606 61 x 0 v, is si mil arl y dec li n e d .

TH I RD DEC L ENS I O N .

Th e third d ecl en sion cont ai n s adj ec tiv es e n di n g in 5

1 9, u é, 6 .

Ex Avmi sw e e t
.
y s, .

Pl
u ral .

No m vmf i v v x ets
'
.
y
‘
h s yAvx eu
yA y A yA u s
vn a c
yAv x cf .

v mi l
A cc .
y k b) 7 Avx eui v
()
vm m
'
V oc .
yA i y h cew .

G en A vm i h v x euis Av x eq A Gw yAvn a
.
y y y y vx a

The foll owi n g are s imilarly dec lined

B a
p i
i s, heavy .
4 1 0 11 61 59 , broa d .

wa x es, f at .
p ax
p i ls,
‘
l
on g .

The a dj ectives in 5
1 1 have al so a collatera l form in és ,

Av x ds, h vm , é
y y i yAv x .
 A SHO RT A ND EASY MODE RN GREEK G RA MMA R .

Lad i es cl oth es a re d ear I n k is black His han d w riti n g is n o t

’
. .

goo d S h e is not. i ll The w ea th e r i s v er y b a d to da

y O n t h e .
-
.

fir st day of the y ea r .

are yo u n o t af rai d o f, 6 61 1 “ 3 6 0 111 6 1 rd black , M fipo s .

w ith A cc . is n o t, 661 1 d y e
she .

l o ug say, much ti me (ti me :

-
the weath er, 6 x a 1 p6s .

i n Co n stan tin o pl e, tran s by a s . w ith to day, a fip epa-

.

A cc The G reek s u sual

. ly call o n , tran s simpl y by Ace . .

Co n stan tin o ple, 1 ;

t he in k , 6 p e k é m
\ . day , i m
ép a. (i) p épa ) .

Dmmur rvn s .

The mo st common dimi n u ti v e en di n gs for adj ect ives ar e o nir f mo s ,

0 i
O l l tK O , a n
‘ ’

C d i
o n Ans, o fiAa , 0 0A1 .

Ex . x a \0 67 {1 x 0 9 , x a AmirZu , x aAo nirf mo , rath e r

‘

m ‘
good .

do wrpmiAqs, dc r po fJAa , dmrpo iih , w hitish

'
.

CO MPAR I S O N .

The a n ci e n t co mpara ti v e sufii x r epo s, T ( pn T ( po (v), sti l l ex ists , ’

y u sed ; b u t ha s f o r t he mo st p ar t gi ven way t o

a n d i s o cc asi o n a l l

t he w o rd 71 6 1 0 plac e d be fore t he a dj ec tive

-

7r1 6 wp o p¢ o , prettier .
1 1 1K
po 1 e
'

p0 9, s mall er .

The su ffi x f o rm is pre ferred by l it erary diale ct ; w or 0 is then writte n

bef o re th e su ffix acco rd in g t o the an cien t ru le .

The foll o win g adj ect ives form th ei r co mparati ves irr egu l arl y
1 1 15
7 1 0 0 9, gr eat p eya Azrrepo s gr ea ter (p eya Acfr epo s) , .

Ka Ao s, ‘
good x a Avrrepo s (x a M w epo s)
'

b ad ; x e1 po r € po s [ Ka x urrep
'
Ka k o S ,

7ro z v s, \
'
muc h ; 1 rep1 0 0 6rep0 9 ' '

The En gli sh tha n after t he c o mparati v e is u su ally transl a t ed

b y 6 71 6 w i th t he A ce or sometime s by 71 a w ith t he Nam .
'

i
c ve
p y Aef re o s 6 1 1 6
e
p a
‘ -

7 6V d o ho , he i s bigger th an Charles .

The su e rl
a t iv e is ex r esse d by pl aci n g the defin it e article
p p
b foe r e t he compa rati ve 6 K a AALr e o s or 6 m6 sc Aé g t he be st
p
'
‘

, , .
 A SHO RT A ND EASY MO DERN G REEK G RA MMAR .

PR O NO U NS .

PER S O NA L PRO N O U N S .

Emp ha tic . Un empha tic . Empha ti c . Un empha t

No m I Q A
. 1
79 1 (
p s
a

A cc . £
1 1 69

G en mf) 61 1 6 9
e
. ,
61 1 0 1 00

3 rd . Emphatic F orm .

M0 8 6 .

a ur as
9 I 9
a vr o
I
11 67 661 0 )
i
’
11 67 0 0, a n o vvo fi,
'
11 67 0 0, a trro vvo i}

( a r i m vo ii )

Fem .

I
(
a r i m vo cf) i
a rra s f ‘

( m )
mr va fs
’

I
m (m
D f

)
o 3
a ur o u s , a v r o vvo v s 11 a vai s

0 67 1 0 v 0 67 631 1 , hirrwvfiv

(« WM
24 A S HO RT A ND E ASY M OD ERN G RE EK G RA MMAR .

3 rd . Un emp hatic F or m
S in gu l
ar .

F em . Nea t . Masc . Nea t .

6v(e) ) t s
'
7 T s
ru
y
1 779 7 61 V
( )
7 0 1 59
( )
7 6 W 7 0 1 59 7 631
( )
7 0 1 59 !

1 If t he su bj ect of the ver b is a p ersonal p r o n o u n it i s ,

u su ally n o t e x pressed as i t is mad e c l ear by t he ve rba lt er mi

n a tion w hic h perso n is meant .

Aeym I say Aeya s tho u say est Aeyu he say s

' ’ ’
'

, , , .

The p rono u n mu st b e inser te d if t he su bj ect is to b e e mph a

siz ed .

Aé yw I say eo t Ae a s tho u say e st

’ '
-
r
‘

y , ,
.

2 . In ord er to fu rther emphasi z e t he pron ou n the e mphati c ,

an d t he e n cl it ic fo rms a re of ten u sed t o ge the r in th e o b l

iq u e
c a se s .

’
ep eva
’

p16 66pm; do y ou k n o w me ?
3 . When the pro n ou n to b e emp hasi z e d is the i n direct obj e c t
o f t he v e r b it is oft en u se d w i th t he r e po sitio n sis
, p .

d ; 60 6 9 7 6 7m (7 6 ( b ra ) I sai d it to yo u (it w as to yo u I ,

sa i d i t
) .

4 . The o bli q u e c a se s of the en cl itic pro n o u n stan d imme d

ia te ly b e f o re t h e go v e rn i n g v e r b e x c e pt w h e n t h e v e r b i s i n t he
,

i mpera tiv e mo od i n w hic h case th ey fo ll o w it

, .

7 6” f é w I k n o w h im ; 7 0 6g 6 6811 I saw th e m 8 5V
p , TO , 1

B Ae
'
vrw I (1 6 n o t see it
, 7r 1i
p
"
r o tak e it cig T O V
‘ l e t hi m b
,
e
’

,
.

5 . I n th e co mpo u n d t en ses of a ve rb th e o bl iq u e ca se s of t h e
p ro n ou n stan d eit her bet w ee n the a u x il iary an d the participl e o r ,

befo re t he a u x il iary .

7 6V ei a ( ir e? or ci u 7 6V eiwci I had to ld h i m
x x , .

6 .Whe n a v e rb has bo th a d irect an d an i n d irec t o bj ect , the

i n d irect a l w ays come s first .

7 0 0 6
7 1 1 1 0.
(
17 3
01 7 6 eir a ),
I told it to him .

5
7 01 9 7 0 361 0 0 1 1 ,
I gave it to them .
 A SHO RT A ND EASY M OD ERN GREEK G RA MMA R .

D EMO NS T RAT I V E Pn o n o vn s .

A I A
m 171 1 1 8
0
-
7 0 11 7 0 9 , To v , r o v ro , .

th e.

é x eivo s, éx etvo , that .

d ecl ined reg ul arl y i is d ec lined l ike t he m

‘

is
’
7 0 01 -
09 . ex e vo s e

phatic p ron ou n 11 67 69 .

The de mon strati ve pron ou n s ha ve th e de fin i te articl e a fte r

t he m .

6 01 1 691 1 7 1 9 , this l ookin g glass ; 611 4 i

'

vva x a
y
‘
11 0 11 1
)
-
,

th a t w oman .

Po ssn ssx vn PRO N O U NS .

S in gu l
ar . Pl
u ra l .

o ,
-
r 6 i
o , a i (fi) , 7 6 .

9,

3, Q,

3, 99

(1 ) The p o ssessi ve adj ective s are th u s ex pressed by t he ge n i

ti v e of th e person al prono u n .

m mp th eir moth e r ; 6
'
6 vra rc a s
'

p p
‘

y fath e r
o v,
f fl
'
a rwv,
‘
7

dxpo h é w a o u, '
thy watch .

()
2 possessi ve adj ecti ve is emphatic the a dj e c ti v e
Wh en th e ,

6o is 6 361 x 1 59 261 x 159 o w n ) is u sed togeth er w ith t he

, ,
‘

gen itive of the pers pron . .

Thi s form is al w ays u sed when in En gl i sh the po ssessiv e pro

nou n stand s alone .

6 Ao e 6 61 x 1 5
'

1 1 00 7 K ar e e 1 11 6 dip o pcfio 1

My hat is pretti e r th an yo u rs .

NOTE .
—
The repetitio n o f the articl
e, as a o ve, b is n o t abso l
u tel
y n ecessar y .
26 A S HO RT A ND EASY MODE RN GREEK G RA MMA R .

R ELAT I V E PRO N O U NS .

t, w ho , which (in d ec l inabl e

)
'

r o .

6 61 1 0 20 9 , 6 61 1 0 20 ,
- -
7 6 61 1 0 20 w hich (in written l angu age only )
-

,
.

I N TERRO G AT IV E P RO N OU NS .

wgtds. 1 6
9 , 3 17 0 1 6 who ? Which ?
W hat ?
’
7 1

-
71 0 1 69 is dec l ined reg ularly The gen itiv e has the co ll ate ra l forms .

1 7 0 1 01 1 4 9 6 i s i n d ec l in a bl e w h n it occ u r s
7r0 1 a v0 i3 , 5 w o w véiv 7 , . e
a l o n e it mean s wha t w ha t are yo u d oing ? I n c o n
'
7 1 1 1 06 6 1 9 1
,

j u n ction w ith another w ord it mean s al so wha t kin d of 7 1, ,

’

BB i 6 w hat kin d of b ook that or hat b ook i that

’
1 A 1 0 e v e 01 6 7 i s w s 1 ,

7 01 6; is u se d both al on e an d w ith a su bstanti ve .

REF L EXI V E PR ON O U NS .

1 . iv e prono u n éa vr é v is used in the comp o un d e x

The r e flex

p r ession 7 6V 61 1 0 7 60) y o u, mysel f ; 7 6V 1 thy se l f ; 7 6V

7 0 0 , h imsel f , it sel f , 7 6V 601 0 7 61 1 7 1 9 , h er se l f Thi s form m ay
7 .

b e in t en sified by add ing 1 61 0 g

' ’
.

'
év7 pe1 ro vp a 1 7 6V 661 0 7 6V 60 0 7 6 I e m ashame d o f
my sel f .

'

2 . pronou n is onl y ex pressed w h en it

The r efle x ive is to be
e mph a si z ed oth er wi se it is u n d e rstoo d in the ver b
, .

wAfivo p m, I wash mysel f .

I N DEF INI TE Pno n o mms A ND PRO NO MI NA L A DJ EC T I V ES .

61 1 05 0 9 ,
-
677 91 0 he or she w ho , whoever Whatever , .

61 1 0 1 0 9
-
0 6 {89 06 yeAdo y , w hoe ver
. wi ll lau gh sees y o u .

61 1 0 1 0 9 so meti me s has K a i dv u se d toge th er with it

’
-
.

61 1 0 1 0 ; mi (iv E
-
M” w hoever may come , .
 A S HO RT A ND EASY M OD ERN G REEK G RA MMA R . 27
'

2 . 11 0
1
00 ry (in dec l ina ble ) is al w ays u sed as an adj ec tive
, ev e , ,

17 1 6
1 71
1
1 11 e v e ryt
1 h ing ; 11 050
, 1
761 0 01 e v e ry da
y; 11 01 0: 7 1 , ,

e v ery thin g 11 01 0: 7 1 7 61 £ v rythi n g annoy s him

’
e01 C e1 e e 1
p , .

11 01 061 0 9 every o n e 1
( co, m p o u n d of 1 1 01 00 an d Z1 0 9 o n e ,) 1 .
, .

1 1 01 061 01 ; 7 6 f c a
’
1
p e v e ry o n e k n ow s i t , .

1 1 01 0: is a lso u se d w ith oth e r n u mbe rs to d e n ot e rec u rre nc e .

’
11 01 06 7 61 7 6
'
e a 1 9 e very fi v e da s
y
1
p p . .

671 0 s 6M) 6M al , l has the art icl e foll ow ing a s in Engl i sh

, , , .

6M 7 6 7 pdypa 7 a al . lthe things ,

‘

6Ao 1 o i 1 1 0 01 77 0 1 1 a l lt he stu den t s

33 , .

3 .x dvr
g o s 1 1 021 1
91 01 11 01 7 0 1 0
, s o m e o n e a c e rt a
, i n , , .

«61 1 71 0 0 0 9
-
x d
w n ro a 11 6 1 1,7 0 0 0 a c e r tai n n u m b e r a goo
, d , ,

man y .

H7 01 ve 1 1 61 1 1 7 0 0 0 9 K do p o s sis 7 6 Oéa r po v
a'
Th ere w ere a ' '
.

go o d many peopl e in the theatre (11 60 1 1 0 9 = F rench .

I6 0 I
7 7 0 1 9 “ 7 1 11 7 57 1 0 su ch a
9 9
, , , .

60 0 9 61 m 60 0 ho w mu c h ho w man y ho w great
, , , , , .

7 60 0 9 7 60 1 7 7 60 0 , so mu ch so man y , so great , , , .

1 1 01 7 1 so me i s u se d in th e sing u la r w ith n eu ter wor d s o n l

, , y ,

i n the pl u ra l w ith w or d s of all three ge n d ers .

«67 1 0 77 0 1 1 66 20 1 1 rpe1 re1 V 6 ( in it mu st b e so methi n g im

'
1 .
,

p o rta n t .

«5 7 1 0 7 1 1 11 7 1 6 7 0 1 9 so me sold ie r s 7 1 so me th i n g
,
.
, .

001 0 0 1 1 1 31 1 01 11 67 1 7 1 I w 1 l lte ll yo u so meth i n g , .

6 66 21 1 4 36 71 1 1 1 , 6 36 21 1 0
i
7
and ch
.

so so su an o n e
6 6 7 6
.

6 80 21 1 01 11 01 26 a n o n e an d su ch an oth er .

p c
p
pmo f,
p o m e e
puca s, f e
pmof , s .

( )
'
4 11 1 1 1 61 0 ; or 1 1 11 1 4 9 x a w i K a wewa no o i s u s d i
a n
y o n e n e e n
1
pp
1 1 -
.
, , ,

n e gati ve a n d i n te rroga t ive sen te n c e s l ike t h e F r e nc h u n own .

1 7610 0 9 11 1 1 1 1 6 ( is 7 6 0 1 1 1 7 1 did fi n d an o n e in the

3 y o u y
- -
1 0.

h o u se (at ho me) ?
861 1 11 01 1 61 01 o r 1 1 01 1 61 01 861 I f ou n d no o n e or (b y
1 1 1 1 1 —
,

ell 1 psis) 11 11 1 61 1 1 no o n e
1 1
,
-
.
 A S HO RT A ND E A S Y M OD ERN GR EEK GRA MMA R .

an yth in g ,
nothi n g , u se d l ik e
Ka wewa 9
'
.

37 9 d d yo u ythin g ? 861 3 I id
'
1 1 9 7 1 70 7 1 ; i say a n 1 0 7 0 7 1 7ro 7 e, sa

n o thln 1 1 0 7 0 , n othing
7 19
g , or .

5 . 6 681 0 9 , )
7 6810 , 6 681 0 , th e same
7 .

0 67 69 0 7 6 ei1 re, he sai d i t hi mse l f

C V
'
.

1 6111 0 9
, 110or p dvax o g p o vdx q
1 1 0
, , p o va
'

x o, a lon e ,
is u se d
w ith the g en iti ve of the per son a lpron o u n it mea n s by myse l
f ,

yo u r se l
f ,
&c .

11611 0 9 7 011 7 6 31m m , he di d it by hi msel f .

0AA0 9 , 0M ”, N o, o th e r .

MO DE OF A DD RES S .

The con d perso n si n g u l ar is u su ally u se d in a dd ressi n g a pe r

se

so n I n co n se q u en ce of foreig n in fl u e n ce those w ho w i sh to b e
.

v er y po l it e fr eq u en t ly u se the z u d p er s pl u r Th e t r u e Mo de r n . . .

G r ee k form of p o l ite add re ss is to u se 7 0 0 Adyo v 0 0 0 to defin e t h e

pe rson spoke n to 77 0 0
7 5 1
1 1 1 1 61 0 9
, 7 0 13 Aé y o v a o u W h e r e 1
,
'

w ere yo u b or n ?

The forms 7 0 0 Adyo v 7 0 0, &c . ar e a lso u sed .

7 0 0 Aé yo v -
7 ou dy e he is a d octo r (thi s gen t l eman i s
a doctor) .

7 0 0 Adyo v 7 1 79 6 1 1 66 7 917 61 1 1 17 17 0 1 1 0 9 , she

( thi
ors l a dy
) is

n ei gh bou r .

A fter th e prepo sitio n s sis (0 1 ) i n to , d 071 0, f 7 0 1 1 1 , th e

4
an
-

a r ti c l e i s o mitt e d in t he f o rm men tion e d a b ov e , 81 6 Adyo v 7 0 v

0 5 01 , I am w r iti n g f o r him
71 0
1 .

7 0 0 Adyo v 1 1 0 0 is a l so u se d a s a r e fle x iv e fo r m .

i0 001 1 0 1 1 0 1 7 0 0 Adyo v 1 1 0 1 1 x 0 AA1 7 ep0 , I f e el b ett e r

'
'

0 .

E036 7 6 1 296 2 .
—
A .

Mo i) A6 6 E0 6 29 06 1 7 07 6 ,
’

039 01 7 600 1 1 6
1 17 A 61 1 1 1 5 f épa . . . 8611
061 690 7 0 1 1 9 0 7 5 1w ( 69 7 971 1 E ipvnv
I I
(0 6 71 000 1 1 0 C15 0 0 9
m . .
-
.

w
E(7 5 1 1 0
I V I I
I Pp0 1/1 e7 e 7 0 I A 9 T77V € 1 1 0 41 1 1 7 37
11 69 7 0
a

7 ou 7 0 £1 1 7 00 . . .
30 A SHO RT AND EASY MO DER N GREEK G RA MMA R .

Ex er cise 2 .

Te llit to me To w ho m h a ve yo u given th e w ine ? A re yo u

.

n o t fro m C on sta n ti n o ple ? Do yo u kno w t hi s gen tl ema n ? W h o

rea d t he l e tt er t o
you ? H e hi msel f I sh all gi ve
yo u nothi n
g . .

I have no oth er boo ks Did yo u fin d a n y o n e at ho me ? No o n e . .

The se pen s are w orse than mine W e w ill go w ith yo u I w i l l . .

tell yo u somethin g A sk hi m w hat o c lock it is .

’
.

f ro m, 67 6 w ith A ce ho me, 6 11 7
’
. at s7 0 7 1 .

rea d ,
t he pe n ,
'
1 rew a.

lx 1 v, 1
() h a v e . ask ,
6 6 1 7 110 6 ,

yo u f o un d , 1 1 611 1 7 1 .

Ex er cise 3 .
—
B .

He w ho has mo ney is n ot a l w ay s ha p py . We w ill gi v e both

t he l etters to I l o v e o n l y yo u W e
y o u . No h as
one se en u s . .

k n ow it b ut yo u d o
, W e go to Mytil en e e very thre e n o t k n o w it .

w ee k s Hav e yo u an y a cqu ain tan ces t here ? Th e l a dy th ere i s

.

my co u sin He does n o t fee l w ell He is as stu pi d as he i s

. .

rich .

J
mo n ey ,
1 70 1
1 6 60 1 1 .
(we ) go , 11

ways,
l 611 7 there, 3x 6 1
“
a 17 07 6 . .

happy , 1 67 0 x 41 9 . ady ,
the l k u ia
p .

we shal lgive, 06 the co usin , 1 ;

bo th, 11 0 1 7 6 860 . she is my co u sin , m 85 661 0 ) 1
e 11 1 1 1 00 .

(he & c ) saw , eibe

. .
(the articl
e is n o t use d in cases l
ik e
I l o ve, 67 0 ml } .

onl y, 1 1 61 1 0 1 1 . h
( ,e sh e ) d o e s n o t f eel,
8 31 1 0 20 06 1 1 1 7 0 1 .

(we) k n o w , f épo p d v) . say, in G re ek , f eelhimsel f

t hree, 7 pe 1 s w el l Ad
'‘

, nu
. .

week , 63 60 0 6 80 . stu pid , 1 1 0 1 1 7 69 .

to , cl: with A ce . rich , 1 7 21 0 60 1 0 9 .

 A S HO RT A ND EASY MO D E RN G REE K G RA MMA R . 31

T HE V ER B .

Vo i ces . The verb ha s t w o v oices

The ac tiv e , d tw
yp g , I w r ite .

The pa ssive , 71 6
6 111 7 0 1, it is w ri tt e n .

Mo o ds .
—
Th ere a re three mood s
Indicati ve , 0
71 01
1 I wr i te
01 , .

S u bj u nctive 1 6 d th at he ma w rit
yp py y e
1
, c , .

Impe rative , ai tc
yp q w rit e , .

There isin fin itive p ro per

no It is ex pre ssed by mea n s of t he
.

pa rticl e w ith t he su bj u n cti v e 831 1 11 6 oi z w, I ca n n o t

yp q
w rit e . Tw o abbr evi a ted in fin itiv es are in u se as par tici ples
t h e se w i ll b e di scusse d u nde r t he for mation of the co mpo u n d
ten ses .

m es —
Th er e a re thre e s i mple tense s
Presen t , 0
W 00 » , I write .

I mperfect , gypa cfia I w a s w ritin g

, .

A orist , €yp0 1/
1 0 I w rote , .

Th ere a re fou r compo un d te nses

Perfect , 2x 0 1 ypti ll
f u , I ha ve written .

Pl uperfect , e ix a 7 1 1 0111 1 1 , I had writte n .

F u tu r e , 06 I sh a ll write .

F u t u re Perfect , 06 ix u1 7 1 1 6 111 0 1 , I sh all ha ve w ritten .

Th ere are two partici ples

Present A ctive , 1
70 0 1 0 1 1 7 0 9 , w riti n g
1 .

Perfect Passive , ” 1
0 1
1161 1 0 9
,
w r it t e n .
82 A SHO RT A ND EASY MOD ERN GREEK G RAMMAR .

0 h ssifi i
ca t o n .
—
There ar e two kin d s of v er b s : (1 ) si mple , an d
()
2 co n tract ed .

I n co n tr acted verb s t he 0 or epreced ing the t erminati o n

coale sce s w i th the vowel of t he ter mi n ation , 60 1 6 63 for 6d ,

I speak .

The l ette r i mmed iatel y p

re e c di n g t he t er mination is c alle d t h e
c h aract eri sti c l ett er .

Person a lEn din gs f

o 1 11 0 Verb .

Pre sent Indicati ve . Present S u bj u n ctive .

v9

y o vv
( 0 1 1 11 6
)
NB .
-
There is n o diff eren ce in pro n un ciation b etween I n d ic . Pres . an d
S u b] . Pres .

I mperfect I n d icati ve . F ut ure Indi cat ive .

S i ng .

a. is pl aced b efore the S u bj u ncti v e

to ex press t he F u t u r e .

Con di tio n al .

0 6 0 W ith in fin itiv e
1
79 . e nd ing in
N O TE The Eu l . ish co n ditio n almay al
— so b e tran sl
ated by the particl e 90
with I mperf ect o r l uperf ect 9 06 elx a I sho uld have .
, .

06 co mes f ro m 01 (a sh o rten ed f o rm o f 0621 0 1 ) an d m so u se d i n

I t is al
’
i .

this f o rm 06 1 1 6 3 21 67 0 1 , I sh al
lsee .

I mperativ e , 2 n d pers sing . e, .

-
pl ur ere.In stead of these
—
.

forms an d for ,
the other pe rso n s, 1 1 6 . or é s with the subj u n cti ve i s
'

u se d .

Present Participl e .

0 11 7 0 9
 A S HO RT A ND EASY MODE RN G RE EK G RA MMA R . 33

T1 1 1 1 A vx mu mss 2x 1 » A ND

Befo re proceed ing to the co nj ugation of the regu l

ar ver b it is 1
,

necessary t o gi ve the irregular au x i l iaries These po ssess o nl y .

t he prese nt i mpe rfect an d f u ture t en ses

, .

”
Ex w, I have .

Presen t I n dicative . Presen t S ubj un ctive .

S in g .

6x 0 1 , I h a ve . Zx o p e(v) ( ) x
6
113 1» , th at I may ha ve .
( ) x pd
v6 g w v)

2x e1 9 2x 1” 3x er e
3x 0 1 3x 3) 3x 0 w (e)

I mperf e ct I n dicative . F u tu r e Indicative .

S in g . S ing .

( Ix a , I had . e
'
ix a p e I S hall ha ve .

Ix es
‘I x c

Con d ition al .

S in g .

1
7006 0 3 0 1 ,
x . I sho u ld have .

1 0
7 “
A

6006 0

Imperative .

11 6 or 6 9 w ith S u bj u ncti ve .

Presen t Participl e .

2x 0 1 1 7 0 9 , hav in g .

Nm — The perf ect o f 1 x 0 1 is so metimes ren d ered by an o ther v erb (31 0 5 0 , I

h av e go t . Th e third pers o f (x 0 is used imperso n al
. ly to mean there is ; it
t ak es th e . . . a7 p61 1 £
A 0 0 0 9 (x c1 1 1 0 1 4 1 1 0 l 66 is there n o docto r here !
N ote also 7 1 1x 0 9 , what is the matter with y o u !
 A S HO RT AND EAS Y MOD ERN G REEK G RAMMAR .

” ”
Ex 1 0 E E 6
'

flfl 2 6 6 6
' '
7 6
\ 1 0 1 1
x 01 9 1 7 11 7 0 a
.
p 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 7 1 1 1 ; X“ 1 7 0 0 9

66 57 0 1 1 9 1 7 0 1 1 6 80 1 9 A 61 1 3x 07 0 31 1 0 1 61 1 0 80 0 11 1 1 6 01 1 1 1. . .

A 61 1 eix a x ap7 1 EIX0 9 7 11 1 1 6 80 1 0 7 o v

'
T i Zx o vw o i
' ‘

0 0 9 ; . .

EIx 0 311 0 1 7 1 057 0 11 0 7 31 1 0 1 7 1 1 1 1 0 81 1 1

. . M1 6 ¢ 0 p6 0 Ix ap 0 51 1 0 71 0 7 61 1 1 11 0 6 31 1 1 1
.

0 1 1 0 6 01 11 1 A6 11 cix u 7 0 1 1 0 1 p61 1 1 1 6 Tf 0 2x 0 1 1 0 o i 6 80 6 1 60 5 0 0 9
'
. . .

2 1 51 1 01 1 0 861 1 3x 1 0 11 0 1 p6, 66 63 0 1 pm 06 3x 1 6 (9 6 3x 0 1 , “ ypcipp a 7 a N6

7
. . . .

5x 0 “ 131 7 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 5 EIX0 1 7 0 6 61 1 11 60 1 1 0 1 1 011 0 2 ; A 61 1 3x 0 1 11 0 6 6 67 0 11 0

.

A1 1 dx o x pfip a m 06 0 3x 11 11 0 6 1 666 0 1 1 9
“ 1"
064 1 11 0 9 06
’

6 1 7 0 67 6
1
. . A1 1
. .

'
0 3 09 1 7 0 1 6 80 1 9 0 0 1 1 861 1 1
x 4 T 0?) .
6 1 0 1 9 31 1 0 0 0 80 9 7
] B 1 0 1 1 11 1
, .

w A 61 1 7 6x 0 w 0 (
"
T6 0 A 61 1 7 6 3x 0 /1 0 1 1 Ex o w e 7 6 . 7 a

Zx o vvc) .

7 8 8 1 3 1 1 1 0 , the b o o k . 0 41 10 0 9 0 , to day -
.

1 1 1 1 7 011 0 , the mo ther c 6pm, to mo rro w -

. .

6 41 01 0 9 , t he f rie n d . 7 6 7 11 6 1 1 1 1 6 , the l etter .

é paio s, beau tif ul i

‘

.
p a t en ce .

7 6 0 11 0 71 4 11 1 , the l ittl e do g 86V , n o t.

m
.

7 6 z a 7 i, th e
p p p
a e r . «o 60 1 4 0 3 , man y peo pl
10 e .

6 80 1 01 , th e pe rmissio n . 310 0 2, there .

7 8 1 7 1 1 1 7 0 , the
p late . 7 6
¢ 7 ,
C ‘ t h e f o od .

7 6 1 1 1 1 0 17 1 1 1 , the f o rk 7 6 x pfip a ra, the mo n ey -

1 . .

11 1 0 o n ce (o n e time) 7 6 Od t h g
m
.
ppo s, e c o ura e .

7 6
7 0 7 1 1 0 , th e li ttl e eat .
, an d .

6 11 0 1 069 , the time . 6 00 20 3 , the u n cl e .

1 1 6 1 7 31 7 0 , t o Vien n a
fi
i .

6 680 1 1 41 67 , t b ro th er .

Ex er cise 4 .
—
B .

Who has th e best knife ? He has n o patience Had they .

“

mu ch to 1 1 0 ? Wi ll yo u have time to mo rrow i When sha ll w e -

'

hav e the l ett er ? If I had more time I sho u ld h a ve more money ,

.

Have yo u co u rage ? Were there ma n y peopl e in the th eatre ?

S he w i ll h ave pape r an d in k to morrow Ha ve yo u n o t time -
.

now ? This ev enin g I shall n o t have mu ch to d o If they ha d .

f r ien d s th ey w o u ld have greate r hopes

, Goo d l uck to him .

n s may h e ha ve H
( tra .
go od l u ck
) a d yo u (7 0 1 7 1 1 67 0 11 0 01 1
) n o t a .

ho u se ? Y es I have it still Have yo u the tick et ? Y es I

, . ,

h a ve it in my poc ket Had h e it ? N o he ha d n o t There i s

.
, .

n o t a bett er book th a n you rs .

 A S HORT AND EASY MOD ERN G REEK G RAMMAR . 35

the kn ife . 6 pa x aipu

7
‘

this even in g , 67 6 41 0 .

much to do , 3 mu ch wo rk ho pe, 01 1 7 6
31
. 11 .

wo rk , 4; 80 1 1 1 1 0 go o d luck , 13
ti me, 6 x mpds .
yet,
the theatre, 7 6 the tick et, 7 6 p t 1 AA1 07 o.

th e in k , 7 6 y ek dm .
y es, va lo r 1 1 4 A 1 0 7 a .

I am .

Present Indica ti ve . Present S u bj u nctive .

( )
v6 I may be .
( )
6 v

W "

fi
n
fi n

I mperfect Ind icative . F ut ure Indicative .

S in g .

731 1 0 1 1 11 06
I w as .

5 0 0 1 11 1 , 1 0 3 W

6 7 6 11 0, 6
7 0 11 0

Cond itional .

06 3
1
1 1 0 1 1 1 111
,
I shou ld be .

Imperati ve .

l ml .

v6
flM l
et us be
‘
G T C, .

V 6 5
1
0 6 1, be . v6
170 7 0, b e ye .

5 et him b e
l th em be
v 6 1 0 1
, . v6
fi ve , l
et .

or 69 61 0 .
36 A S HO RT AND EASY MOD ERN GR EEK GRAMMA R .

Themi ssing ten se s of a re someti mes su ppl ied f ro m the

A ori st of 0 7 011 0 1 1 6 1 to stan d , .
(S ee u n de r th e irr eg u l ar v er bs ) .

00 7 6 01 1 1 1 6 , I w as .

2x un I ha ve bee n .

ela 0 7 6 0 I h d b
x 6 a ee n , .

06 0x I sh all hav e bee n

10 .

Ex er ci se 5 .
-
A .

E61 0 6
’

3 9 7 6 3 -
5
0 7 1 1 7 1. 9) x v fa ;
p 11 13 1 0 1
01 65
6 )p6 1 ov
0 11 0 6 1 7 II 01 6 .

0 31 1 0 6 67 6 7 6 77 6 1 81 6 ; 1 1 0 130 6 1 , 1 7 6 1 61 1 1 0 1? 1 70 0 1 11 6 0 :
0
'
1

2 6 7 1 1 0 29 1 1 131 1 6 1 9 1 7 0 6 06 0 30 6 1 A v7 69 1 77 6 1 1 0 1 1 07 6 6 0 1 7 01 1 0 9 6 77 6 0 01 1 6 1 1 0
’
. .

696 0 31 1 0 9 7 6 0 7 1 1 1 7 1 6 v A 1 1 0Ix 6 7 6 9 7 1 1 1 60 0 1 9 vro vx a 6 67 69 06

-
.

7 m a
fip w 6 2 6 1 7 6 1 0 1 1 06 , 7 6 1 6 66 1 1
'
-
o a 0 7 r
1 9 1 r6 1 1 0
p p
av a p
x 7 7
6 1
0 1 9 1 1 7 1
.
1
7 o u M1 66 1 ) 7 6
"
0 31 1 0 60 1 r 6 o v 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 60 1
'
T o 6
p 7 . 1 0 0 1 1 11 6
7 ¢ p 9 x
1

0 1 1 137 1
-
Hp o vva 7 1 1 6 6 6 6 7 1 1069 0 1 9 0 1 1 6 B1 B6 1 o 1 rw6 0 1 o
. 0 6 0 1 1 1 11 6 0 7 0 .

a
pp w0 7 0 1 A v 101
p 9
. 0 61 1 0 1 6 1 9 06
1
1 0 66 1 N 6 3 x
1 0 v oq
. . .

A 9 0 1 0 0 6 0 v 00p0 9 A 6 1 7 0 7 0 1 6 pp o vva 7 01 1 0 9 ! H6 1 1 7 0 7 0 1 1 6 150 6 1

’
1 -
1 .
1
,

x 6 66 .

6 537 1 , at ho me 06 , y o u n g g1 rl
’
9 7 0 11 . 11 .

r upia , t he l ady . 7 6 1 1 6 6 6 1 6 , the hai r .

41 01 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 , my f rien d , a f rie n d of min e .

pa vpo s, b l ack .

7 6 m ust, the chil d, y o un g f el

lo w, 6 0 7 p0 s, white .

w aiter, 6 c . 0 th e secretary , cl e rk .

7 = 1 ro i) 0 1 0 6 usu alw ay to la
cal 7 6 3 1 3 6 1 0 7 10 6 0 1 0 1 1 , th e b oo k sh o
7 0 10 6 1 1 , p .

w aiter . 6 ppw0 7 o s, il l .

ms, y esterd ay s 7 6 1 3 251 61 p6 1 s, at six o cl ock

’
fil
' ' '
. .

in 60 1 1 71 0 1 , q uiet .

7 1 0 73 , th ree
1 . 06 0 1 500 11 0 3 , f ree .

6 7
0 6 6 0 1 7 0 1 03
1 ,
b ig ger, o d
l er . 6 1 1 7 0 7 0 , if o n ly .

13 7 1 1 61 0 1 , t h e acq uain tan ce . stro n g .

0 67 0
x 1 1 1 , f o rt u n a te, l u cky . 7 61 1lways
7 07 0 , a .

0 6 1 , w he n
1
. 106 6 1 £
, w el
l .

Ex er ci se 5 —
B .

He home yesterday Why is she n o t he re n o w 1

w as n o t at .

Wh ere d o yo u come from? I come from G ermany I w as v e r y .

ill A t su ch a time th ey will n o t be at th e ir shop Was h e n o t

. .

ativ e of Mr A r gyro po u lo s l No h e w as the so n of Michae l

a re l .
'
, ,
 A S HO RT AND EAS Y MODERN G REEK G RA MMA R .

A ori st o
07 1 1 6 4
16 , I w ro te .

(6 71 1 11
0 1 1 67 6 1
(61
6 1 10 1
1 51 0 1 6

Perfec t . Plu perfect .

2x 0 1 1 6 1 01
71 0 I ha ve
,
-
w ritte n . 0 3x 01 71 1
1 6 1 1 01 I h a
, d w ritt e n .

F ut u re .

0 7
? M ’ or

06 7 1 1 6 111 0 1 ,
I sha ll write . 06 7 1 1 6 41 6 1 1 1 0, 6
71 0 1
1 10 1 0
1

9 6 1 1 1 4 6 11 9 1 1 1 4 111 1 1 9
, 013 6
1 1 11 1 6"

96 1 1 10 6 011 » 1 1 1 4 41 1 1 00 1 1 1
1 6 1 1 0 1111
0)
F u tu re Perfect .

06 0X1» 7 1 1 6 111 0 1 , I hav e w ritte n .

C on d itional .

06 01 1 1 1 6 41 6 I sho u ld
,
w ri te . 06 07 p6 ¢ 0 1 1 0 (7 11 61 11 0 1 1 1 1 0 )
37 1 1 6 1 11 0 9 07 1 1 601 0 7 0
31 1 1 1 q 31 9 6 0 0 1 1 6)

3
1 0 66 1 6 1 01
71 0
0 1
3006 0 1
1 01 1 6
7 4 1101
1

1
3006 6 11
(3
1006 6 1 10
)71 1
1 6 1 1 0 1

Past Con ditional .

71 00 6 6 71 1
1 6 1 1 01 I sho u,ld h a ve w ritte n . 6
7p ¢ 01

600 6 0; 1 3006 6 7 0

1
300 6 6 1 1
(300
16 6 1 1 0
)
06 0 Z 6 1 6 1 01 ,
X 71 4 I sho u ld have w r ittefi .

S ubj u nc ti ve Moo d .

Presen t .

( )71 4
1 6
1 1 6 1 6 1 tha t , I may wri te ( ) 7 p ¢ p (7 1 6 1
6 11 6 w 0 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 0
)
71 1 6 1 607 0

YP a
¢9 i
yp ¢co 1 1 1 1
() 0
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN G REEK G RA MMA R . 39

A or ist .

( )
6
11 that I may write .
( ) 1 1 1 71 5 1
6 7
1 1 6 1 1 6 1 11 0 , 1 6 11 0 1 1 1 0

11 f ilf m
7 1 1 0 1 1 9
11 Yp l
4
7 4 1 13
1
1 1

Imperative .

Prese nt .

1 607 0 , W r i te (ye
71 0
0 6 1 0 wr it e ,
.
7 6 1 1
) .

et him w r ite
6 9 ypofcfrg, l .
yp ¢ 6 o11 11 0, l
e t th e m w r ite .

A orist .

7516 111 0 , w r ite . 6

71 1
1 1 1 07 0 , 1 61 1 7 0
71 1 .

e t him wr it e
6 9 7 1 1 6111 31 , l . 69

I n fin itiv e ( u se d only i n th e co mpo u n d tense s) .

Prese nt . A ori st .
7161
41 01 .

Present Participle .
7 6 1 11 0 1 1 7 6
1 1 9, w riting .

P assi ve Vo i ce .

Prese nt .

S in g .

a
6
yp 4> 0 11 6 1,
7 6
1 4
11 0 1 11 1 6 1 , I am w ritten , 6 m 7 1 1 6 41 0 66 6 0 7 0 (7 1 1 6 01 61 11 0 06
.
)
6
yp ¢ 0 0 6 1 7p ¢ 6 00 7 0
(7 1 6
1 6 1 0 0 0
6
yp ¢ 0 v1 1 7 6 1

Imperfect .

I w as w ritt en .

-
6
yp ¢ o 1 10 0 1 11 1
, ( )yp
0 6
¢ 60 0 v1 1 6
(6 7 1 16 0 601 6 0 7 0

(67 1 16
0 67 6 11 0
1

A orist .

6
(6 7 1 4 71
1 01 1 1 6 I w as w ritten .
()
0

( hp q i (6 7 0 1 5 0
’

1 1 6 601 5
( 11 1 9 1
3 e a x afl , 1 1 0 011

6 0
(61 9 1 1
6 1 11 0 ( 11 6 1
1 1 6 0 1 ( 11 1 0 0
1 11 0 :

Perfect . 0x 0 1 7 1 1 6 41 06 I hav e been w ritten

, .

Pl uperfect 03 1 1 I h ad been w ritte n

.
x .
 40 A SHORT AND EASY MODE RN GREEK G RA MMA R .

F u tu re .

06 7 1 1 6 1 11 0 1 1 1 6 1 , or
7 1 1 6 1
6061, 06 7 1 1 6 41 6 1 1 6 0 7 0, 71 16 0
6 1
0 6
1 1 0

I shall b e w ritte n .

6 9 7 mwm i
‘

71 6 60
1 01 1 : 71 111 5
1 1 9 v
6
71 0
11 6 1 1 17 6 1 ,
71 1 6 1 600 61 1 0

F ut u re Perfect . 06 0x 0 1 7 1 1 6 01 055, I sha ll have been written .

Con d i tional .

S in g .

06 07 1 1 6 4 1 66 0 0 1 1 , I sh o uld be w rit ten . 06

1 1 07 p6 ¢ 1 $0 0 v1 1
é yp6 ¢ o v1 7 6 1 1 1
(h
0 p6
4 611 17 0 1 10 6 11

1
3006 6 I should b e written .

Pa st Con d ition al . 06 0 Ix 6 7 1 1 6 1 11 013,

1 I shou ld hav e b een written .

S u bj u ncti v e .

Present .

( )7 1 4 1
6
11 1 6 1 0 1 1 6 1, that I may be w rit te n (1 6 )7 1 1 6 61 6 1 1 6 0 7 0
.
1
, 71 1 6
4 10 66 6 0 7 0

71 16
1 1 1 00 6 1
7 516 41 00 7 0

71 4
1 6 1 07 6 1
71 4
1 6 1 0 16 17 6 1

Aori st .

( ) yp
6
11 6 ¢ 06 , that I may be written .
( )71
6 111 6 1 00 3 0 01
6 6 )
1 10 01 1 6
1 069 7 1 1
1 01 1 5 061 0

w a >0
4 5 1 1 1 11
9500 9 11 1

Imperative .

7 1611 6 0 1 1 , b e w ritt en . 6
1 1 1
1 1 6 1 0 "

et h im be w r itt en
6 9 7 1 1 6 41 07 6 1 , l 6 9 7 1 1 6 1 00 0 1 1 7 6 1 (7 1 6
6
. 1 110 1 17 6 1
)
A o r ist I n fin iti v e . Perfe ct P ar tici pl e .

16 1 1 0
71 1 1 1 0 9 w
1 ri tte n
,
 A S HO RT A ND EASY MODERN GREEK G RA MMAR .

CO NTRAC I ED V En es ' ‘
.

Mo st co ntrac ted ver bs en d in there are also some in

b u t th e peo ple u suall y conj ugate them l ike ver bs in

6 1 7 0. 7 6 to deceive .

A 0 1 1 31 1 0 Vo ice .

Prese n t In dicative .

6 1 7 6 7 6 1 0 6 1 7 6 7 171 I decei ve
, , . 61 7 6 7 6 0 11 0, 61 7 6 70 81 1 0

6 1 7 6 7 60 1 0 , 6 7 6 7
6 11 6 1 7 6 7 607 0 , 6 1 7 6 7 6 7 0
61 7 6 7 6 0 1 , 61 7 6 7 6 61 7 6 7 60 1 1 1 1 (

I mpe rfe ct .

6 1 7 6 7 0 130 6 I w as de ce iving
, .

61 7 6 7 0 60 0 6 1 7 6 7 0 130 6 11

6 1 7 67 1 70 6 , I deceived

6 1 7 67 1 1 0 0

Per f ect . Plu per fect .

2x 1 0 6 1 7 6 7 1 50 01 , I have decei ved . zx a

e I had deceived .

F u t u re . F ut ure Per fec t .

I sha ll d eceive 06 0x 1 » 61 7 6 1
all have
sh
3
-
. 1 0 01
deceiv ed .

Cond itional .
Past Con d ition al .

06 151 76 7 0 60 6 or 6006 6 6 1 76 7
60 01 06 dx a 61 7 6 7 61 7 0 1

S ubj unctive .

Prese nt .
42 A S HOR T AND EA S Y M OD ERN GREEK G RA MMA R .

I mpe r a ti v e .

Prese n t . A ori st .

6 1 7 67 6 0, 6 1 7 67 6 61 7 6 7 67 0 6 1 7 67 1 1 0 0 61 7 6 5
7 1 0 07 0, 61 7 6 1 6
-
0 7 0

) 4 )
“
69 6 9 61 7 6 7 6 6 9 61 7 6 7 0 174 0 6 9 6 0 6 5 7)
7 1 0 69 6 1 7 6 7 6
0 0 1 11 0

A ori st I n fin itiv e . 6 1 76 5
7 1 0 01 Pres Par tici ple
. . 61 7 6 7
7 1 1 11 7 6 9 .

Passive Voice .

Presen t I n dica tiv e .

6 1 7 6 7 0 31 1 6 1 I am de ce i v ed
, .

61 7 6 7 60 6 1

6 1 7 6 7 67 6 1

I xh fi erf ect .

61 7 6 7 01 50 0 0 4) I 6 w a s b ein g deceiv ed .

6 1 7 6 7 0 1 50 o vv(6 )
6 1 7 6 7 0 61 1 7 6 1 1

S o me ver bs h av e th e fo llo w in g en d i n gs f o r th e Pres . I n dlc

10 31 1 7 6 1

B a
pw fip m, t o be weary .

Present In dicativ e .

a wfi m
fl p p 3 0 7 6 1 0 1 6 1
, I a m w e ary , . 3
[ 0 1 6076
6 1 0 1 5 1 fl a 6
p p 61 0 7 0
'

Bp B
'

Bp 3
'

a 1 00 6 1 6 1 0 1 0 7 0, a p1 0 0 7 0

a w fiw m
fip
’

B p 07 6 1
6 1

I mperf ect .

I w as we ar y .

(6 3 6
1 1 10 60 6 0 7 0
 A S HO RT AND EASY MODERN GREEK G RA MMA R . 43

Pl uperfec t .

F u tu r e . F u tu re Perfect .

06 6 1 7 6 7 6 1 1 1 6 1
A

06 0x 10 61 7 6 7 1 1 013
06 6 1 7 6 7 0061

C on d ition al . Past Con d ition al .

6 1 7 6 7 0 1 51 1 01 6 ! or 61 7 6 03
7 17 1 06 0Ix 6

S u bj un ctiv e .

Presen t . v6 6 1 76 7 0 91 1 6 1 A ori st . v6 61 7 6 7 1 1 061 .

I mperativ e .

Presen t . A ori st .

6 1 7 6 7 60 1 ) 6 1 7 6 7 7 50 0 1) 61 7 6 3
1 7 0

6 9 6 1 7 6 7 67 6 1 69 61 7 6 7 0 91 1 7 6 6 9 6 1 7 6 7 1 1 013 69 61 7 6 7 000 s

A o r ist I n fin itiv e . Perfect Parti ciple . 61 7 6 7 1 1 6 01 1 0 9

m s m 01 0 .

I believ e .

A ctive Vo ice .

06 000 131 1 0 11

0appo f'v

Passi ve Vo i ce .

T his usually has th e f orms in 66 , c ited abo ve . O ccasio n

l
aly th e f o llo w in g en din gs occur
’

06 )
G I
0141 6 1 014 1 6 0 7 0 01 1 0
4
3
0 0 6 1 3
0 0 7 0

The re mai n i n g forms f ollo w the 66 o j gation

c n u .
44 A S HORT AND EA S Y MOD ERN G REEK G RAMMAR .

EX ERCIS ES I N CONJ U GA TIO N .

OH TH E PRES ENT Tn n sm(A CTI V E) .

En d in gs f o r o t
u n c n rac ted fo rms

T he A c tiv e P re sen t of th e fo ll owin g e bs

v r is c on j ugated
a b o ve
(l ik e 71 6 )
1 6 10

Smflfl w, I read .

56
1 w , I th row .

En d in gs f o r c on trac ted forms

for th e forms in 010 we h a v e
for 61 0 we have 7
1 1 6
60 1 9
I
(la .

Bo th th e fo rms in 61 » an d 63 ar e oft en u sed in difi eren tl

y i n th e

si n gu l ar ; v er b s in ar e o n ly used in th e con tracted forms .

Con jugate th e fo llo win g v erb s lik e 61 7 6 7 60 »

I a sk ; YGH Q ’ I lau gh ; 67 6 1 7 6 1 0
‘

, , x p
6 1 07 61 0 , I sa l u t e
I speak ¢ 1 A6w I k i ss (Th e t wo , . l
a st ar e more o f t e n
c o n j u gat ed l i k e 0a p6
p ) .

6
( ,1 0 I l iv e , is o j ugated
c n as foll ows (61 (fig (13
, , , (3
1 1
-
0 .

Th e S u bj u n ctiv e is th e sa me as th e In dica tiv e ex cept , th a t

f o r 01 w h en ev er it o ccu rs in th e t ermi n atio n g is writte n
, , .
46 A SHORT A ND EASY MODERN G REEK G RA MMAR .

the l
an guage, 7 6 66 0 0 . pp i
the a et te , 511 0 51 .

fin e, 0 11 6 10 3 . to chan g , 71
e 6 6 1 1
13 .

the n ewspaper, 0¢ fl p € pi8¢ a Turk ish poun d 6 Afpa , 1 1 1 7 0 11 11 11 1 11 11 .

the win e , 7 b K pfl d ‘ . to w hi sper, 1 1 00 41 0 1 1 1 6 6 0 .

t he do or, 61 1 7 011 7 1 1 . to sh ut, 0 ¢ 6 6 v6 .

t o 8 o il , 31 6 6 1 1 13 . to k iss, 0 1 6 13 .

t he er, rt a
p m .

ON THE 1 1 1 9 1 1 11 0 11 0 7 .

To for m th e i mpe rfect the au gme n t 0 is u sually placed be fo r e ,

th e v er b ; an d the proper t ermin atio n s giv e n belo w are afii x e d , ,

.

6 9 37 9 01 41 0

Ex ception s
l Con tr act ed v e rb s usu all y
. n eglec t th e a ugmen t .
3 6 0 7 0 60 6 ,

I k ept f o r 03 6 0 7 0 130 6 .

2 . the u n co n trac te d v e rbs tho se o f mor e t han tw o

Of ,

sy lla ble s u sua ll y d o n o t ta k e the a u gme n t 6 13 0 I

1 06 7 6 6 6
3 un . 1
,

derstan d 106 7 6 6 636 1 1 0 .

3 Verb s begin n i n g w ith v o wels common l y n eglect th e au g

.

men t ; b u t th e r ule wh en o bserv ed is that the in iti al v o w e l .

,

le n gth e n s fro m 6 an d 0 to 1 7 an d from o to 0 1 while 6 1 alwa y s ,

r em ai n s u n chfin ed E x a m ple s
g .

P re s . I mp .

6 100 1 50 1 , I hear . 6 100 1 1 6 3

o r 1 100 1 1 6 .

0
37 2 1 01 I to
, u c h . 07 7 1 6 o r 13
731 1 6 .

01 1 1 6 61 I spea k
, . 01 1 1 6 0 30 6 or 61 1 1 1 6 0 30 6 .

0 1 1 1f0 100 1 I fi d 31 1 1 0
'

p n, . 01 31 1 1 0 106 or 7 1 106 .

Fr om thi s
'

list of ex ception s it is o bvio u s that th e o n ly v er b s ,

w hic h u su all y ta k e the au gmen t are those whic h are dissylla b i c ,

a n d al so be i n W ith a c on so n an t
g b u t mo s t of th e v e r b s i n o r

din ary u se bel o n g to thi s cl ass 6 07 6 06 1 7 6 .

,
.

Th e au gme n t 1 , is u sed in th e v er b 006 0 1 (or i gin all y an d

a l so in ma n y oth er cases fro m fal se a n al ogy 3 7 57 1 1

1 60 6 1 1 6 01 .
, 6 .

No m I n th e case of v er bs co mpo u n de d with preposi tion s

.
—
,

th e au gmen t if u sed is afiix ed before the pre position n o t a f te r

. ,

a s in an ci en t G r ee k .
 A SHORT AND EASY MODE RN GREEK G RA MMAR . 47

EN DI NG S or TH E 1 1 1 1 3 11 0 1 1 0 7
1
.

Fo r un c no tr ac ted v e r bs . For c on tracted v erbs .

Pers S in g . . Pl
ur .

l 6 6 1 0
1
2 6 7 0 o r 07 0

3 0 80 0 0 30 6 1 1

Ex a mpl
es .

I mperfect lik e 6
70 41 01 . I mperfect l i k e 61 7 6 7 171 .

1 0 1 1 120 1
1 I thi n k , .
7 0 6 61 , I l
a u gh .

I drin k . 1 7 0 7 1 1 61
0 1 I p r efe r
, .

81 6 3 66 1 I read 1 , . 1 7 0 1 7 6 7 61
0 I W a lk ,
.

1 1 1201
7 0 I t u rn , . 6 1 70 1 1 0 1 61 I forg et
1
, .

4 01 0 1 71
, I we ar .

1 0 6 7 61
0 ,
I ho ld .

Th e I mperfect is u sed l i k e the Fre n ch Imperfect to den o te an

a c tio n o r st ate in past ti me wh i ch is r epea ted o r last s a cer tai n

ti me .

I u sed to wal k .

I o ft en walk ed .

e g 1 7 0 1 7 6 7 0 30 6
.
0 .

I w a s wa lk in g f o r some time [ p
h ap e ned .

I was walk i n g at th e time wh en some thi n g else

I us ed to write dx .

Ex er cise 7 .
—
A .

pT0 71
'
0 1 1 0 0 1 71 1 0 1
81 50 61 0 6
0 30 0
0 6 0
1 9, 76 1 ! 6
70 0 1 1 1 6 7 6 .

"
'

Q ,1 1 6 0 1 50 6 7 0 106 2 7 6 6 0 1 50 1 1 7 6 A 1 7 0 10021 1 0 7 01 1 1 06 1 00 1 1 6 30 6 000 0 01 1 6 7 6

'
.

00 0 0
0 60 0 K 6 0 0 . 0 1 7 0
0 1 1 0 3
1 0 0 6 1 7 0 7 0 p y g [
a a f I O S T 6 1 1 1 1 7
1
06 1 7 0 3 . .

S 63 C 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 3 5 0 0 71 0 1 00 1 03
3 O
7
6 1 1 7 1
) 0 1 6 0 7
70 1 1
1 1 6 7 6 , 7 1 1 6 6 1 1 0 6 .

1
2 7 1 s pa ,t in the morn n g i .
1 1 6 17 00 0 , b l
ac k .

6 01 1 , the ho ur .
¢ pM0 G , d r e ss .

860 , two . 0 0 01 6 60 0, I cal 1

l(in ) at .

7 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 001 , at mid day 7 11 1 1 6 1 1 1 7 0 6, wh i l

e
1
0
1 -
. .

i
6 1 7 0, s n ce .
 48 A SHORT AND EAS Y MODERN GR EEK GRA MMAR .

Ex er cise 7 —
B .

Ev ery mo rn in g we ed to r ea d the n ewspa pe r th en w e dran k

us ,

c o ff ee A t eight o cl o c k we w en t f o r a wa l k in th e g ar den an d
’
.

s o k e of v ari o u s thi n g s
p W as h e n o t wear in g a w hite hat ? We .

ca lled at th ei r h o u se e v e ry da y W hile yo u were l au ghin g an d .

t a l k in g I w as r ea din g an d writin g W h en I w as ret u rn in gfrom .

th e v ill age I u sed t o smo k e a cigar

,
.

t hen , (0 017 6 . i
wh te, 6 0 1 7 00 .

t he co ff ee , 0 1011 0
0 : th e h at, 7 0 1 06 1 7 06 0 .

i
a t e gh t o cl
’
oc k ,
’
23 0x
s 761
7 0 6 06 1 s, w hen 1 was re turn n g, th e pres i . part . o f
t he garden , 7 0 0 0 1 3 06 1
0 .
7 p
11 x 111 .

di ff eren t, 81 6100 00 9 . I smo k e, 41 0 1 1 11 6 00 1

t he th in g, 7 0 1 7 06 7 0 6 the ci gar, 7 0 1 ro 1 3po
'
1 1
. .

I speak o f , 61 1 1 6 6 7 1 6 .

ON THE A o msr '

.

The ru les f o r the au gmen t a re the sa me as in the Imperfec t .

A orist en d i n g s .

'
O a

O "?

0 6 11
-

T h e charact eristic le tter of th e ver b u n dergoes a chan ge w he n

brou ght i n to con j un ction with th e 0 of th e A orist e n din g

l .
3 ,
1 7,
4 1 c ombi n e w ith th e 0 to form 41
9 .
0 3 ,
5 010
1 I hi de
1 0100 11 111 6 .

01 , I d y e 5
3 0
6 1

NOTE Th e v er b s in 0 1 50 1 h a v in g 1 1 (in pro n u n ciatio n

.
—
41 b e fo r e

(7 ) a s c h ara ct e r i sti c le tt e r al so fo r m th e i r a o ri st in
4;

5
1 7 1 0 7 01 01 , I believ e ; 01 7 10 7 6 11 6 .

1 1 0 1 511 1 ,
7 0 I seek 07 1 50 0 111 6 .
 A SHO RT AND EASY MOD ERN GREEK G RAMMA R . 49

2 .
y , 1 0, X c omb i n e w ith th e 0 to form $ 1
116 6 01 I g rd 0 1 56 6 56
4 1
7 u a 4 1 ,
.

1 7 6 0106 1 I plait k n it 01 7 6 0 56 , , .

3g oc
. casio n a ll y c h a n g e s to f
000 1 1 6 6 1 I call 00061 1 6 56
1 1 1 , 1
.

1 1 1 0 7 64 10 I e m sleepy 01 1 1 50 7 6 66
1
, .

1 7 6 121 1 I play 1 ,

4 Ver b s in (w 001 an d those th at h av e a v o wel as

.
, ,

istic letter h av e the A o ri st en din gs added dire ctly

,

v owel

n m I te ar 00
71 10 6 , .

1 0001 I spi n 0
7 7 1 00 6 1
,
1 .

6 1 00 1 56 1 I h ear 6 100 v0 6 , .

No m () Th
. e e n d in g 0 6 c h an g es th e ch ar acter i sti c
a 6 an d 0

c o n trac ted v er bs i n t o

6 1 7 6 7 601
0 1 6 001
0
Ex ception s to th e bov e r ule a

1 7 0 1 1 60 1
1 I am hun gry 3
, 01 7 0 151 1 6 0 6 .

81 111 60 1 I a m thirsty
, 0815111 6 0 6 .

1 0 01 1
00 0 0 61
001 , I we ar
(cl oth e s, , 00060 0 0 6 .

06 6 0 1 I l a u gh ; 0 0 6 6 0 6
7 , 7 .

I c an °
0 1 1 70 1 00 6
1 0 .

1 7 0 0 1 06 6 61
0 I i n v it e ,, 01 7
0 0 0 10 66 0 0 6 .

(3 ) A f ew o tract ed verb s have 8 1 6 the ir A orist (as if formed

'

c n

f m 6 Presen t m 0
41 1 1 0 60 1 I bl o w ; 00 7
1 1 50 1 86 , .

0 3
7 6 6 1 1 I pu l l 0 0 3
7 6 1 756 1
,
.

()
6 Ve rb s w h o se ch aract e ri stic le tt er in th e Pr e se n t i s v

p e de d b y 0 6 o r 0 l ose th e 1 be for e th e A ori st t ermi n atio n 0 6

, , ,
1
,

an 0 is writt en 01 i n th e A o ri st

801 0 1 I bi n d ; 080 0 6 1
, .

0 6 66 1 51 0 1 I s c old 3 7 0 1 666 0 0 6 1
, .

86 7 1061 1 1 I bit e 0867 1 06 0 6 1 1

, .
50 A SHOR T AND EA S Y M OD ERN GREEK GRAMMAR .

()
b Verbs who se ch aracter istic let te r i n th e Pre se n t is 1 pr e
c eded by 1 o r u preceded b y X l ose th e 1 o r v an d th e 4; o r
4 , X 1 ,

c ombi n e s w ith the 0 of th e A orist t e r mi n atio n to form 41 o r 5

6007 6 1 ,
10 I cu t 3100 011 6 .

80 5x 1 1 0» , I sho w 3

6 Ver b s in 6 6 6 1 a n d so me i n h ave n o 0 in t h e
.
0 01 , 1 ,

A orist ; th e charact eri stic lett er r ema i n s th e sa me a s in t h e

Prese n t b ut if 0 is th e letter pr ecedi n g it is ge n erally chan g e d
,

to 0 1 .

I sen d 30 7 0 1 6 6 .

6 I b r in g 2
4 0
1 01
4 0
1 0 6 1 , .

03 0 1 I r e mai n 2
0 0 0 1 1 6 0 1
,
1 .

NOTE .
—
Verbs in 6 01 1 an d 06 1 hav e a popu lar form f o r t he
Prese n t in mo
for 0 7 66 6 01 1 .

M
’

I
< >f p vw 11 M»
A o rlst 20 1 1 06
’
0 0pvo1 0 1 50 6 1 , I d rag .

7 . Verbs in a cwa1
'
ha ve 6 11 6 in the A orist

(00 1 6 1 3001 1 , I wa r m

8 Man y verbs m 12m an d some oth ers have a coll ateral form
.
, ,

f o r th e Pre sen t in wiw ; b u t th e A orist alway s comes f rom th e

fir st form

7 0 2 7 p
11 1 6 1 , u w6 a1 , I t u rn
(67 0
5 110 6 .

0 41 6 6 1201 1 , 0 006 6 1 1 6 6 1 , I sh u t
(6 4
0 1 66 1 0 6

£x 6v f 0x v6 w I forget f ex w
'
0 a1 , , a.

Some oth er e bs again h av i n g on ly th e form y é 0 1

v r , , . . in 1

Pre sen t form th e ir A ori st as fr om a P m

, sen t i n a cvw o r 61
'
1 0»

16 066 1 ,
1 1 I serve Win e
1 0 00 1 6 1 ,
0 I han g u p
 A SHORT AND EASY MOD ERN GR EEK GRA MMAR . 51

U SE o r THE A O RI ST .

The A orist in d ica t es in defin ite pa st action : 20 1 6 6 6 , I sen t -

.

It is d i sti n gu ished o n th e o n e h an d fr om th e Imperfect, wh ic h

den otes re petitio n o r con tin ua n ce , a n d o n th e othe r from th e
Pe rfect, which den otes action co mpleted at the prese n t ti me It .

o ccupi es t h ere fo r e th e sa m e position a s th e F re n ch pa ssé in défin i ,

an d is o ften u sed w he r e th e En gl ish i d io m pre fers th e Perf e ct

20 1 0 16 6 1 5 7 060 0 6 , I ha v e sen t t he le tt er
-
.

I n v e r b s w ho se Prese n t ex presses a stat e o r con d ition , th e

A orist ex pr esses th e begi n n i n g of tha t stat e a s past

1 7 01 1 1 61 ,I am h u n gr y 31 7 0 131 6 0 6 , I hav e got h un gr y I amhu n gry , .

1 6 10 1 6 13 1 I am sleepy ;
-
1 , 01 6 50 1 6 56 .

In particu larly v iv i d speech th e A ori st is ed to ex pr ess

us

fu tu re action th e action is re pre se n t ed as so n ear a n d ce rt ai n a s

to be practi cally past

I l
l k ill yo u (
’ ’
5
4 7 0
11 1
3 6
0 0 0 10 1 0 1 0 6 , go aw ay , or or you re a

dead man ) .

NO TE w i ll be o bserved that th e above r u le s are mer ely

.
—
It
pr ac tical an d th e philo logist may t ak e ex ceptio n to th e l ack of
ex pl an ation of the fo rms give n b ut such e x pl an a tio n s wo uld
n e c e ssit at e a k n o wledge of an ci e n t G ree k o n l y po sse ssed by th o se

t o w hom th e e x pl an atio n s w o u ld be su erfl uo u s

p I n m a n y case s .

th e a n cie n t G reek r ule based o n phil ologica l rea son s is violat ed

, ,

fr om t he in fl u en ce of an a logy
31 7 6 1 66 , 5001 50 1 766 .

Ex ercise 8 .
—
A.

”
”
1 30 4
1 01 1 1 0 10a i 50 1 51 06 1 0
. 0 1 8 3 3
0 6 60 . A va tl
z av 1 6 101
10 61 . P1 6 1 2 80V
"
1 7 1
11 6 1 1 0 ; Ex o gbes ‘
é
x pt 0 ou 1 6

6 1 6 0 6 9 WO M O IS 41 0 06 13 : 7 1 6 1 1 7 0 § EIU O J 600 6 1 0 1 0 ;
00 0
0 0 6 . 0
x 1 01 0 ; .

0 0 33 6 6 41 6 1 ! 1 6 [36 0 0 1 6 (06 7 1 6 Tbv 37 1 1 0 0 111 6 . 1 7 6 1 07 0 6

. M0 5
7 0 101 1 0 1

‘I’ E
s( é
e ) x 0 l0
'
0 x 1 , 86 1 0 6 9 07 1 50 0 111 0 106 1 1 0 59 A 0v 1 0 01 7 10 1 é 0
”
1
01 1 6
x s 0 6 0
'
. . z

5 6 1 ) 7 6 mix ra H60 6 1 s 71 606 1 ; 36 0 6 11 0

.
‘
52 A SHORT AND EASY MO D ERN GREEK G RA MMA R .

0 101 51 1 1 9 ,
0 I b en d, sto o p . 3 71 601 I i n j ure
11 , .

0 1 1 11 61 1 6 1 , I lif t . 6 001 1 0 1 0 3 , il l .

6 1 6 01 6 1 , I l
1
igh t . 3 6 01 53 , heavy .

1 11 m f, the can dl e 1 1 0 1 56 1 , I l o o k f o r ask f o r

p .
7 0 , .

6 60 1 1 6 , the l amp . 1 6 1 1 1 0 17 , every whe re .

10 6101 6 1 , I cut I d
’
.
x po e tv w , an ce .

31 1 1 1 5x 1 6 , the n ight
'
1 8 x 0 1 , the han d
0
1
. .

6
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 , I B6 W . 86 0 3 , al l .

1 8 1 0600 0 6 , th e dness . A0 I1 7 6 1 , I am ab sen t .

0 x i0» , I tear .

Ex er ci se 8 .
—
B .

l ight ed the lamp Why ha ve yo u n o t w ritte n the lette r ?

S he .

I h av e cu t my fin ger Have yo u sewn the dress ? The hea v y .

W i n e h a s d o n e y o u h ar m I ben t d ow n an d lifted u p the tick e t . .

Some o n e ask ed f o r yo u Ho w lon g did yo u d an ce l Hav e y o u .

'

h ear d the story ? He did n o t bel ieve it Th ey we re a ye a r .

a wa y .

th e fin ger, 6 86x 1 v7t o s . th e year , 6 700 61 1 0 3 .

the sto ry , 13 1 0 1 opi6

‘
.

360 1 0 0 100 f; 80 56 6 1 6 1 7 1 6 1 6 ;
17 Mo i) 380 1 60 1 8 0 3
171 1 1 1 011 :
m
E1 7 6 1 £ M E
’

fl e 1 8
'
a 1 16 ; 6 2 6 1 31 1 6 6 6 6 f
6 1 0
x p 9 1 0 0 1 06 1 1
0 0
7 1
ppu .

856 1 61 7 8 1 8 1 7 6 0 6 91 50 1 A 011 0 00v6 6 f a 1 0 1 8 01 v0 1 1 106 II 0 1 89 61 1 1 6 50

’
. .
4 1

A 31 1 30 6 16 0; 1 11 1 1 10 P 0 67 0
601 6 0 6
0 6 01 1 150 7 6
5 0 ; 8 01 1 0 I1 1 0 6 1 8)
x
"
6 1060 1 7 E0 1 01 60 1 8 x 00 1 p o v 1 66 6 6 60 1 7 0 6 8 f
”
8
'
.
) 1 11 1 0 o v . .

1 8 1 7 6 0 8610 0 6 5 6 ? 3 6 1 81 6 ;
0 A 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
'
1 1 0 1 1 n o ) 1
0 0 5 6 1 1 1 1 7 6 .

A 1 6 1 } 30 1 7 0 6 1 50 9 1 8 0 10v6 1 ;
. A 01 1 1 06 066 0 1 1 T8v 010 1 51 1 6 5 6 .

68 66 I i 31 0 61 1 60
‘
10 6 . 1 06 . 16 1 6 .

1 6 0 1 6
0 6 0 , I c l ean ,
ma k e clean . 8x 1 6, e ight .

13 8 0 6 6 6 , the mai dse rv an t . 0 1 0

4 77 , 6 1 I p ress sq ueez e
,
.

1 b x 6 1 f, the card, th e p aper 6 71 6 6 0 1 , to chan ge

0 . .

11 6 041 1 6 , I steal 13 5 1 11 1 , th e ap earan ce

.
p .

1 21 6 0 71 6 1 , the watch , cl
0 7 o ck . I o pen .

1 8 0 1 7 6 0 1 0 61 1 1 , th e sti ck . 1 8 1 1 1 7 6 0 66 1 , th e b o x .

3 h i d 1 0 1 1 61 1 , the e e
‘
1 8 1 7 6 6 01 5 1 w w
0 0 ( 1 t e n o .
y .

556 61 7 6, o u t o f . 0 1 06 x 1 1 6 1 , I pu sh .

101 1 6 6 6 , to k eep , t o u d 1 0 0 1011 6 1 , th e do

7 g ar .
g .

1 8 11 1 1 0 1 1 11 6 th e secret
, . 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 00 , I see .

0 16
0 1 , to put to rights, to tidy up . 11 6 6 6 K 6 6 6 , v ery w el l, t
h o ro u g h ly .

6 0 0 , I am af rai d
10 6M P“. the ro o m .
1
0 0 01 .

701 1 7 0 06 , qu ickly , so o n .
54 A SHORT AND EASY MOD ERN GR EEK G RA MMA R .

I turn , 7 1 1 0501 1 . I b uy, 6 7 0 06 01 1 .

th e l eaf , 1 8 1 01 1 6 6 0 ci gal, 1 8 1 7 0 1 1 00
o

. .

I fil l , 7 0 0 1 01 1 . t he l ight , 1 8 10633 .

I refil l , {6 1 16
7 0p 6 1 . I pu t o ut, 0 3 1 51 1 6 1 .

at el even o cl o ck , 3 1 6 1 3 31 1 60 11 6 th e n ame, 1 8 5 1 1 0 1 1 6
’ ’
.

t he mark et, 1 1 67 0 p 6 t he han dkerch i ef , 1 8 0 6 1 6156 1

‘

0 . .

I break , 0 1 7 6 1 1 61 (is b ro k en , I l ea ve, 6 41 1 1 1 1 6 1 .

the rin g , 1 8 86 x 1 v6 681 he1 e, 086 ‘

. .

th e pl ay (say the re presen tatio n ),

1} 1 7 6 06 0 1 6 0 1 .

Ex er cise 1 1 .
—
A .

”
H
c
A 01 1 7
0 011 6 6 1 0 0
7 11 06 1 1 0 1 9 1 1 07 11 0 03 1 70 611
. 0 1 0
70 0 6 0 7 01 1 0 6 .

’
< 1 1 6 1 ;0 0 1 8 1 7 6 1 815 1 1 79
j M E 0 651 1 0 6 1 1
7 . 6 1 1 1
70 0 v 1 1 6 6 1 7 8 1 1 91 1 2 0 0 0
1 5 1 11 1 . .

H7 6 1 7 1 §0 6 01 0 1 811 1 1 00 1 1 T81 1 0 5 1 77 11 1 70 6 0 0 3 1 6 1 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 9
’
. A 1 60 06 1 0 0 9 .

1 8 1 30 66 6 1 0 6 011 6 81 51 1 1 1 A 0 1 1 0 0 6 0 650 6 01 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 060 006

. EX6 1 . .

0 1 1 1 6 1 , 010 1 56 1 0 6 81 1 1 1 6 1 6 0 1 89 0 1 00 1 51 1 1 0 0 1 8 1 6 1 7 02 1 , H60 6 1 761 65

’
.
X 0 II 7 .
0 70
"
0 6 1 0 81 6 1 8 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 01 0 ;
”
E0 1 01 6 03 1 6 6
70 00
1 16 1 6 1 7 01 1
70 6
1
116 ; E0 1 1 00 1 8
0 6 1010 0 1 71 0 61 1 011 . O1 . 0 1
0 6 1 1 6 11 6 1 9 (0 0 6 86 1 6 13
) 080 1 06 1 1 0 1 81 1 6 170 1 1 11
1 .

0 1 76 1 70 11 1 6 79 01
0
0
0 0 1 6 1 76 1 701 1 5 1 16 0 0v . .

6 07 000 , 6 07 58, to b e l ate . 61 1 1 1 6 1 6, badly (l

it . stro n gl y) .

0 1 1 0 0 6 , to da
0
-

y . 10 0 1 1 1 1 18 , 1 mo ve .

67 6 1 61 , I l o ve . A i
o r st, I hav e go t 1 8 1 06 1 60 , th e ta l
e b .

fond of . 1 6 1 1 061 1 6 1 , I pay .

6 1 1 00 3 , the y o un g man . 81 6 , 7 1 6 , f 0 1 .

{ 1 1 1 1 1 61 I w a en k . 0 1 06 1 1 00 , I 83 11 1 1 .

6 1 0 0061 1 6 1 , I co rrect . 6 0 6 11 11 0 3 , the sack .

1 8 0 00 6 , the ex erc se i . 81 7 50 6 1 1 l 0 w, b ehi n d

,
’
.

3 11 11 6 1 51 1 6 1 , I seal , sto
p
; 03 0 1 56 61 0 6 , I 6 0 1 06 1 1 061 1 1 3 th e so l
d er . i
have h ad (a to o th) sto ped p . 800 1 1 6 1 , I stri k e, heat .

1 8 6 61 1 1 1 , the to o th . 6 6 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 , t he ro b b er .

0 6 061 1 6 1 , I swee
p . 1 8 1 6 1 0 11 1 0 , the b o o t, sho e .

1 8 the co ld in the head . 6 r ar o w f fis, the sho e -

maker .

11 0 1 1 1 51 1 6 1 , I catch co l d .

Ex ercise 1 1 .
—
B .

We ask ed th e gen tle man if he w as a G erman W h en did y o u .

wa k e thi s mor n in g ? Th ey stayed o ut lat e y est erday H e h a d .

a tooth sto pped He ca u gh t co ld He pu lled my h air

. We . .

hav e k ept this book f o r him W e paid twe n ty fiv e drac h m a s .

-
.

Mr S tilian o po u lo s has sold his hou se

. I h av e n o t se n t t h e .

letters yet Ha ve th ey b ro u ght th e n ew spaper ? T hey qu arr e l le d

. .
 A S HORT AND EAS Y M OD ERN G REEK GRA MMAR . 55

if , 6 1 1 . I keep ,
11
06 1 66 1 .

the G erman , 6 Pepy awis . twen ty fi ve , 6 311 0 0 1 1 61 1 1 0

-
.

when 7 1 7 61 0 , the draehma, 1 3 806 x 1 1 1 ) .

at w hat o cl o ck ? 1 £ l
I sel
’
81 06 ,
1 7 011 6 6 .

t his mo rn i n g, 1 6 1 7 11 6 1 1 . I quarrel 1 1 6 6 6 61 ,
1
61 .

the hair, 1 6 1 1 6 6 6 1 6 .

S U BJ U NCT I V E , IMPERA TIV E CO NDITIO NAL ,

.

011 the co mpo u n d ten ses, an d the co n u n ctio n s

j which in tr o du ce
them .

Both th e presen t an d th e A orist S u bj u n ctiv e have the same

e n d i n gs as the Presen t In dicati ve b u t it is u su al to w rit e 6 1 in ,

th e S u bj un ctiv e i n stead of the 0 1 o of the In dicati v e The , , .

A o ri st S u bj u n cti ve has th e same ch arac t er i sti c lett er as th e I n

d ica tiv e .

Th e part icle 1 6 is u su ally followe d by th e Su bj un ctiv e an d

1
,

may be tra n slated i n to En gl ish in the fo llow in g vario us w ay s .

1 . By the I n fin itiv e, w ith or W itho u t to preced in g it .

80 1 1 $ epw 1 1 6
’
1 ov
p 10 1 10 6 . I can n ot r ead T urk ish :
1 1 8 41 1 57 6 1 . . I w ish to go aw a y .

2 . By the I mperati v e .

11 6 1 61 1 0 6 51 1 9 106 6 6 106 6 6 W atch him

101 1 1 1 . well .

11 6 6 6 151 69 I L e t him wr it e it
1 0
7 0 4 3]
1 .

N OT E . thi s case a n d th e foll o wi n g 1 81 seems to be u sed after

—
Ih 1

s o me v e r b u n der stoo d l i k e 1 7 1 1 7 0 1 l
0 (i fau t
) .

By ome eq u ivalen t of the ver b ou ght

s .

6 6 e m I to wr it e it 2
11 1 0
70 1 1 1 61 ,

11 6 1 61 0 1 7 0 0 106 6 60 6 1 O u ght I to i n v it e h im ?
0 1

1 6
1 . 0 0 11 1 8 6
70 1 1 11 6 I S h e to r ea d th e lette r to
yo u 1

By ome eq u ivalen t of the ver b to wi sh

s .

6 0 1 1 7 6 ) 8 6 1 51 00 9 ! Th e deu c e t ak e him (8 6 1 51 00 9 = W 0 1 f )
11
07
1 1 .
66 A SHORT AND EASY M OD ERN GREEK GRAMMAR .

A w ish may al so be ex pre ssed w ith 11 6 omitted .

8 0089 41 1 1 6 6 50 . Go d forb id .

11 6 occu rs in oat h s .

11 8 x upe 1 8 . Ble ss my ey es .

The p ar ticle 06 with the Su bj u n cti v e is us ed f or th e F u t ure .

I shall n ever forget him

'
881 1 06 1 0 11 f x da w
c 1 70 1 0 .

The Su bj u n ctive is al so us ed afte r a large n u mbe r of particle s

7 1 6 11 6 in or der that , so that .

7 16 11 6 1 i
1 1 l e,st .

’
0 61 1 , if .

an d a fter th e in defin ite p ro n o u n an d a dver b ,

81 7 0 1 0 9 , w ho e v er -
.

81 7 0 1 1 , wh er e v er .

an d a ft er 10 61 9, per hap s i n st ea d of th e fu tu re
, .

0 08 1 0 6 1 7 6 1 7 1 8 1 1 6 1 137 1 1 0 1 1 12279 1 7 81 9 0 11 1 0 106 1089 61 1 00 6 1 1 7 0 9

4
. .

I te ll o u , le st yo u sho u ld thi n k that h e is a b ad ma n

y .

{0 6 1 9 36 017 61 7 6111 0 , h e w i ll per haps co me this eve n i n g .

81 7 0 1 0 1 1 28g; 1
1 o 1 1 1 7 61 9 w ho ever yo u se e, tell him tha t
The compou n d t e n ses (perfe ct plu perfect fut u r e perfect ) a r e , ,

formed from the t e n ses of 3x 6 1 an d the A ori st I n fin itive T h e .

en din g f o r the presen t a n d A orist in fin itive is 0 1 .

Th e Con dition al is ex pr essed by th e parti cle 06 o r (Pres 0 0 n d . .

on ly) by th e imperf ect of th e v er b 006 6 1 I w ish (I mperf ect 13006 6 , ,

A ori st a n d t he I mpe rfec t o r Pl u per f ec t of the ve r b .

O cca sio n all y th e thir d perso n of th e Imperf ect of 01 56 6 1 is u se d

i n st ead of the particle 06 .

a iW
8 1
9 1

e ‘ 0 81 0 x 0 1 9
we hou ld
s be happy .

The I mpe rfect Co n d ition al of a depe n den t clause in En gl i sh is

tran slated by th e G reek I mperfect I n d icative .

If I wer e .
71
1 1 0 1 11 .
 A SHORT AND EASY M OD ERN GREEK GRAMMA R .

depe n de n t clau se s co n tain in g e ither a perf: 0 0 n d o r pluper f

In . .

co n ditio n al v er b th e ver b 1 8 a lway s t ran sl

, ated in to G r eek by t he

Imperf Co n dition a l . .

61 1 1 m me n e it her if k n e w it
I I
eg. .
f
q p 06
1 0 1 0 26 0
7 e
0 1 a
y
a a

s ho ld u say it o r ii I ha d k n ow n i t, I shou ld h av e
—
sai d it .

I mperative 2 n d perso n (Pr e s an d

The . A ori st en d i n g s 0 , 0 1 0 )
may o n ly be u sed in affirma tive sen t e n ce s , i n n egativ e sen te n ce s
with th e S ubj un ctive i s used .

“ l
I
e . writ e ? do n ot writ e !

particle 6 9 with th e S u bj u n ctiv e is th e u su al ren derin g o f

The
the I mpe rativ e f o r th e first an d thir d per son s 3 b u t it is n o t u se d
f o r th e secon d .

89 le t h im co me ih .

6 0, l t w it e
70 1 6
1 1 61 e u s r .

89 let hi m wr it e .

Mu st is tran slat ed by 17
0 01 701 with 11 8 foll ow in g
. l ik e th e F r en ch
t qu e .

9 . 17
0 01 7 01 11 8 . 1 01 A 1 6 1 70 650 11 30 , yo u mu st p y hi
a m .

Ex er cise 12 .
—
A.

II 0 1 5 0 i1 1 0 8 8 5 8 (
9 06 6 8 1 1 61 0 1 8 16
'

T 7 p 1 1 u 0 1 e 1 1 6 1 0 0 9 6 1 1 '

1 7 )
1 7 0 1 56 1 0 1 1 15 1 81 051 1 6 1 1 0 v d8e6 P 6
T 0 1 ¢ ev 1 0 v
0 0 0 1 cv
°

7 1 71 1 1 0 6
1 7
1
[
0
00

81 1 00006 0 0 0 1 7 6 1 00 6 9 1 1 0 v 106 1 x 6 1 0 01 v0 0 1 0 11 6 1 7 8 [ 1 00 0 9 1 1 0 6 2 0 1 7 6 06
5 '

1 6 6 0 6C E 0 1 1 6 1 1 106
5
1 6 1 8 60 6 0 T 5 0 6 °
0 01
0 7 0
1
1 71 0
°

0
7
1 1 0 0 1 0 1
x n 9 .

H 81 0 06 1 rc v 6 1 0 r 1 0 1 6
5 7
5
1 8 36 1 78 1 ( 9 06 0 1 0 1 1 6
'

0
°

M1 71 1 6 100 1 50 ns 81 1 6 07 o v1 1 6 1 1 1 0 15 A 100 v0 0
' ’
1 6 1 6 3 6 0 0 1 0 v1 0 1 8 7 0 61 1 1 1 6 . .

81 1 81 6 ,8 6 CO 1 1 0 1 , 6 6 6 6
1 2 71 0
1 1 0 6 00 1 0 1 6 6 1 1 01 1 6 6 1 06 1 0
0 1 9 1 1 6 1 0 80 10 1 1 1 60 1 1 9 1 1 7 0 00 6 1 06 0 c v
’
10 6 0 1 6 1 7 8 1 1 1 1 60 06 A v
1 0
°

0 7
0 1 0 15 6 6 1 1 7 6 0 6 80 9
5
1536 0 1 5000 0 9 00 6 6 1 1 1 6 C
’
61 A 0 1 1 [ 1 1 7 0 0 0 v1 1 6 60x 6 0 0 v1
.
1 1 1 9
6 1 51 1 71 1 1 1 71 1 1 0 1 0 1 6
0 M 1 71 1 1
0 x 27
. 0 9 0
x ;o 1 0 1 0 6 1
°

0 81 1 T0 0 50 1 T 0 60 ! 6 6 6 6 1 9
0 .

A 9 G K O I5G wp € 0 1 1 6 61 7 8 1 6 1 0 6 7 0 1 581 6 1 7 0 v £
'

06 0 01 9
0 II p e1 7 0 1 .

1 1 6 1 0 1 1 7 1 1 0 0106 1 1 1 0
. .
 A S HORT AND EASY M OD ERN GRE EK G RA MMA R .

8 ia1 p153 , th e do cto r .

7 6 , G erman
0 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 11
1 .

1 70 1 571 1 1 0 1, th e sal
e. I try, taste .

61 8 p epo s 1 1 0 11 , f o r me
’
. 36 0 1500 00 9 , f ree .

1 6 1 6 1 1 6 6 66 1
1 I b eg, requ est, 1 1 11 11 7 0 681 , the so n g
1 2
-
.

1 7 6 1 6 11 6 71 65
1 ( f o rm f o r l
p ase)
e . 66 71 6 1 9 , o th erw se. i

Ex er cise 1 2 .
—
B.

May I bri n g yo u a glass of win e (tran s b y v6 an d .

Do yo u w i sh (06 a n d S u bj ) to read the boo k th at I hav e bou ght ? .

W he n w ill he sen d yo u the mon ey ? Do n o t forget (v6 ) to in v it e

’

h im .Ta k e car e the dag will bit e yo u I f he d o es n o t pay me .

I shall hav e n o mo n ey to mor row A s soon as yo u hav e rea d i t -

.

o u w ill bel i e v e it
y ( A s soo n a s 6 1
1
.1 0 3
1 u se A o r Can h e , .

sw im ? Hav e yo u n o t c u t you r h an d ? R u n q ui ck ly so as n o t ,

to co me too l ate We w ill n o t sell th e horse so cheap He h a s

'

. .

fo rgotte n to fix th e hou r A sk hi m wh ether h e is a Per sian o r a . .

T ur k We can n ot belie v e su ch a thin g He must ta k e t h e

. .

letters to t he po st May she open th e wi n d ow ? Sh ut t h e

.

G o (77 0 1 1 1 1 7 6 1 61 ) q u i ck l y
’
w i n do w D o n t cu t th e paper Do n t
’
. . .

l a u gh He w ill be an gr y if (81 11 1 an d S u bj ) h e h ear s it W hen

. 1 . .

wi ll t he lect
the m Call you r broth e r Do n o t co n cea l it When a
. . .

e x pect them to mo rro w l Y o u mu st t ak e care n o t to tak e c

-
'

L e t u s go qu ic k er W h at can I o fi er yo u ? .

I take care, wpo a ex w 641 1

'
'
. I cu t, 1 1 61 .

I sw i m, 11 0 6 1 1 1 1 1 7 6 6 1 . I e m an gry , 011 1 1 d .

to co me to o
l ate, I co n ceal
, 11 0 5 3 61 1 .

c heap, 41 1 1 71 1 6 . I ex pect, 1 7
11 0 0 1 1 6 1 1 61
. Ao r 01 7 11 60 1 1 0 1 1 6
. .

t he Persian , 6 1 1 651 0 1 1 9 . 11 6
0 1 6 1 70 1 . Ao r .

such a th in g, 1 61 0 1 0 1 7 1 81 7 1 1 6 I o ff er, 1 7 1 0 0 1 61 61
1 4 1
1 .

the p o st, 13 1 1 60 1 6 .

PA SS IV E FO RM .

Th e Pa ssi v e pro per seld o m has its origin al mean in g LI a n y .

‘

v e r bs oc cu r o n l y in thi s f o r m a n d th e n h av e mo st ly a n a c t i v e ,

mea n in g 2px o p1 6 1 I co me
, , .

Some v erbs occu r i n both ac ti ve an d pa ssiv e fo r m S ome o f .

th e se h av e th e ord in ary acti v e an d passive sign ificatio n o f t h e

v er b b u t the maj or ity h av e
 A SHORT AND EASY M OD ERN GREEK G RA MMAR . 59

l A . r e flex iv e force :
x 1 0 v1
’

z61, I comb ; 75 7 011 1 2 0

6 6 6 1, I comb my
h ai r .

2 . A e i procal force
r c 611 1 6 6
1 6100 1 6 ,
we me t each oth er .

P re se n t .

S in g . l r .

( O up u t
‘

) 61 1 0 0 1 6

00 6 1 00 1 0
( 00 00 )
3 01 6 1 0 11 1 6 1 0 vv1 6 1 )
En d in gs f o r con tr acted v re bs in 66 1
Pers . S in g .

1
2 60 6 1

3 0 81 1 1 6 1

F or c n o tracted v erbs in an d man y in 66 1

P 01 11 . P1 1 1 1 .

I 10 81 1 6 1 101 51 1 0 0 1 6 )
2 1 60 1 0
( 10 80 1 0
)
3 10 81 1 1 6 1

Imperfect .

01 56 6 0 1 0

5
01 0 6 0 1 0 5
1 0 6 0 1 0
)
o vv1 6 v o vw a v 5
1 11 1 0 v0 6 v
)
F or c o n tract ed v er b s in 66 1

o 8v1 6 v 0
()
For s ome c on t racted v r e bs in an d 6 6 1 the sa me as a b ov e

W i th 1
pre fix ed, —
101 5;1 0 vv, 1 0 1 50 o vv,
60 A SHORT AND EASY M OD ER N GREEK GR AMMA R .

Con j ugat e th e Presen t an d Impe rfect Passiv e of the follo w i n g

v er b s

11 I wash my self (1 7 6 01 6 1 I wash ) 1

, .

v0 1 1 6 1 I am l ost I per i sh
x 6 , (x 6 V61 I,l o se
) , .

10 0 1 1 0 8 1 6 1
1 1 I sleep
0 0 1 0 vo x6 1 po 8p1 6 1 (0 1 0 vo x 6 1 p0 6 1 I am straite n ed c ompel )
.
,
'

, , .
0
1 06 00 1 6 1
1 I s
, i t d o w n .

A ori st .

En d in g s (I n di cativ e)
P8 1 8. S in g .

1 01 1 106 01 5106 1 1 0

2 01 7100 9 01 5100 1 0
( 5
0 )
1 106 1 0

3 01 7 01 1 106 1 1 ( 5 )
01 6 1 0
10 1

The A ori st Passiv e is for med fro m th e ste m of the A o r i st

A ct ive th e a bo ve Passiv e t ermin a tion s be i n g su bstit ute d f o r t he
,

0 6 .0 6 9 &c
, of the A cti ve a n d aff ectin g th e precedin g co n so n a n t
.
, ,

d ifi eren tl fro m th e A cti v e A o ri st 0 T h e f ll o w i g t ble h w

y o n a s o s .

the se d iff e ren ces

Pre se n t . A or i st Pass .

C x 0
1 7 01 6
p §6 1 to an n oy .

1 w
«

77 16
4
1 61 87 p641 01 7106 , to wrlte .

Z, 0
8 9 . 0
x 5 61 1 to t ear .

"
vowel or 1 1 0

x 6 vu1 6x u 0 a ( x 7
8) 6 0 1 106 , to l ose .

67 6 1 7 7 0 6 . 67 6 1 7 1 501 7106 ,to lov e .

av 6
( 00 1 6 1 1 1 6 1 5 €C00
'
1 6 V6 . to w arm .

6 an d p 6 an d p 60 an d p0
é
¢ p61 841 0p6 041 01 1 01 7106 , to ca rr y .

NOT E .
—
Ex ceptio n s occu r, su c h as 6 10 0 1 56 1 , 61caua a , 61 00 1 50 9 1 711 0 .

l isten .
62 A SHORT AND EASY MOD ER N GREEK G RA MMAR .

Th e secon d perso n plu ral is th e sa me as th e Passiv e A ori st

S ubj u n ctive .

N B I t will be o bser v ed that thi s Imperative js deriv ed from

. .
—

the an cien t M i ddle A or ist an d n o t from the Passi ve , .

I N F I N ITIV E .

The A o rist is u sed inthe formation of compou n d ten se s an d ,

i s th e sa me a s th e thi rd pe rso n of A ori st S u bj u n ctiv e in pr o

n un ciatio n th e y of th e S u bj u n cti ve be comi n g 1 ; in th e I n fin i t iv e
, .

Pre s . Pa ss . A o ri st . A o ri st I n fin itive .

86 1 1 0 120 1 1 6 1 ()86 V 0 1f0 01 1 06 86 1 08, to borr o w

’
0
7 01 0
1
.

CO MPO U ND T EN S ES .

The formation of the se an d th e Con d ition al is o bvious , an d

may be seen in th e table .

PERF ECT PA RTI CI PLE .

Th e en din g is 1 1 0vo 9 (1 1 01 1 1 '

1
, Th e Perf ect Partici p le is
formed from th e Passiv e A ori st in th e follo wi n g man n er
1 . 0 0 in th e Passiv e A o ri st beco mes 0
1101 10
9 i n the Pe r f ect
Partici ple :
Pre s A ct A o r . . Pass . Aor . Peri Pass . . Pa r t .

0 15
x C 6 1 I t e,
ar . 80 x 1 0 6 0
70 6 6
01 1 0 9

2 .
x 0 becomes
1 re1 6
p ta1 , I an n oy . 01 7 0 121 6 66 1 70
6 1 6
76 61 10 9

3 .
4 0 1 becomes 1 1 1 1 01 0 9 1

8 .
9 . 6
7 6161 ,
1 I writ e . 87 1 1 6 111 6 . 87 51 641 01 1 106

4 . 0 u su a lly beco mes 1 1 01 0 9 1

5
1 1 1 1 7 0 11 6 1 , I p
r ess . 01 1 51 7 6 1 0 6.
(6 1 111 7 16 01 ) 1 0 17 6 1 6 61 1 0 9
 A SHOR T AND EASY MOD ERN GREEK G RAMMAR .

Some ver bs in 66 1 h av e 0 11 01 1 0 9

81 111 66 1 , I thir st .

1 7 01 11 66 1 , I h u n ge r .

The Perfect Pa ssive Participle is oft en u sed in stead of th e

A orist I n fin itiv e in a cti ve o r passi v e c omp oun d ten ses In stea d .

of eix a hav e eix a 7 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 01 0 I ha d written an d i n st ea d 1

,

o f 0I 0 0 m o re co m m o n l y h ave 81 6 1 1 0 0 i h d
x 7p ¢ fi
6 w e 1 77 1 6
0 6 1 0 t a
1 1 1 1
, ,

been writt en .

In tran sitive verbs may have a Perfect Passi v e Par ticiple

(qf . a n d 1 7 01 1 6 6 1 a b o v e ) 1 7 0
pv6 61 I p a ss ha s 1 7 0
51 6 0 1 1 6 0.9 , ,
1 .

Ex ample s of me verbs in th e Passive Voice (where th e

so

A ctive is n o t giv en th er e is n on e)

A o r I mp . . Perf Part . . A cti v e .

6 a evm
'

x 0 ov
x p x 6 vo1 ,

I l ose .

8 1 €o v
p , 5 m9
'
1 06
7 3 10 86 6 1 1 6 1
p a
fl 17 1
1 1 0

I draw .

6 6 0 7 150
' '
0 v6 6 0 7 1 C 0 11 6 1 0 v ov 0 v 6 6 0 7 1 0 /1 0V O 9 ,

I co n sider .
(tho u ghtfu l
, pe n si v e ) .

(3 4 310 1
5 7
01 106
4 3
1 0, 1 0 0v 5
(I a m a fr a i d ) (I mak e afra id
)
1 00 1 1 1 0
1 81 1 6 1 , (0 100 1 0
6 57
1 106
1 i
1 00 1 1 1 0 o v

I sleep .

f
fix vo
m c ( fifi
’
e f m m '
5
1 71
1 1 69 0 9

x ov
p 6 §o pa 1 1 00 1
4 16 0 6 90 09 10 0 v 6
p § ,
6 1

I tire .

T he en d in g 01 71 06 is often pron o u n ced 1 17106 ,

especially
ft e r x , 4 1, 0 .
64 A SHORT AND EASY MOD ERN GREEK GRA MMAR .

'
0 1
x p
6 . 0 vo 9

athsome
(l o )
(0 4 6 6 0 70 0 1 1 01 0 9
'
6 1 1 01 6 0pa1 c o v
7
1

I soil .

G o v )1
1 2 m
01 0 60 0 10 {0 01 71 06 G P 1 6
ov 1 010
9 1

I sha ve .

06 11 1 50 0 11

r e me mbe r
(I )
( )x p
0
’
01 60 017106
(I n eed
)
{ 6 17 6 1 51 1 0 1 1 6 1
(75
0 6 17 6 6507 0 6 6 617 6 0 1 1 01 0 9 1

(I go to bed )
Ex ercise I 3 .
—
A.

T61 1 0 4 30 ; 8
3x6 01 , 8 8 1 1
11 111 051 1 0 106 0 1 5
6 0 v T 81 1 106 1 8 81 7 0 v
p .

M
'

81 1 0 1 1 11 6 9 1 1) 8 61 1 1 0 1 1 06 0 3 0 1 51 1 0 v1 1 , 66 6 6 0818 1 0 1 1 06 0 3 1 5 0 7
1 106 1
5 .

"
1 01 1
6 3 0 81 0 6 1 ! 0 8 1 0 6 v0 6 1 1 7 0 9
p 88 1 1 06 0 0
'
0 1 1 106 2 6 1 1
"
881 1 06 K o 1 1 1 1 i1 a 1 8 6806 6 1 59 0 0 v 0 x 1 , 801 1 01 00 1 6 601 71 0 0
'

A 6 0 8 0 20 6 1 100 vp6 0 6 0 1 1 0 9 1 1 6 1 00 1 1 1 1 1 0179 K 1 51 1 6 £

’
K 0 1 p1 50 0 v
'
. 0 .

0 21 1 0 6 60 1 7 6 1 9 9 1 81 1 8p1 5y o 8 8 0 0 v 0I1 1 0 6 0 1 6 1
’

p ) r? 6 0 6 10 9
p 5 '
'
T M 7 6 6 t .
1 6 01 1 0 .

T8 0 1 0v6 15
’
x 6 01 ] 100 N 6 x 6 0 9,
fi 1 ' 1
. 1 6 0 106 1 6 1 M b 6 6 71
v 6 0 9 1 6
.

1 8 1 p6 1 7 0{1 , 7 1 6 1 2 06 x 6 00 81 1 a fl1
5 0 1 91 1 1
77 1 671 1 1 6 1 6 9 . T p x q1 00 9 .
d a
p d
0 6 6 0 120 1 6 1 1 81 1 6 15
'
3 0
'

p ov T
. 1 0 v66 o 1 e0 u 1 ;
7 7 1 6 0 6 0 1 1 A 1 .
1

’
1 0 6 0 15 1 8 0 1 6 0 1 06 0 1 1 9 0 0 1 7 61 6 1 ro v 106 15 1 0 1 1 00 101 51 6 1 0 0
’

p
‘

x 1 7106 8 6 7 8x . 10 1 f
.

T1 61 p6 06 100 1 1 1 1 70fi9 691 1 1 1 6 0 6 1 1 81 1 1 1 00 1 1 0100 81 1 0 1 1 1 7 0 8 71 1 6 0 80 0 1 6

’
°

E100 1f1 1 0 1 81 1 106 1 p81 1 0flp1 0 101 51 6 1 0 9 1 1 )

’ '
Ap1 1 01 1 1 106
'

1 1 0 8 100 1 6 60 1 0
’
1

6x 1 ,
n o. 11 6 a fi
: , a curse m
( yy
a o u b e lo st) .

1 81 1
1 8 81 0 11 , when
106 1 1 1 . 15 1 1 1 1 0 8 11 ,
106 11 mask er f o o l z an y
—
, .

13 2 09 0 9 , S yro s . 8 01 1 — 1 6 1 6, n o mo re .

6 1 71 6 , b ut . 11 11 1 1 001 1 1 1 , th e thief , ro er bb .

81 1 106 1 6 1 1 , when ever . 0 100 1 151 1 6 1 , I l l ki .

I l oo k 1 6 “ 1 1 0 1 1 1 106, A rm e n a n i
.
0 .

13 the mud .
(0 8pf0 1roy a1 ) I am (J o
6 811 66 0 3 , the way, road .

1 8 1 1 6 1 1 81 56 1 , the han dk erch i ef .

8 3 1 61 1 1 1 1 1 , V ienn a .
 A SHOR T AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .

Ex ercise l3 .
—
B
.

I em afraid of him (A cc ) (use A orist of verb) No w I e m . .

thin kin g of yo u r frie n d (u se A o r of w M o yif opm o r .

Y o u o u ght to con si der that Th e lett ers are all lost , I hav e
.

been rea din g an d writin g th e whole day ; n o w I e m tir ed I .

w as in Nau plia l ast wee k (say the pa st wee k )

. He w as dressed .

i n black D ress you rsel f

. Hé is n o t d r essed yet I co u ld n o t
. .

o to sleep H Wi ll g e t sh av ed H e str e tch ed himsel f o n th e

g e . .

groun d (x dp o v) an d fell asleep D o yo u wan t (0 0 53 ” 0 1 02 01 6 0 th e .

k n ife still? Lie down o n th e sofa Th ey met o n e an other . .

Naupl
ia , 1 6 Na h h a . th e so fa, 6 1 71 1 1 1 6 1 03 .

I dress, 5 1 (é v’ wm ) . to meet o n e an o ther, 1 1 01 0 1 1 0 1 (fro m 1

I dress my sel f , v1 61 1 0 ;1 a 1 A o rist, 171d I ta e) k A i

’
.
, o r st,
. 1 1 d0 0nn a .

I mperat A o r v1 60 ov Perf Pass p£

’
5 1 1 601 1 11 11. . . . . . Part , 1 71 11 0 v0 3 .

Participle Perf Pass 5 1 1 1 4 1 01 1 0 3

. . .

V EsB s wr m CO N TRACTED PRES EN T (I N D I CA TI V E A ND S U BJ U N CTI V E)

A ND A o msr '
S U BJ U NCTIV E .

In speak in g some v erbs are c on t ract ed in th e te rise s a b ove

r e f e r red to Th e con trac tion s ar e as follo ws
.

No m Th e shor ten ed forms are a lso

—
us ed for th e A ori st
S u b j u n c tive e g 1 7 0 6 v6 araim w h ere sh a ll I
, . .
go ?
66 A SHORT AND EASY M ODERN GREEK GRA MMA R .

Con tracted A orist Con tracted

form . S u bj . form .

( )¢ y
6
1 ai w ¢ i
a w, u se d a s A o r S u bj . .

O f 1 po r m
'

y .

1 3
p 7
0
()
0 vv 0 6
¢ 7 ° W 5

ha ive
'

m1m m M ’
I w o g i o t t ed l i k e
’

¢ ,
a r n , s c n r ac x u w .

Ex ercise 1 4 .
—
A .

’
6 0éa 1 p 0
'
11 3 06
01 17
6
9 6 1 7 6117 0 ®6 9 1 6 00 6 1 p0 26 1 70 1

A Mp fipa 9 E1 1 0 1 va 0
" '
6
’
2 1 0 00 a 1 p0 11
19 . a v Ti
06 (ban A V 7 0 1 60 V ¢p f 1
pwv0A 1 a 1 1f
1 70 1 0 0 rra .
¢ fi o o fiv 1 az

p m 1 o u9 0 0 6 1 0 v6 WAv‘ w 1 6 0 1a u0v
x p ,
. . . T 1: K M IS ,

x 0 1f1
p § 1 M 0 086 7 16 1 0 0 1 6 2 6 051 0 29 , 80V 01 7 1 01 7 0 v6 1
1 0 0 1 7 10
5 35 9 9 .

1 1 0 1 69 6 00 1 61 1 041 001 0 0 6 151 7 0 0 11 7 69 E;L0?9 1 0

’

1 6 41 11 0 81 0 , the f ru it . 0 wp1 6w , I push .

1 7 71 61 1 »
1
I wash . 6 w ou
n ds, th e (cabi n e t) min ist e r .

811 7 11 6 1 1 10 , I b i te .
 A S HOR T AND EASY MOD ERN G REEK GRAMMA R . 67

Ex er cise 1 4 . B .

Let na ( y go ) an d din eh e goisa

n g ? H e i
ea t
s . Wh ere is
go in g to get sh av ed W h a t are yo u . I e m eatin g fruit eatin g ? .

W hat wou ld yo u l ik e (1 1 009 ) to eat ? S hall I go home n o w ?

’

W h at are yo u cryin g f o r ? We hav e l o st o ur mon ey Y o u d i n e .

v ery late W hat do yo u say ? I say that yo u are w ron g N0

. .
,

your broth ers are wro n g .

I RREG ULA R V ERBS .

A o rist .

6 1 1 6 1 3 1 1 01 0
(6 v a fia lvw
) I go up 6 11 6 1 3 6 i va ifia
6
( 11 1 0 8 11 1 1 1 01
)
die 1 re0 d 6 1 7 0 06 1 4 1 01 1
0:

6 p0 0 w, I
'
l
easo 61 1 0 0 1 0
acpfi vw, I eav e 6 M 0 ¢v 54 m.
m 6 ¢ fi0 1 0 641 1 1 1 1 01 1 0 :
6 01 m m l¢ e s 6 111 131 0
6:
Ba Q v
'

(3 6 71 7 1 10 ) I p ut , lay 3 671 1 0 Ba n dy “
(B d r m ) P ass .

3 0 11 1 0 171 1 6 1 I amweary
3 6 1 1 1 01 1 6 1 )
3 7 4 00
( 7
3 6 7 1 1 1 0 ) I p u llo ut Bydk
‘
re

(3 7 4 1 1 10
) Pa ss

3 7 6 1 1 1 10 , I go o ut

3 71 01 7 10 , I see 1 80 1 1 1 01 1 0 3

I wet
'
3 p0 x w,

Bpimt w
I fin d Bpfin a
'
0 11
pf 0 x w) (0 60311 1 1 )
P3 8 8 6 11 001 1 11 6
.

No m '
f
—
’

By d)0 1 1o is deri v ed by metathesis from éx fidkkw, an d

nmi l
a r l
y Bya w w f r o m '
 A SHO RT AND EASY M ODERN GREEK G RA MMAR

II o 1 69 I
0 v0 11 61 10 EIV 0 6 x 6p fifl [ M1 x 64\1 79
6 0 1 1 m }
.
‘
A9 i
( ve 1 1
m .

A 61 1 ,1 1 1 7 0 p1 6 v6 6 1 1 11 1 3 63, 7 1 6 1 6 1 7 0 1 1 0 ? 1 6 1 ro 86p1 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 6 6p0 0 0 6

’ '
.

'
1 7 0 1 1 ra 1 0 9
p M 6 A 1 0 1 11 , 1 0 9
1 1 70615 T 6 11 1 1 1 7 06 0
p 0 1:
’

X 760 7 1< 0. 8 0 1 1
‘

M m
’
fl w 1 7 0 v00v 6 1 1 7 w9 1 6 6 1 1 1 1 0 0 9
fi é 5 6 é
'
h 1' l
‘
p q
'

1 0 9 K a
p , 11 0 v e
'
. f e

1 0 v6 1 6
31 37 (
1 9 1 6 A 0 11 1 0 i pa Ka i 80V 1 7 1 0 1 0 1 50 1 61 1 06 1 63
e
m , p
.w .

7 N6 1 0 1 5 80 56 0 1 0 eIx e [301 0 1
' ’

9 1 6 fi 6 17 9 9 1 6
é 69 6 p y C f
°
.
p p p a a a

6 1 1 0 5 1 6 1 v6 1 rdm 0 2 1 1 0 p a x p0 1 6 3 0 1 001 710 1

3 5 1
'

4 .

v6
3 7 03
3 1 9 1 1 151 6 1 6 1 m
“ , B y a fva
m
1 1 6 00
fi p 6 8 v 9
’

”
6 x 1 6) 6 3 p a 1 9 .

Efl ya 6 1 7 011 0? v6 0 6 386 EI80 9 1 6V 6 80 6 61 61 !

'a

1 , 80V 1 0 V 0 280
’

X 9
'
. .

0 61 0
x 1 69 0 67 0 0 1 5
1 1 0
1 1 6 T 6 [ 1 6 1 1 81 56 1
1 1 0 1
. 1 0 71 1 0
fl p é p p w o 0 1 0v 0 0 1 0
’

(H
‘
1 1 61 9 flp0 01 ,x 0 9 086 i s i t yo u a re h ere i
)
’

3
'
w 0
o 176 1 006 9 0 0 0
{ i i
ti m O x 1 , 61 7 606 1 1 6 7 0861 11 6 i 81 50 x pé vm
” "
ipay 1 . .

11 61 , do w n st
01 ai rs . 1 6 app dpc, the cu pb o ard .

n
i

p , a b b re vi at i o n o f 11 611 1 0 3 .
M k pfl d, f ar .

0 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 , the mo men t . 5) f mt , the l ife .

1 7 0 1 1 65, I hurt .
p pl
1 6 k a c , the n a l
i .

1 6 ma dpc, the f o o t 1 8 B 6 8u, th e e v en i n

.
p g .

0 1 0 pl r a1 o s, th e wal
-
k . I dry .

61 7 £ 86 11 6 ! 860 x pdma , two years ago

'
86r— 1 0 0 00 v6 , n o wh ere . .

i r ous perhap s
Fb ,
.

Ex er cise 1 5 .
—
B .

Hav e yo u foun d my ri n g ? What ri n g ? (I n ever saw

y o u
with (a ) rin g ) Y es I forgot th at I had n o t sho w n it to yo u I
.
,

b o ught it ye sterday ev e n i n g I hav e le f t it a b o u t so me .

w h er e I don t r eme mber id b e fi n d t h e

’

w ay alo n e i The fl o w ers please

‘

too t h pu lled o u t (u se A ctiv e) We saw him y est er .

fath e r Tha t is i mpossi ble his father is n o t h ere

.
,

bee n his broth er (06 $1 1 0 W he n w i ll yo u go ,

e ven in g ? I sh a ll n o t go o u t I have too mu ch to d o (tra n sl

muc h wo rk ) Do yo u see th is scar f pin lis it n o t pre tty ? I a
.
-
‘

th oro u ghly tired of tha t sort of thin g .

n ever, 801 1 — 1 01 0 . the to o th, 1 b 861 m .

yesterday even i n g , 1 0 flpdau . k

th e wo r , 4; 80 0 71 0 1 6 .

the flo wer, Tb o k o fiba scarfipin ’ K¢ P¢ Ef fl

 70 A S HORT AND EASY M ODERN GREEK GRA M MAR .

K 6 1/1 0 6 7 1 1 61 1 1 1 6 7 1 6 v6 1 1 1 i 1 0 Bpfi
6 1 1 5 6 1 1 06 6 1 0 T6
A 01 1 f epw
’ ’
0 0 61 1 T6 06 1 061 1 379 6 0 6111 0 696 1 1 0 61 1 0 9 1 6 0 7 1 61 1 -
.

K 6 1 6Aa fi0 9 1 1 0 0 61 1 6 0 0 9 0 60 6 ) M66 1 0 1 6 , 106 1 0 6 6

'
v6 0 6 1 0 .

a fvw 66 6 , 1 0 53 66 0 1066 0 1 1
fl 6 0 w? 5
) v6 0 0 6 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 0 01 G 6 1
- -
o 0
V
6 1 1 .

M66 1 0 1 6 , 06 1 0 6 1 0 II o fi 1 6 601 1 1 62106 ; T&F G OG (1 6

‘
.

01 1 6 06 ) 9 1 61 1 7 1 06 1 1 06 6 9 1 6 9 A 01 if1 a 9 EI1 1 0 6pp¢o 0 1 0 9 6 61 69 6

‘ ' ’
.

”
106 00 0 60 1 6 60 6
6 v0pw1 1 0 9 0 X6 0 31 1 0 1 1 61 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 01 1 0 1 1 01 1 0 9
" I
3 1 60 4 9 0 1 6 19
1
'
.

T y r a 1 1 00 6 1 0 x 1 , 1 1 1 51 01 1 0 1 1 6 1 1 1 61 1 0 1 0 P1 6 1 3 v6 v1 pa 1 r fi9 . .
‘ '

1 6 1 0 1 1 01
1 6 , th e o ran ge
71 71 1 . 6 O pa'yx o pa x alk h , the Fran k ish
1 6 1 1 m 6 vAAo th q uarter
p ¢ ,
e ro se . .

0 6x 6
p 1 0 1 6
,
I t ha n k . 1 6 1
1 1 0 1 11 1 6 the o em
, p .

1 6 0 x 0 71 0 1 6, the sc h o o l . 61 6 111 6, I an swer .

4; 63 80 1 1 6 86 , the week .

Ex er cise 16 .
—
B.

Y ou hav e come (too) lat e ; I hav e n o time n o w to spe ak to

m m e say to my ho u se at te n o cl o c k t o
( ith C o e to )
’
w y o u
( .

mo rro w b ut d o n o t forge t the hou r Can yo u t el lme w h e re

, .

Mr Zamaco po u lo s l ives ? Come w ith me an d I w illsho w y o u

.

th e hou se T ell him n o t to co me to morro w (u se su bj ) P i c k

.
-
.

u p al l th e le tter s that are (lyin g ) o n th e gro u n d an d b u r n

the m G i ve me the k ey
. Ha v en t I giv en it to y o u ? .
’

Shall I say a n ythi n g else 1 51 0 1 0 ) to yo ur br o t h e r ! -

Y es gi v e h im th is bottle of w i n e an d ask h im to try it

, We , .

did n o t u n de rsta n d wh at h e sai d He speak s so q u ick l y t h a t .

n o o n e ca n u n de rsta n d him (106 v0 69

(5 1 0 11
) 6 0v) I le arn t t o d a
y
h
.
—
,

that the ch urc h w a s bu r n t (d o w n ) Do n o t go in : th e do g w i ll .

bit e yo u T ell me are th e l adi es of S my rn a beau tiful? I n d e ed

.
,

av e n e v e r see n pr etti e r w o m
(0 21 0 66 1 00 1 6
1
5 51 1
) I h e n an y w h e r e .

A b o u t a h un dred pe o pl e w ere ga th er ed togeth er o n th e s po t

wh ere the mu rder to ok pl ac e/ W e hav e l ived fo ur years i n t his
ho u se S it do w n f o r a l ittle ! Th an k yo u I w on t sit d o w n I
.
,
’

I hav en t time Come d o w n o u t of th at t ree (say fro m) y o d

’
.
,

y o un g rascal 2 ; I w illgiv e yo u th e stick Plea se give (1 6 a n d

, . 1

sub j) me i n k a n d p ape r
. I wan t to writ e to tu y brothe r D11 .

n o t le av e the w i n e o n the ta ble I k n o w q u ite well (0 1 7 0 531 1 6 ) t h at

h e willge t drun k if h e fin ds it .

at ten o cl o ck 0 81 6 th e mu rder 6 0 6 9
’
6 1
’
9 , 1 9 11 6 1 1 9. , 11 0 .

t he h o ur, 6 é pa f ou r, 1 0 0 0 6 p6
'
. .

I try , 80 11 1 1 6 09 . the tree, 1 6 8 01 1 811 0

ab o ut a hun dred, 11 6 1 1 1 1 1 6 011 6 1 0 0 1 6 11 1 6 . I gi ve the stick , 0 6 1r f f w 6 1 1 6 86 71 0 11 .

I
the s po t, 1 6 1 1 01 9
1 0 .
 A SHORT AND EASY M OD ERN GREEK G RAMMA R . 71

I RREG ULA R V En Bs

I n die . S ubj . I mperati ve .

S in g .

1 6 06 l n n, I su ff er (1 1 6 06 1 6 00 1 1 1 6 00 1 1 6 001 0

1 6 611 1 1 6 1 , I ta e k (0 511
1 1 6 1 6 pm 1 610
1 1 6 1 1 1 0 1 6 11 1 1 01 1 0 9
Passive Passive
(0 1 611 01 1 11 6 1 6 1
1 06

g
ggzZ
a
é y 1 1 01 6 501 1 01 651 0
r a
I go 01 51 7 6 6 01
1

Pres S u bj . .

1 6 01 1 61 0

r im» , I dri n k t l
01 c

I f al
l 60 1
'
f 0
¢ f a1 , 1 00 0 1 0

r k é m, I sa il 11 11 0 00 0 11 11 060 0 1 0
1 1 1 06 , I breathe 1 11 1 0 60 0 1 1 1 0 60 0 1 0
I swel
l
1141 0 11 0 1 1 6 1
u1
a 1 1 1t 6m , I l
if t 11
16 0 61 11 6 0 0 0 1 1 11 60 1 0

Passi ve .

0 1 1 11 61 1 0 1 1 6 1 , I stan d u p (0 0 1 1 11 6 01 1 106 0 1 1 11 1 0 065 0 1 1 10 1150 0 1 1 0 1 1 11 10 00

11 0
0 41 11 0 1 1
0 61 11 6 1
5 61 0 0 1
(0 1 1 10 6 0 1 51 0 0 0 1 0
(
0 1 6 06 0 1 60 0 0 01 6 0551 0

Pres I mper . . 01 011 6

1 1 4
1 0 1 01 , I n o ur sh i l0p0 d1 a 01 1 041 0 011 6111 0 1 0 011 0 1 1 1 1 61 1 0 9
1 1 0 0 10 , I
1 7 ru n (1 11 0 56 1 0 050 1
p 6 01 0 £
Pres . I m erat ve
p i .

1 p0x 6 p
1 0x 61 0

1 1
1 617 0 1 , I eat 1 1 1 67 10 1 11 67 0 111 6 7 01 0 « 11 7 0 1 1 01 1
09

Pass .
(0 111 6 7 6 01 1 11 6 0 6 0 1 1 1
16 4 1 6 1 0

1 v
x b a m, I ha pp e n l1 ux a 1 0x 6 1

6 1 60 x 0 6 6 1 , 1 pr0 mise 01 0 0 x 601 1 1 1 6 61 0 0 x 0 061 61 60 x 0 11 61 60 x 00 00 61 00 x 01 1 0 “

(pu fvo puu , I appe ar M n ? 4 1 6 1 10 6
1
1 1 6 1 1
1 11 0

1 11 0 67 1 0 , I go a way 01611 7 6 4 1 67 01 6
6 7 0 1 0

Pres I mperative . .

¢ 57 6 0 0 007 61 0

fi
i fi }
w lrej o ice ( )x 6p1 1 11 6 fi
‘

0 x péi a x a
po ni x ap n

1 0 11 6
1 11 1
10 x p 6 0 w
o 1 1 1 601 6 0 0 x o p1 60 1 0 x p o 1 6 0 11 6v0 9
72 A SHORT AND EAS Y MODERN G REEK G RA MMAR .

”
1 31 1 0 0 6 10 61 x 01 6 1 n 1 0 6 1 6 100
106 1 0 1
'

0 6 6
'
1
p o v T 6 0 1 r6 00 9
( W . h at has °

happen ed to yo u 1 ) II O 1 69 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 6 0 1 y6p6 p o v A 011 1 6 1 1 1 1 10 0 1 06 1 1 0 69 °

M1 7 1 6 06 6 6
5 6 1,
7 16 1 61 6
xp 0 1 6 §0 1 6 6
1 1 1 6 0 6 100 v6v1\1 6 1 1 0 v 0 01 9
x .

1 1 1 6 60 10a
'
1 0 va 1 1 1 9 1 1 6 6 6 0 7 0 57 1
'
1 ra
p1 1
1 1 6 ; 1 r
p 0 1 r 0 1 1 6 0 1 1 0 106 1
1 1 p 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 0 1 0 1 6. 1 1

”
A 0 1 1 0 x o 1 1 0 106 1 p6v v6 x 60 0 1 1 1 0 to l o se ) M0 100 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 6 1 1 06 1 0 0 6 106 6
.
’

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 100 1 6
6
'

1 7 1 x p p0 1 o v T 6 . 0 1 1 0 0 0 10 6 1 0 1 0 1
1 10 1 00 0 1 0 2 1 10601
‘
.

0 1 1 1 1 6 6 1 60106 61 1 6 1 9 2 6 0 666 6 1 1 6 1 6 10 1 0 1 6 00 1 6 01 710 6

’

1 V 1 0 V 1 1
v6 10 v 00 1 2 6 5 6 6 T 6 6 6
’

p 0 1 0 0 1 1 , 1 1 1
1 0 71 1
1 1 1 9 6 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 11 0 0 6 1 1 06
1 1 0 1 0 v 1 1 § 0 1 9
°
. .

Tpéx a 7 10 1 57 0 1 1 6 1 00p0 1 1 0 v 1 6 06 7 6 ! E1 1 1 1 “ M
”
v6 1 1 1 1 6 0 1 0 v .

Mo v 0061 1 1 1 1 00 1 061 1 0 1 9
'
To v 1 1 1 1 o 0 x 0 01 1 10a v6 1 0 1 1 1 r1\1 1 pu1 0 0 1 6 vp1 o v
'
-

6 E E
’

6 1 106 1 0 6 6 1 ro v
( h e ) 6 0
C
0 6
p 0 v0 9
x p1
. W n 10o v 0 a 1 1 6 6 9 0 1 0 6 1 1 1 6 9 0 o v

07 1 1 0 106 6 6
Q
0
2 1 1 1 1 011 6 006 7 6 r o k v 1 06 1 1 1 1 o v1 o 60 V 0 6p1 6 0 6
. 1
x .

x i,
rw a
‘

I str ik e. 1 6 6 0 1 1 61 1 1 , the n eedl

e .

1 6 0 6 1
11 0 1 1 , the head . 0 6 1 1 , wh e n .

0 1 7 611 0 , the ci a ret te

6 1011 6 1 5 61 , I hi de
1
g . .

1 06 1 1 1 81 , the
6 to gether .

1 11 0 1 1 8671 1 , the
6 pen . 1 1 6 1 0 1 9 , so mewhat .

11 6 1 1 1 1 1 6 60 1 1 6 1 6, abo ut ten 1 1 6 1 6 0 7 0 9 , wo n d erf ul

p .
1 5 .

1 1 0 1 1 6 1 1 , I stin g 1 1 81 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 , in spite of that

’
. .

1 1 1 1 6 1 1 0 0 6 , the b ee .

Ex ercise 1 7 .
-
B.

Tak e th e k n ife ; I d o n o t wan t it an y l o n ger Ta k e care t h a t .

y o u d o n t fa l l T h e r e i
’
s n o l amp o n th e s ta
. i rs Y o u1 h an d i s .
°

swo lle n W hat has happen ed to yo u ? A bee stu n g me W h y

. .

is h e n o t u p y et ? It is past sev en d o l e ck (0 Iv0 si 001 0 1 0 10 6 0

’ c
x .

He mu st get u p every m o rn in g at six o cl ock S to p 1 ’

.

ar e yo u go in g ? N o o n e is all o w ed t o g o

i n th er e Do n o t ru n so q u ic k l y o r yo u wi ll fal l Y o u pr omi se d
.
, .

me to co me Why di d yo u n o t k ee p y o ur w ord ? Ma k e n o
.

promise s (pro mise n othin g) t ha t yo u can n ot k eep I b eg o f y o u .

n o t to o a way H e a ppea r s to he a n En gl ish man How

( )
1 6
g . .

d o yo u do ? I am v ery well th an k yo u I am glad (to hea r i t ) , .

, .

That seems w o n derfu l to me .

the sta i rs 671 6 I k eep, 1 1 11 6 1 10 , 1 1 p6 1 61 0

f
, 0 11 . .

t
th e En gl ish man é 1 1 7 7 71 0 3 ,
”
sev en o cl o ck , 001 6 8 06 1 9 W
’ ‘
h .

n o o n e is permi tted, 8 0 1 1 01 1 1 1 0 61 1 0 1 6 1 (0 9 .

0 0 11 6 1 01 1 6 1
. wel
l, 11 6 1 1 6 .
 A S HORT AND EA S Y M OD ERN GREEK G RAMMAR . 73

IMPERSO NA L V EaB s .

Pres
In d ie . . A orist .

6 0 1 11 6 051 0 1 it li ghte n s , . 6 0 1 p6 1/1 0

flp 6 60 16 0 1
§ it gr o w s l
a,
t e . 1 63
(6 3 1 6 9 0 6

flp x e a
’
i t r,ain s . 33 1 1 0 50
vv 1 6v0 1 n i ht c o m e s o u
() 5x 1
’

x g , . 0 V1 01 0 0

Bp é ow i i th de ( )Bp6
’
t u
, n r s . 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1
x 1 0 v6 0 1
§ it s no
,
w s .
x 6 v1 0 0
1

1q it dr iz z ies (N fl m
’
11 01 , . f
nx

Impe r fect .

’
1 r
p 01 01 , it is n ece ssar y ( 1
6 n o A or ist
)
-
. 1 1 1 01 1 0 , .

11 66 0 1 , it c o n c ern s .

v 0 1 6§0 1 , i t c o n cern s
(
1 6 0 0 11 0 1 650 1 W ha t does it ma tter to yo u 1)

A ori st .

I6 0
K d KO M ‘
V G Ta-t, it d ispl eases . 106 10 0
4 1 1 71 “

Ex er ci se 1 8 .
—
A.

M
’
A1 6 1 6 661 1 37 61 1 01 9
6 ; 0 3
1
4 1 6 61 1 01 6 1 1 171 9 06 2 1 1
) 2 1 1 1 51 1 0
1 7
"
6 21 1 v6 0 1 E 0 , 1 1 1 61 1 0 1
’

x w { 0 v v6
x flp g96 6 . 0
1 1 16 1 6
4 1 11 01 1 0 0 x 1 , 1 06 1 0 0 .

6 1 0 61 1 1 1 60 6 1 1 6 (ti l l ) 1 6 29 51 1 60 106 e 1 0 106 1 1 1 61 1 N6 1 1 0 6 1 1 6061 0 1 .

o w i 106 3 60 1 1 6 1 11 1 0 1
fip x fi ( T h e r e is ra in fa ll i n g al rea d y
)
’

o B p g 1 . . .

1 66 0 1 61 a t d o e s n o t matt er to me
11 6
(T h )
’
A év 1 1 ou 1 6 6 .

0 11 x 11 6, o f ten .

Ex er cise 1 8 .
—
B .

I am so rry (it d ispleases me) that I can n ot give yo u an

u m b re ll a it is ra i n i n g hard It has been th u n deri n g an d .

li ght en in g Y o u mu st get o fl b e fo r e n ight c o mes o n so tha t yo u

.
’
, ,

m a y n o t lose yo u r w ay It doe s n o t ma tter so m uch to me f o r .

o n e y as f o r th e frie n d I ha ve l o st
( )
6 16 th e m , .

th e u mbrella 61 61 1 6701 1 hard 1 1 1 6 , 1 11 1 6 .

,
1 10 1 0 1 .
74 A SHORT AND EASY MODE RN GREEK G RA MMA R .

NU MEB ALS .

Card ina l s . Ord in a l s .

1
Q0 1 6
1
I Q 16
'
. 9, 1 1 16 , 0 1 7r 0 1 1 0 9 ,
p
first
6v 0 6
( ) v6 601 51 0po 9 , o
() v

1 p01 9 , 1
p66
I I
1 p1f1 0 9 , ()
o v

) 1 61 6 1 1 0 9 ,
()
'

( 1 c0 0 e 1 9 , 1 0 0 0 a a 1 9 , 1 0 0 0 0 6
p p p 1 o v

11 61 1 1 0 4 1 60 1 0 9 ,
0 ()
o v

2101 0 9
00 1
6 6
0
x 1 0) 0
7 6 0 09

61 6 1 1 6 31 1 1 1 6 1 0 9
66106 66106 1 0 9
Q0 1 1 Q0 1 60 1 06
( ) 0 1 60 106 1 0 9
C
1 0 106 1 1

661 60 106 60 1 66106 1 0 9

60 106 1 1 1 0 69 , 60 106 1 p66 66106 1 0 9 1 p61 o 9
60 106 1 0 0 0 0p0 1 (60 106 1 60 0 0p1 9 ), 60 106 1 16
'
1 6 11 09
1
1 0 0 0 0 p0 9 , 60 106 1 0 0 0 6 p6
' '

60 106 1 1 61 1 1 0
60 10651 , 60 1 06 651
60 1 06 061 6

60 106 1 1 1 1 1 6
0 6100 0 1 6
0 100 0 1 69
0 6100 0 1 0 6100 0 1 1 1 6, 0 6100 0 1 51 1 6 0 6100 0 1 69 611 09
1 11
p
0 6100 0 1 6v 6 60 1 51 01 1 0 9
0 610 0 0 1 1 e69 , 0 6100 0 1 1 6
'

p p 6

0 6100 0 1 1 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 6 p1 9 , 1 60 0 6 1 1 6
'

p (
'
01 1 9,

)
'
1 c0 0 a a
p
6
0 10 0 0 1 11 61 1 1 0

661
6011 1 6
6x 1 6
61 1 1 1 1 6
1
p 6 1 11 6
1 1
p 1 6 100 0 1 69
0 6
p6 v1 6 1 00 0 6
p 6 100 0 1 69

1 1 01 1
6 111 6 0 6 1 1 1 10 0 0 1 69
1
661 1 100 0 1 69
63 60 1 1 3
1 11 1 6 63 60 1 1 1 1 1 00 0 1 69
 A S HOR T AND EAS Y MODE RN GREEK G RA MMA R . 75

Car di n al s . O r d in al
s .

80
. 67 601 1 1 1 6
(7 7
6 60 1 11 6
) 67 60 1 7100 0 1 69
90
. 01 1 01 0 131 1 1 6 01 1 0 1 1 1 1 00 0 1 69
1

1 00
. 0106 1 6 0106 1 0 0 1 69
1 01
.

1 02
. 660
1 10
. 601 06
1 20
. 001 00 0 1

2 00
. 61 6 1060 1 0 1 , 61 6 1060 1 6 1 9 , 61 6 1060 16 61 6 1 00 0 100 1 69
3 00
. 1
pa 1060 1 o 1 , 1
p 1 6 100 0 1 0 0 1 69

4 00
. 1 01 p6 1060 1 0 1 1 01
p 6 10 0 0 1 0 0 1 69

5 00
. 1 01 1 1 6 1060 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 6 1 00 0 1 0 0 1 69

6 00
. 056 1 060 1 0 1 066 100 0 1 0 0 1 69
7 00
. 0001 6 1060 1 0 1 01 1 1 6 100 0 1 0 0 1 69
8 00 . 6x 1 6 1060 1 0 1 6101 6 100 0 1 0 0 1 69
9 00
. 0V V 0 6 1060 1 0 1 01 1 0 6 100 0 1 0 0 1 69
I
x fk w 1
x 0 1 1 00 1 0 9
I
660 x u\1 66a t 9 61 9 x 1 )1 1 0 0 1 09

1
1
1 1 9

1 00 0 6 p6 1 9 ”1 1 1 666 19

60106 1 1 11 11 00 1
1 6 9

0106 1 0 0106 1 0 1 0 6 10 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 69
01 1 6 1 1 1 6 1 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 69
[
0V 6 0106 1 0 1 1 1 1 61 1 1 0 .

The Ca rdin a l s 1 4 are declin ed an d a lso from 2 00 u pw ar d s

—
, .

ha s a l ready been decl i n e d as th e in de fin ite art icl e .

A 1 50 has a g e n iti v e 81 1 0 1 61 1 de l
in ed a s
'‘ '
r c1 s 1 0 0 0 a 0 9
p a re c
p 1 1 .
,

fol
lows

No m . an d A00 .

Gen .

Masc .

No m . 1 00 0 p0 ( 00 0 p1 9 )
6 1 1 6

A cc . 1 00 0 6 p0 v9 (1 00 0 p1 9 ) 6

G en . 1 00 0 6p0 w 1 00 0 6p0 1 v 1 00 0 6p0 1 1 '

Th e nu mbers a bo v e 2 00 are declin ed reg ularly .

76 A SHORT AND EASY MOD ERN G REE K G RA MMAR .

The ordin a l s a bo ve 30 ar e most o mmon ly ex pressed by

c
mean s of the cardin als .

Nu mera l n o un s may be formed by addin g on e of th e su flix e s

m 1
u d 4 m » ,

80 1 00 106 p1 6 , a doz en . .

0 6 1 6 1 1 1 6 1 1 6, n u mbe r of forty t w o sc o re —
1 1 .

6 p i ece of mon ey of fiv e
1 0 11 o r 1 01 1 1 61 1 1
( lepta) , a halfpen n y .

60 106p1 (ten lepta), a pe n n y .

T WW é a pe r s o n thirt y y ear s o l d
p pfl S , .

1 1 1 6 1 0 9 , 11 pe r so n fif t y e s ld
0 y a r o
1 01 1
1 .

Dlsramu rm ' '

A ND F RACTI O NA L N0 m m .

D i str i bu ti ves are ex pr essed by mean s of th e ca rdi n al

s w ith th e

prepo sitio n prefix ed,

6 g . 6 1 1 0 80 6,
-
tw o api ece 01 0 01 100 0 1
, ,

t we n ty api ece .

F r action s are ex pre ssed as follow s 1

half 1 0 1 1 1 0 6 th e h a l f
(n o un
) , 1 0
01 th e q uarter (a lso 1 0 1 0
'
1 01 6 1 0
p ,

Th e Days of the W ee k . T he M on th s .

1
0 v'
K , S u n da y . 0 1 6 1 1 0 6 61 1 1 0 9 , J an uary .

7; A 0u1 0pa , Mo n day

“
. 0 <I>0flp0 11 6p1 0 9 , F eb ru ary .

0 M6p1 1 o 9 , March
'
T uesd ay
0
1 T
7 p q 11 , . .

T0 1 6p1 7] (T01 p601 7), Wedn esday

'
. 0 A pril .

21 0701 1 ) Th ursday . 0 M6 1 09 , May .

0 I 0 6v1 o 9 , J u n e
’
1
0 F r i d a y . .

1 0 2 63 3 6 1 0, S aturday . 0 1 0 61 1 1 0 9 (A k wvdpns), J u l y .

1 0 A 6yo v0 1 0 9 , A u g ust .

0 Em épflp1 o 9 , 2 0 41 1 06 31 1 1 0 9 , S e p
te mber .

0 O 101 0 JBp1 0 9 O cto ber

’ '

, .

0 No épfipw g Nov ember , .

0 A 0 1 001 1 fip1 0 9 De cember

'
.
,
 A SHOR T AND EASY M OD ERN GREEK G RAMMA R .

(1 60 011 1
xp 0 11 01 1 1
0
0 11 0 He is for ty year s 0 1 1 1 (001 0 1 0 a
p61 1 1 a
xp o 11 01 1 1 )
.

He wi ll i e on a rr v The y ear th e eighteen th of F ebru ary . has

t w el v e mon th s th e mon th thirty days th e day t wen ty fo u r hou r s
, ,
-

th e hou r six ty mi n u tes an d th e mi n u t e six ty secon ds Ho w , .

mu ch (1 60 0 1 1 ) did yo u gi v e f o r it i I gav e six po u n d s f o r it

o r ho w mu ch did yo u b u y it i I u ght it f o r six po u n d s
( y
s a f —
b o ) .

th e gl
ass, 1 0 1 0 1 1 311 1 . the seco n d, 1 p6A01 1 0 0 80 1 1 1 0 .

to go to b ed, 1 1 06 7 1 601 1 . the po un d (mo n ey ), Alpa .

the m n u te, 1 0 A0 1 1 6 i .

PR EPO S I TIO NS .

A1 1 u su ally tak e th e A ccu sati ve Case after the m .

’
A 1 1 1 1f i n stead o f . with .

6 1 6 O f f rom, , . 1 6
p6 th a n , .

81 6 o n acco un t o f d uri n g
, , . before .

0 1 9 at to i n f o r b y
, , , , . to ward s .

6, by wp1 9 , 3 1 x 01 9 , W 1
'
106 1 .
x ithou t .

1 1 01 6, w ith .

6 1 1 1 1 9 , in stead o f , u sed
’
w ith A ce an d occa sion ally
. G en . W ith
th e A ccu sativ e the fo rm occ ur s ofte n est .

Eg . . 6 01 01 1 00 6
’
0 6 80 0 41 69 1 011 his broth er ca me in stea d of
h im .

01 1 1 1 9 i s al so us ed in o j u n ctio n w ith th e prepo sitio n 81 6

c n

E g 01 1 600 01 0
. . 0 01 1 01 1 6 01 1 1 9 7 1 1 1 010021 0 1
1 he scolded me in stead of
1 1

hi m .

or 01 1 1 29 7 1 6 is oft e n u sed with 1 6 an d th e su bj un cti v e 1 .

61 1 1 1 9 7 1 0 . 11 6 61 6 30237 1 6 120 1 : i n ste a d of r eadin g h e pl a y s

, .

0 1 6 ha s e e l disti n ct mea n in gs :
s v ra it is u sed to i n dicat e
( of pl ace from I come from
3
1 , , e . 0
g px 1
0 1 6
. 1 A 61 1 1 p6 ,

Lo n 0D .

of time fr o m
()
2 , a fter ,
i
s nc e ,
’
9 1 6 1 9 660 1 0 tw o
ho u rs after din n er .
 A SHORT AND EASY MODE RN GREEK G RA MMA R . 79

Lom ¥ £
(3 in a.
p a ti iv e sen se,
o
ome
s of , 01 16 6 61 0 1 0 I
d ran s e 0 1 I S W ln e .

()
4 i di stribu ti ve sen se 001 1 6 0r 1ip0 61 0 660 600 1 71 1 6
'

n a. , 1 06 9 1 ,

th ey r ece ived tw o d ollars a pi ece .

()
5 o f mat erial ma de , o f, e
.
g
. 10 0 01 6 01 1 0 1 1 6 00 6 1 1 6 , 6 cu p made
o f gold .

()
6 e or origin o i from
o f cau s , , , 0 00 6 3 6 01 0 1 01 1 6 1 01 1 6
1 1

1 1 0,1 1 I re ce i v ed it f ro m my f a t h e r ; 61 006 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 11 11 0 0 01 1 6 , h e
d i ed of cho lera .

7
() of compariso n than , , 1 0 01 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 06 00 61 011 0 10 0 11 1 0 , this
is better th an th at .

Idioms
1 61 0 1 0 1 6 1 , I call at a sho p
'
0 6 C
1
1 0 111
1 7 . .

01 01 1 6 0 6 61 0 1 0 M61 1 6 x 0 1 1 , I passed th rou gh M u n ich .

1 0 1 0 01 0
1 le t u s g o this w ay .

01 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 fip0 9 wh er e did yo u b uy it ?
’

’
61 06071 1 06 2 01 1 1 6 , a n hou r ago .

A 1 d (7 1 6 ) tak e s th e acccu sativ e an d mean s

(1 ) o n acc u n o t oi 7 10 1 0
, 111 1
1 1 51 6 1 6 07 1 1 1 6 1 1 0M 6 01 6, a l
l th at
happen ed on acco u n t o f mon ey .

()
2 d u r in g , 0 0 61 01 6 0
11 6 1 0 0 1
1

3
1 1 1
7 0 61 10
1
xp
. 61 116
,
I hired th e
hou se f o r tw o y e ar s .

I dio ms
61 0 1 1f (7 1 0
. why ? .

61 0 1 1 6 , so th at
. .

81 0 1 0 1 lest, so th at n o t
. .

1 0 10 1 6 00 1 1 1 6 , I sol d it f o r th ree d o ll a s
7 1 . r .

( 01
0 1 1 0 03
7 1 0 0 01 16
,
I a.m S pe a k in g O f you .

00 41 6 701 7 1 0 1 01 1 1 60 1 , I shall go a w ay to Co n stan ti n ople

. .

1 6 01 6, It d o e s n o t co n ce rn m
’
601 1 7 e .

81 0 1 0 20 1 1 1 0 0 07 01 0 , Whom d o yo u mean ? (o f w hom d o yo u

tha t 1 )
 A S HORT A ND EASY MODE RN GREEK G RA MMAR .

( (0 mean s
’
0 is s, 0 0 0, t ak es th e A ce . an d

() m
i
’
M I am go in g
ig
ot o n to a place , r v
ry f a vw s1 0 yw
V v f a a v,

to n a n esna .

()
2
’
r e st i n a pl ace, i 001 6 l he
s 1 0 6
-

d uo
‘
a1 071 1 1 1 0 v
k
1 1 0 0,

i ves in my fri e n d s hou se

l
’
.

()
3 time 60 K a1 1 0V 1 fif teen th
’ '

, s 0 on th e of J ul
y .

do w n
’
0 ¢ a y1 ,
’
pu rpo se , s 1 we sat to ta bl e
(f 0

()
5 i n oath s , s1 0 00 6, by Go d .

Id io ms
’
1 60; 1 0 9 1 0 l ook at it in th e light .

31 1 11 1 1 0 Zva yfipo S 1 0 (09 7 0p I too k a wa l k by moo n l ight

’
‘
. . .

s 1 0 6 I 0 wpyf o v, h e l
’ ’
x d001 0 1 iv es at G eorge s hou se (1 0 0 1 1 is
6
‘ ‘ '
1 1

underst o od ) .

E0 p 3 6 t '

s 1 v 0 a a i n u r n .

s 1 0 7 0 0 9 m th e en d
’
'
.
,

x u 1 é ta k e s th e A ce . an d mea n s

()
l dimc tio n, 01 1 Ka1 0 . 1 0 V wpo x vpa fa v, h e wen t a l on g
th e jetty .

()
2 man n er , K a1 01 71 5 mmb y ch a n ce .

d fin itio n d isti n ctio n an d 09 671 0 0 9 , a ccor d i n g

()
3 e , 1 0 1

to th e r e spectiv e place s ; 1 1 0 1 0 1 0V x a1
p6v, accor di n g to t h e

weather .

No rE '
wh e n u sed
.
—
x a1 a.
’
in th e literary an d pol ite d ialect o c
casio n all t a k e s th e Gen a n d mea n s agai n st 64 1 00 70 0 1 1 01 1 0
y .
,

0 00 h e spo k e again st yo u
, .

y . 0 is n o t o mmo n
c in th e spok en ton gue .

It t ak es th e G en itiv e in th e ex pr e ssion 1 1 01 6 x apag, joy f u l

ly
(w it h j y)
o .
82 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK G RA MMAR .

"
00 01 1 1 0 1 50 0 0 1 1 0 61 6 01 0 1 0
’
6 01 01 100 0 67 0 1 1 60V
1 Aa .

<I> 0M 0 1 afl 2 71 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 v0 fi
'

5 106 0 0 0
71 6
p 71 1 6 . 0
I 7 A x I
.
1 0 .
) 1
I
.
3
1 9 . .

A va 1 o k 1 79 0 x o vv0 0 1 6 41 0 0 1 6 71 0 0 0 tv0 K a M 1 1 0p6 6 71 0 1 0 0 1 6 2 0 71 0 0 0

7 a A s a x
.

0v 0 1 1 1 01 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 6 60 ? 1 0 0 i
’
K6 1 0 1 71 0 1 0 V 0 71 6 0 ) 0x 0 ?
'

p ; p T .
7 9 x p o .

0 1 0 60 V 0 0 1 0 6 00
3 f f Q A G

0 ¢ 0 a v 106 1 6 1 0 ¢ 0 0 1 o v
y p p A x . 0 1 00 1 0 6 71 0 0 71

0 0 0 61 6 3 60 1 0
’
a 01 6s T666 (1 0 0 066 ) 1 0 1 1 61 1 6 1 1 0 0 A 0I1 p1 71 0 p«
'

. . . .

I I
.

A A I
s
6 01 0 1 0
d u o s M 0 1
“
o v 1 7 11 6 1
1 7.
i
) 0
3 6 0 1 1 6 66 0 vo 1 1<
g 7
0 09 1 1 11 Ka a a
p p
0 9

II 0 0 71 69 1 01 0 1 6 111 0 1 6
x1 M 0 1 0V K 6 1 0v 90 60 6 0 ?) K a i 6 01 6
p x . . .

61 0 , I trav el
11 1 0 0 . 1 0 1 1 011 0 3 , the part , regi o n .

6 the f ear . 6 0x 0p6s, the en emy .

6 6pm 1 0 «poof , earl y to -

mo rro w 1 0 ¢ po 0 to v, th e f o rt
p .

mo rn in g . 1 0 0 as, the l ight .

6 A67 ” , the reaso n . 1 0

4 x1 , 1 6 th e co l
d .

Ex ercise 20 —
. B .

W e ask ed him wh ere

h e w as (tran s is) I work ed fr om eight . .

o clock in th e morn in g t ill sev en in t he ev en i n g He wept f o r

’
.

jy ( y f hi j y) I e og i ed h i m b y hi oi e I e e y
”

o sa o r s
, o r c n z s v . c n v r .

ho use t her e wer e ten soldi e r s I k n ew th at bett er than y o u . .

W hich of the t w o is y ou r brother ? Le t u s go this w ay He .

wen t b y Vi en n a Tell him th at he m ay speak w ith me a t

.

e ight o cl ock ] He o es n o t d o it f o r th e sak e of mo n ey He

’
.

wen t away (020 0 1 000 7 61 0 9 ) an hou r ago F o r ho w lo n g (7 1 01 .

p )
71 60 0 0 106 1 6v h av e y o u hir ed th e roo m ? H e i s goi n g to S m yr n a
n e x t mon t h E r e in te n mi n u t e s
(1 00 e w il l be h e .

Th ey will n e v er go w ith you He d o e s it with h is o w n h a n d s .

( y
sa h a n d ) Y o u w i ll.do well to hi r e th e r oo m b y th e m o n th .

I n spit e of his in d u st ry 0X1 ) 1 01 1 071 1 1 1 000 1 6 1 0 0 ) h e di d n o t !

su cceed Will yo u len d me a thou san d drach mas at four pe r

.

c e n t (say f o r th e h u n d r ed ?
.
, )
un t il é s
, 1 . I reco gn iz e, y mpl fa .

in the mo rn i n g, 1 0 7rpwt th e v o i ce, 4;

'

in the even in g, 1 0 3 11 680 . V ien n a, 4;

the jo y, 0) x apd . to succeed, 1 1 6 1 0 11 061 1 1 0 .
 A SHORT AND EASY MOD ERN GREEK G RAMMAR . 83

A DV ERBS .

Man y adv erbs of ti me an d place are u sed as prepo sitio n s

1 1 0 135 to ge th er ;
, 1 1 0 56 1 0 0
1 wi th me O nl
y mo n osy lla bic pro n o u n s , ,

ho wever are th ro wn i n to the Ge n ltive in oth er cases th e ad v e rb

,

is u sed togeth er with an o th er pr epositio n MC 1 I; 1 0 1 0 09

w ith th e oth ers .

A DV ERBS or PLACE .

’
71 6vw, bov e u p (0)71 6vw
a , , 006 51 60 1 0 , c ome up . 3
0 00

6vw, he is u pstairs
’
71 .

K 61
belo w d ow n 01,01 0 1 1 61 0 u sed W ith
, 6 71 6 .

1 fo llowi n g as a prepo sition bel ow ben ea th 006 11 61 1 0 come down , , .

, .

1 0
yp pp 7
af a 1 1 6 1 0 671 0 1 061 0 ) 6 71 0 1 0 th e le tt
1 er w as u n der th e

b oo k .

E 5 10
”
o u t si de o f 00 0 o ut , 671 660 1 6 71 6, ,
1 651 0 , he is
o ut 6 71 651 0 671 0 1 0 0 71 61 1 o ut si de of th e ho u se
.
, .

I dio matic u sage 1 1 6 06 13 1 0 671 0510 I learn by h eart

’
1 .
,

M0 0 00 6 0 6 , co m
'
6 ,
in , i n side , 6 71 0 1 0 1 e in .

is in
’
0 0 71 0 1 7 ip1 What th e g lass ? 00 0 0 1 00 6 0 7 1 1 00 6 ,
' '

1 1 0 00 9 1 ; .

c o me in ; thi s w a ,
t her e is win e in it K 0 7 1 1 60 1 00 6 ! please ( ) y
-
. 7 0 1
p le a se .

Ep p 6 9 forward before
’
. 71 , , , e.
g.

’ ’

0 00 ,
or
1 1 7r 0 0 1
p 0 9 00 00 6 , befo re you , in your pr esen ce .

9 1 00 be f ore th e ho u se
71 1 71 1 ,
1 p
1 71 0 0 1 0 9 6 01 01 07 0 1 601 . .
1 1

671 0 1 in co mpari so n w ith him I a m n othi n g Ep 71 p69 !

’
1 0, . .

f o r wa r d 1 c o me in I go on !

0 71 1 0 0 1 behin d back , , a f ter . 671 671 1 0 1 1 1 671 0, behi n d,

71 60 0 1 6 71 0 1 0
g 6 6 pfi 6 0 b eh i n d th e ho u se
-
0 7 1 1 71 1 1 1 6 v0 ( V0. 0 1
e . 71 .
, 71 1 ,

t h e r e w as a gar de n 2 I r e t u r n t u r n ba c k
’ ’
w
.
7 0 p1 , .

M6 6 , f ar , d i sta n t 671 0 p a k pa o, fr om a far II 60

’
10 p 0 1 . . 0

0 6 x
p 0 0011 0
01 . ho w f ar is it ? 1 1 6 1 0 0 1 6 , v ery f ar
0 .
’

671 0 6,
’
K 0 v 1 6, 10 0 0 1 n e ar , 100 1 1 1 0 9 , cl ose to ; also as an

1 d v er b of ti me , x o v1 6, j u st n ow. 71 0
07 01 07 106 ”
5 100 0 1 6 71 3
01 0 1 1 1 6 ,

0 2
 A SHORT AND EASY MODE RN GREEK G RA MMAR .

n ear ly fif ty were w oun ded (1 1 0 1 0 . 0 610 , I a m n ear ; 60 1

71 0 1 1 1 0 v 0.

I have n ear ly fin ished ; 1 0 . 71 00 10 , I n ear ly

fell ) .

A 0 61 6, to th e right .

’
Ap1 0 1 0p6 to th e left .

here hither , .

th ere thith er , .

bet ween amo n g 6 1 6 1 1 01 6 51 5

, ,
1 1 0 119 80V zx o vv
1 1 00 7 1 10
-
6, th ey have n o secr ets be twee n th em .

A 01 there 3
'

01 , .

60 0 0 13 fr om el sew he r e 3
’
71 00 0 13 el sew h ere elsew hith er
, 671 , .
,

1 0671 0 1 1 a n yw here el se .

K 6 71 a v an y w here an y whith er so mewh e re 61 0

, , , , .

II 0 v 0 0 v 6 (1 1 0 671 01 6 ) an y w h ere so mewh ere (in i n terrogat i v e ,

n o w here in n egativ e sen te n ce s

sen t en ces
) ( , ) .

II 0 i}, w h ere .

”
O 71 0 v where (relati ve)
, , 671 0 1 : 106 2 61 1 3
7 71 0 , w herev er he
may be .

f ar as, commo n ly u sed to g ether w ith 0 139 ,

‘ ’

0 9 , as 61 9 g 7 5
0 71 137 1 , a s f ar as th e ho use 0 9 a l so mean s a bo u t, . 011 0 ?
61 9 0 311 0 0 1 6v0pw71 0 1 , th ere wer e a bo u t t wen ty peo ple ther e .

II
’
0 p a o ver beyon d
, , , d w ith 086
is u se an d 00 02, o ve r h e re , o ve r
’
th er e 1 0
’
71 0p6 0
p p 0 9, th e f urt h er si de .

A DV ERBS or Tu m .

fifip epa to day —

.

A 6p1 a(w) to morrow ,

-
.

M0 06 6p1 0 (v) th e day after to morro w ,

-
, o me time
s .

day before y esterday la tely , .

ar ly .

Apy 6, late
’
.

l at e .
i
 A SHORT AND EASY M OD ERN GR EEK GRAMMA R

A n v n an s or DEG REE .

11 0 00 6 much ,
v r e y .

little .

v e ry l ittle rath e r , .

’
Apx 0 1 6 , en ou gh to lerably , .

Mo vax 6
M6wo
K 6 060o v, at al
l (i h in terrogativ e sen t e n ce s) , (i n ne
g a

ti ve se n ten ces) .

A DV EaBs or A F F I RMA TI O N A ND N EGA TI O N .

yes .

M60 1 0 1 6, c r a ne t i ly .

n o , n ot
(in n e gati vin g a s n i gle w ord), ay . 6x 1 1 0 07 0
-

n ot this .

A 01 , (
n o t o n l y to n e ati ve
g
0 61 0 , n o r.

0 01 0 —
0 61 0, n either —
n or.

T6 6
”
10 20 9
perhaps .

Ex erc ise 2 1 —
A.

"
e
'
T0 01 1 3 -
1 1 1 03 xv
p ov f 6 671 0 x ,1 0
1 1
1
6 70 1 0 1

0 IV 0 100 1 1 1 6 1 1 861 80111 0 100 1 1 1 0 0 6 p6v1 6 0 1 pa 1 9 671 0 1 6 80 61 6

'
. .

H60 o v l0a 1 p6y Z 01 0 A 01 0 71 0 5) 0 6 9 ( IN 06 1 1 0 61 1 0 6 1 1 6 1 1 0 1 6 51 5M 9

30
.

B 10 0 £1 0 6 6 1 70 0 9 A 01 1 Bpfmcw 1 0 71 6 71 0 1 51 C1 6
’
1 1 0 i} 0 31 1 0 1 0 6 6 1 50 1 ,
'

. .

A 01 1 1 6 7n ip0 490 0 371 0 106 71 0 1 1 9 1 0 0 71 171 1 1 37 611 0 1 11 0 9

’ ' ’
. .

71 6 1 1 1 0 6 M60 1 0 1 6 , 07 1 511 061 6 9 60 6 1 9 1 6 29 1 061 1 041 6 1 9 ,

’
00V 1 6 0 386
M0 71 po 0 1060 00 0 v0 80 1 71 1 1 50 6 1 M CI; 1 0 1 1 6 131 1 1 0 1 1
’
71 0 0 00 6 . . v0 . .

6 7
1 1 5 0 1 0 1 6 p 6 K 6 0 6 0 1 0 6 1 061 )
1 1 60 67 0 , 0 0V 0 1 1 1 0 71 0 00 0 T o i?
61 1 1 60 1 1 0 6 71 p0 6x 1 0» fip 0p61 v 6 71 0 1 61 0 00V 1 0 V 0 I06 Hepvm 00x 6 4 “
'
'
. .

71 0 00 0 0 6 3 0 6
‘

¢p f v q 0
'
1 1 l 1 1
. o 6 . x 6 0 0
71 1 1
1 1 1 6 .

“ 0 80 601 , I p
s en d. 1 1 61 01 , I re main . 1 0 71 6 71 0 171 f1, the sh oe, bo o t .
 A SHORT AND EASY MOD ERN GREEK GRAMM AR . 87

Ex er cise 2 I .
—
B .

I saw her from f at 0 6 I s h e clev erer th an his brothe r ? F ar .

a wa y fr o m h er e We h av e lost n early eighty dollars I had . .

a l mo st fo rgott e n th e afi air He t u rn ed to th e left I s Mr . . .

Man os down stair s ? What is un der th e plate ? I s my brot h er

in th e o ffice ? No h e has gon e a way so mewh er e el se I shal l
, .

fi n d him w h er ever h e may b e To day I have n othin g to

, .
-

d o to morro w my wo rk begin s Th e wedd in g took pl

,
-
a ce .

y esterday I go to bed ear ly an d g et u p early Fin ish yo ur

.
,
‘
.

w ork fir st (71 p6r1 6 ) then I shall speak to yo u Tell him t hat h e , .

must bri n g me th e book at on ce H ave yo u ever h eard an ythin g .

l ik e tha t ? Will yo u go to G erman y thi s y ear ? D o n t go ’

‘

( p
71 0 71 6 1 1 0
) so q u i ck ly W h at
'

d o th e y ca ll (71 61 9 0 01 0
) this i n . 1

mo dern G reek ? Ho w will yo u br in g th at to pass ?

fa
mj
1
zl
ev er, ". V pf i
the wedd n g, 6 7 61 1 0 9 .

the afiair, l 61 600 0

’

1. ( I {l / 1,
7
a I tak e l p
ace , 7 1 1 6 .

I tu rn , y vpf f w .
c I fin i sh, 1 0 200 1 61 6 .

the o fi ce, 1 0

CONJ U NCTIONS A ND I NTERJ ECT IONS .

K ommon Greek id iom to co ord in ate t wo

an d. It is a c
c la u ses w ith i n stead of su bord in atin g o n e of th em with
Wh en o r w hile 31 61 0 1 7 9 1 06 0 06 m .a k
’
e n o n oi s e 1

an d I w i ll sleep 6 1 061 1 7) 801 0 Ix 6 33 7 1) 106 i 71 561 1 0 1 1 0 0 71 731 1

. : .
,

scarcel y had I go n e o ut w h e n t he hou se fell 1 0V 6 1 00 0 0 6 1 001 2

, .

1 60 0 0 I h e ard him sa s
7 , y o .

K a 1 is u sed to gi ve emph asis £

.

’ ’ ’ ’ ’
1 1 0 w 1001 2 6 ho w d o I
p y ,

k n o w ? It is al so u sed aft er 0 61 e g 00V 0I1 1 6 1 71 0 0 1 50 1 0 9 0 6 V 106 3 , . .

0 07 61
-
I am n o t as rich as he
1
, .

o r.

43 —
6 e ith e
, r— o r.

7
01 1 0 —
0 01 0, n e ither —
n o r.

but .

tha t : 6 g p o i) 0I71 6 v 71 61 9 (01 1 ) 061 1 1 7 0

.
, . Th ey told me th at
h e had go n e a way .
88 A S HORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK G RA MMAR .

61 l o mean s as soo n
1 a s as.
’
61 1
I “ 06 6 1 1 6 60 9 61 0 06 , as s oo n as

y o u called me I ca me .

So metimes 61 1 s ant d s i n st ead of 6 60 1 9 ju st scarce ly 71 0 8 , , .

0 21 1 0 0 6 800 41 69 0 0 1 1 61 1 03 7 6100 Where is yo ur br other ? He ha s

.

j u st gon e o ut .

M 60 o v 61
’
1 followed by the I n dicativ e a l thou gh , is .

pf 00 0 V 01 1 86V 0 6 9
7 1 0 1 1 122 1
1 06 0 6 9 061 0 0 1 1 6
” 5
7 11 6 1 6 1 1
,
.

A l thou gh I d o n o t k n o w yo u I w i llgi ve yo u th e mon ey , .

A o 1 71 6v (well ) th en , .

0 71 671 0 1 1 1 1 6 9 671 61 7 0 0100 1 0 0 9 1 606 1t 6,1i p

'
o v, w her e , i
s n ce , 1 0 1 p6 0

w h at shall w e do n o w tha t he has be tray ed us i

It sometime s stan ds f o r 61 0 1 0 (so ) that ,

. 1 60 0 v 080 60 0 1 0 671
4 0 0

6ppa1 0 7 q0 0 h e wor k ed so much that h e w as i ll

'
-
.
,

"
A 11 6
11 3 5 8 0 0 1 1 8 18 0
A 11 6 0 71 0 1 1

w hen , as s oon as, s n ce , i (

0 0009

A ¢ O 1 3 06 6 7 6 0 1 71061 0771 06 106 3 06 0 7 6 , wh e n I had eate n , I got u p

’ '

’
an d wen t a wa y A¢ 0 ? 1 TOV 30731 0 06 1 0 71 1 0 1 0111 01 0 , as so on as yo u
.
‘

'

se e it , yo u w ill bel i e ve i t A ¢ 0 i1 1 0 000 0 1 0 , sin ce yo u wish it

‘

. .

K a 0 61 9 , a s, a s s oon as, 106 06 9 1 1 0 0 GIM P, a s th ey to ld me .

106 001 9 61 00 0 0 6 6 01 6, as soon a s I

h ear d that .

2 6v( )
6 as 1 6 6 6 71 1 0 0 6 V 1 6 71 6 1 81 6
y 0 y ,
o u I l o ve
. t h e m a s
'

my o wn child re n 0 6V occasio n a lly has a pr epo sition a l force an d

.

gov ern s the A ccusativ e (0 9V 0 61 1 0 09 6 yp1 o v9 , th ey l i ve l i k e .

’

sav a g es .

()
2 if (th e v er b fo ll ow i n g tak es th e S u bj u n c ti ve
) .

0 61 if h e sho u ld co me if h e comes , .

()
3 wh en . 0 6V 31
7 1 0 1 1 11 6 1 00 9 , wh e n I w as yo u n g .

0 61 ! v 6 as if , 0 61 1 v 6 0 1 5, as if n o t. 0 6V v6 11 7
? 1 0 7 5
7 1
0 10 , as if he
did not k n ow .

"
A v, ii 6 1 00 09 , if
. he comes ; 6v 1 0 if I k n ew it ( or ha d
k n ow n it ) .
90 A SHORT AND EASY MOD ERN G REEK G RA MMAR .

Ex er cise 22 .
—
A .

A ¢ 0 i1 671 611 6 0 0 Te1 6p1 1 7 (1 c1 p65 1 7) 33V

’
5 6 1 71 1 1 1 1 51 37 01
'

1. 0 0 6 11 .

ci u 71 A£ GE0 5 V V 5 7
M
‘

x . ov v5 3 71 1 0 1 1 6 1
1 1 77 Q .
7 1 0 5 2 0 1 1 A. 1 6 v o s
‘
.

2 5 V 3 01 7 5 71 61 15 1 0 1 1 v5 “d r 51 9 5 71 0 1 1 50 1 0 7 1 1 5 1 0 1 K aa h
y 1 4 s
'
. c .

£,1 t
1 1 5 0 1
710 61 0771 06 1 06 i 5 4 7
1 1 1 6 U p ?) 1 0 9 v 5 . 1 5 71 1 1
. 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 01 . . .

55 9 1 0 v6 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 760 1 1 1 1 5 51 p0 1\5 1 1 0 1 1 61 9 5
. .
1 7 71 0 1 1 .

A y1 ca)uz cl
"
v So vh j 1 0 0 E
’ ’ ‘ '
ve veo s f epec n y x a llc 1 5
‘

g f
‘
.

’
71 50 5
'
16 1 1 0 1 5 v5 1 e w 1 0 11
71 1 1 7 . .
7) 9 .
x p . .

( 1111 0 1
1 5 1 1 0 1 , the da
y break s . 6 1 1 60 1 0
971 3 , the master .

1 011 6 1 60 1 , I take po ssessio n o f .

Ex er cise 2 2 .
—
B .

T hey say that th e k i n g wi ll arr iv e to morro w W h e re is yo u r -

.

fa ther ? He ha s (in st)gon e o u t It is man y y ears (ago ) sin c e .

(4 )
6 1 0 9 th e th e a t r e w a s b u r n t He l oo k s lik e a n I n d ia n T he y . .

l iv e li k e slav es VII yo u h ear an ythin g of it (yc

. tel
l it t o
’

me A s so on as I sa w him I drew my p istol from my pock e t

. .

Be fo r e h e came to Vi en n a h e did n o t k n o w a w ord of G erman 1/ , .

A s soon as he ha d learn t (A o rist ) he w ro te to his fath er Pu t , .

the butto n s away so tha t they may n o t be l ost , .

the k in g 6 181 1 0 1 1 0 53
, the pi sto l 1 6 71 0 1 61 1
1 1 .
,
1 1 .

I bu rn 100 1 1 1 11 , 0 the po ck et 5
1 .
,
1

the I n di an 6 I 85 3 I l 001 0
’

, earn 1v .
, 1 11 1 01 .

the sl
ave, 6 80 5 A“ , 6 0 10A6 Bo s . th e b u tto n , 1 5 1 00 1 1 71 ! (10 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 .

I draw o u t, 5 7 4 1 01 01 1 5 1 5 .

R n p sr rrx o x or A mw rlvss A ND A n vmms .

A djecti ves an d a d v er bs a re often r epeated f o r the sak e o f

e mpha sis .

?)A GG 71 1 0 1 15 7r a1 1
1 p H e ca m e v e r y ear l y ’ '
. .

Give 106 1 1 1 1 1061 1 1 1 It is away do wn belo w . .

el
’ ’
1 5 Th e b e d i q it f resh
ve
¢p e0 100
¢p e0 100 r a s u e . .

Po srr to n or W o rms .

Th e po sition of w ords in modern Gr ee k is mu ch th e same as in

En gli sh W ords fall i to th eir places n at urally w itho ut th e a id
‘
.

of r u les A few ru le av e been gi ven u n der the pron o un s b u t

.
,

o n e lea rn s mo st fr o m (1 1 se rv atio n an d p ractice .

 p/ L
.
1

v
(
'
f
y - 1

A S HORT AND EA S Y MODE RN GREEK G RAMMAR .

‘
1

15
IDIO MS .

w ha t d o yo u r e ai
g m ?
i f yo u l ik e .

dépa , ai r , W ln d .

1
0 1 0 M71 1 0 ’
s1 51 1 6 0pm .
( h e
t se a rew ord s to th e w i n d )
tha t is mere tal k .

6 100 1 50 1 , I h ear/
15 2 01 I hav e it o n h e arsay
x
.

’
8011 1 6 1 00 1 51 1 1 I w on t hear a w ord of it .

tha t is a difieren t thi n g .

du o s, other .

06 R010 x wpis M 0
6 1 1 6 3 6 131 1 1 1 , I go u p
‘

.
.

V I shall come in an
y case .

5 6 0 7 0 41 1 0 0 1 1 5 9 dvdfla fva 0 0 th e bi ll amo un ts to

1 1 1 0 29
” M 6 5 0 1 ; Af a w
p .

61 1 033 1 1 1 00 1 1 1 5 31 0 5101 6 . e t
r n has gon e u
p.

5 the Wi n d .

'
9 1 5 1 1 6 1
1
1 0 1 0 . h e may go to th e deuc e (w i n d ) .

71 0 1 0 1 1 0 1fa t he w hole prope rty is sq ua n dered

i
.

01 1
(sca tt er ed to th e wi n d
) .

6 1 1 0 57 1 1 1 , I o pe
11 5 1 5 1 5 tb a 6 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 this col o ur fa des
'

x p p' 3 . .

7
5 715 0 1 5 5p0 61 s
01
'
I am h un gry .

71 6 1 0 0 1
1
7 6 4 th e de c
,i sio n .

1 5 71 6 1 pvw 6 71 5 0 0 0 1 k n ow
'

5 . I th e w o rst (I tak e lt a s
fin al ) .

'
dp6 5 6p656 , t ur n . in t u rn succe ssi vel y
, , one

1 ? 1 9 1 1 6 1 6 56 th e oth er
1 1 1 . .

6 93a 1 » , I destroy .

el
'
p m 6 ¢ v
a évo s 6 71 5
'
1 i)v I am ti red to death .

ti o 6
'

the h eat is k i l l
in g me .

I place myself in your h an d s .

ho w much yo u ta k e o fi f o r me ?

On ly used in th is ex pressid i .
92 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRA MMAR .

05 641 60 0 1 1 5 7 01 1 0 1 6 1 1 0 1 1
.
-
. I w ill l et my beard gro w .

6 011 770 0 51 1 0 21 1 0 6 7 0 61 1 1 1 6 1 0 9. n o t to men tion that h e is n u

ed ucated .

5 0V 6 mJ . he did n o t sa
y a w o rd .

61 051 1 1 ) 50 h a ve yo u n o t y e t got sen se ?

05 B6 “
1 5 5uva1 6 I wi ll d o allI can .

1 5 3 6 61 1 1 1 061 1 1 1 . I gi ve in (I thro w d own my

Bz 6 1 1 1 1 11 5:
41 1 0 1 1 6 59 . I call o ut .

5 0V 1 0 fl6 §0 1 5 vo iis 11 ‘
0 11 . that beats me (my min d ca n t ’

t ak e it in ) .

h e has fallen o ut w ith yo u h e ,

has a cro w to pl uck w ith y o u .

I pu t my boots o n .

3 6 x 55 vo iiv tak e goo d heed of it

’
1 0 1 06 01 s .

3 6 00 1 6 , deep .

1 00 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 6
1 5 “ 3 6 00 56 . he w as fast as leep .

106
1 1 1 59 , h e a v y .

0 Iv0 6 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 9
1 1 fl pa 01 6 . h e is very i ll .

3 1 16 1 1 0 6 1 6 1 1 1 5 71 6 1 1 1
. . I don t car e to go .

85 1 001 1 1 00 6 1 l
’
. n o n sen se ( i t yo u d on t tro u b l e
.

yo urself ) .

Bpt
’
a 10 6 0 1 st ro n g w i n e
p . .

61 1 11 61 0 1 0 1 6 . sever e i lln e ss .

1 5 5 0 1 5 0 681 0x 0 1 1 1 1 5 3 6 1 1 0 116
. . th e flo wer has a stro n g so en t .

1 v
1 5 1
6 .

171 , I carr y , ho ld
3 6 0 1 .

3 6 0 1 171 T i ! 6 1 1 6 71 1 1 0 7
p 5p o v . I hold my br eath .

5 01 1 3 6 0 1 171 0 5; 1 5V 1p1 5x p6 v . I can n ot bear th e cold .

551 1 3 6 0 1 171 071 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 6 1 1 656 1 9 . I have n o mon ey o n me .

6 51 5 1 5 5 0V this colour is n o t fast .

5 0V 05 3 6 0 1 659 1 06
d 1 1 011 I can n ot fin d it in my h eart t o
V 6 1 0 10 61 1 1 1 1 d o it
I A
. .

0 50 1 51 ho w lon g d oe s th e j o urn ey tak e ?

A

71 0 0 0 1 1 106 1 1 0
Q0 5 1 1 6 0 1
6 1 0 1 6 ;
771 1 1 5 1 m 3 in spite of his great a ge he i s
C

1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 11 1
7 . . 6 0

1 1 01 6 1 K Mti .
(
sti ll ac ti ve wear s well
)
I
.

B 6 0 1 1 01 6 1 «ak a . ( )
al so , h e h as ample m e an s .
 94 A SHORT AND EA S Y MOD ERN GREEK GRAMMAR .

1 5 x a M1 1 '
0
po x
pao I 7 1 1 1 01
-
5 1 0 9 2 th e be st w in e is gro wn in
K 671 po
‘
n yv . Cypru s .

5 05 7 137; 5 7 5 1 1 w he e w ill th e wedd in g co me

éC
71 0 09
‘
0

37 1 1 0 31 1 71 0 1 1 0 9 h e has t u rn ed merchan t
. .

5 51 1 57 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 51 51 1 7) 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 41 k the grapes are n o t n pe yet .

1 1 1 11 1 1 61 0 9 ri pe , bo rn
7 1 . .

5 1 1 1 51 1 1 1 1 , I e scape , get O E, r escu e

7 .

4 1 5 7
1 1 71 1 5 1 1 1 1 0 5 1 1 1 1 50 5 1 1 0 w e got o fi c h eap . .

[ 1 65 1 9 0 1 5 1 51 1 111 0 0 0 39 1 5 9 1 0 5 2]
1 3 1 1 11 sc ar c el y ha d h e a rr i v ed in
A th en s .

7 2
11 1 1 1 11 1 k n o w
11 1 ,
, rIec o g n i se .

7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 120 1 9 5 1 a ai1 1 1 1 a
p . ar e
yo u j u dg e of d iamon d s ?
a

vra i) yy wp i
v x ax c ; w h er e d i d yo u g e t acq uain t e d
with o n e an other ?
{ 551 1 0
01 0 1 5 1 01 1
7 5 1 h e has shav ed his hear d so a s ,

2 7 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 01 “ n o t to be r ecogn i z ed .

1 5 7 0 1 1 813 mor tar .

5 yo v50 x 0 p1 pest le
'
1 , .

1 5 yo uSi 1 5 yo v50 x 0p1.

’
. always th e me
sa ol
ds tory .

yp fi ,
w o c
f
I w r ite .

5 51 1 80 1 51 1 0 1 7 po4 1 p a1
'
a. he isillitera t e (can n ot rea d a n d
writ e) .

yp ¢ 5 p o v a 1 . it w as my fat e .

71 61 9
yp ¢
1 i 0 o a 1 ; ho w do yo u wr ite your n ame 1
5 30 1 a f e w we r e en te red ,
yp q la v 5 2 (1 1 9
1
a 1 . . 1 1 1

5 0 130 1 11
,
I sho w teach , , s eem .
1

£
7 51 1 0 11 50 651 1 1 . I w ill gi ve him a lesson .

p 5i 5 01
30 1 01 11 5 5 11 11
5 11 0 t he w i n e se e ms a s if it we r e
'

1 aa
1
x .

dva x a 1 1 1 1 p évo 1 1 1 1 5 mi x ed with a n oth er

r 50 6x 1 1 1 » (5 7 11 1 0 1 1 ) 71 p
.

I su l k (sho w te mpe r) .

5 0 1:w I give a goo d rece ption to .

0 5 50 1 11 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 0 11 1 69 k k
30 1 01
9 17
5 .
y o u l oo l i e a c or p se .

I b in d .

331 5 60 . I bi n d a book .

55 x 1 v5 1 51
'
I set a r in g (w ith jewel s)
£
. . .

250 0 0 x ak 5 1 5V
7 5 551 1 1 51 1
1 1 0 11 ] h e h as f ea t hered his n e st (he h a s
tied up his d o n k ey well so th a t
it won t ru n away )
’
.

r1 0 11
11
0 80 o u [1 0 o
v

p x ov
J I have bo un d him b y oath .
 A SHOR T AND EASY M OD ER N GREEK G RAMMAR . 95

5 0 51 05, to th e r ight .

1 5 r d pa m 1 0 i1 54 1 5 ev erythin g wen t well With him

'

p y . . .

5 1 5 3 02 1 1 1 , I r ead
f f
.

I t each chi ldren .

’ 61

I am tak i n g lesson s fr omso -

an d
so .

5 9 l 01 5
gi v e .
2
0 9 1
a w h en I w as s u t d yi n g in A th e n s .

5 55 0 1 1 571 0 1 1 . I mak e w ay .

555 1 » 71 0 0 71 021 . I giv e a d in n er par ty -

.

5 00 5 9 1 1 5 1 0 Go d f o rbid .

1 5 55 1 1 1 1 , to oth .

a §0 1 55 1 1 1 1 5
'
1 5 3y th e c h ild is c u tti n g his teeth
I
. .

5 01 1 0 1 1 1 0 51 1 1 1 a 50 1 1 1 . . 1a 0 011. that is n o t f o r yo u (meat f o r y o u r

maste r) .

5 0 1 1 5 0 1 51 1 1 , I w or k .
,

[5 0 1 1 5 01 51 1 1 11 5 1 1 7 751 1
3 I k eep the wou n d o pe n irritat e
a w ou n d .
,

5 071 7 5 0 1 7510 1 1 0 1 1 551 1 5 0 1 1 5 0 1 50 1

1 . . h is sho p is d o i n g n o bu si n e ss .

1 5 61 1 1 0 5 5 1 1 0 0 5 51 1 5 0 1 1 5 0 1 50 1 h is watch h as sto pped

7 . .

1 1 5 0 1 1 5 0 1 50 1 h is so re ru n s
}
7 71 5 1 71 1 1
5 1 0 . .

50 1 1 5 0 15 b usi n ess, w o rk
, .

5x 1 0 50 1 1 5 0 1 5 . I h ave wo rk to d o .

0 51 1 0 5 1 1 1 1 5 1 0 1 1 5 0 1 1 5 0 1 5
1 . that is my o w n afi air .

57 11 1 1 1 0 0 1 s 1 9 1 5 1 15 01 511 0 ov o a b o u t yo u r bu sin ess

’
71 1
1 0 1 .
g .

1 5 5 1 051 1 1 , d rac h m ( m
1 e a su re
) .

551 1 3x 0 1 510 54 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 . he has n ot a gram of sen se .

33 7 5 01 1 , I tak e o u t .

33 70 5 0 1 5 71 0 5 54 1 1 1 0 1 1 . h e h as d isloca ted his foot .

37 2 0 1 11 1 5
4 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 15 1 0 1 1 . I earn my bre ad .

h e gai n s n othin g (b y it) .

b e d i smissed h is ser v an t .

th ey set hi m free .

I llsho w yo u are a l iar I

’
05 0 0 37 55 11 1
4 5
1 0 1 1 71 1 1 .
, w i ll
pro v e yo u to be mi stak en .

¢p 5 1 0 5 . h e pu t fru it o n th e ta ble , p ro

du ced fru it .

05 1 1 1 51 1 0 5 5 1 1 1 I w i ll h av e a tooth o ut
37 5 5 . 1 . .

L
F 551 1
.

37 2 0
1 0

11 1 1 5 11 5 11 001
3 15 .
I can n ot u n dersta n d it
I am tak in g o fi my boots
.

.
 A SHO RT AND EASY MODE RN GREEK G RA MMAR .

33 7 0 151 1 1 1 1 , I go o u t .

0 151 9 1 1 50 1 1 5 0 1 5 5 01 1 othi n g wi ll come of t ha t

’

37
5
n
0 71 ) ) 0 1 11 01

1 1 71 0 1 0 . busin ess .

1 1
5

37 7 ;
0 1 11 0 wh a t came of tha t ?
5 j o vx o 501 3 7 0 1 1 0 1 51 5 51 50
5
1 1 1 th e st u fi Won t ru n to tw o dresse s
1
1 1 0 11 00 1 0 59 .
(b e e n o ugh f o r t w o dresses
) .

25 61 , h er e
‘

5 x 1 5p1 0 9 5 71
’
0
’
61 . thi s ge n t leman .

5 1 00 1 1 0 £
561 l ook h ere ! (list en h er e lit )
'
.

I am .

01 11 0 1 1 5
1 x1 1 0
5 it is c o ld o r hot .

0 1 5 01 0 0 1 is it yo u ?
5
71 0 1 0 9 0 1 1 0 W ho is it ?
1 5 71 1 1 1 5 1 5 0 0 1 1 0 21 1 0 are the se yo ur chi ldre n ?
0 1 1 1 0 51 5 1 1 5 he i s o n the poin t of settin g o fl ’
5
0 7911 .
.

30 1 0 1 5 0 1 1 5 71 1 1 1 9 0 51 1 0 . I sen t to ask ho w he w as .

0 1 11 0 11 5 0 11 0 0 5 17 11 0 11 01 9. it is e n o ug h to sen d o n e cr a z y
(lit m a.k e o n e b u rst ) .

21 1 0 9 x p51 1 0 9
3
0 11 0 . a y e ar a o
g .

71 151 9 0 50 0 1 ho w ar e u 5
yo

51 1 3 0 151 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 71 0 151 1 1 1 1 , I go ih .

5 1 1 01 1 1 0 71 0 9 1 11 71 0 1 1 1 01 th a t man i n t erfe re s ev ery w h e r e

5
0 151 5 9
C
0 .
.

71 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 .

1 01 1 1 1 71 1 11 0 0 1
1 9 1 5 11 0 1
5 5501 . h e has tak en it i n to his h ea d .

0 11
1 3 5
0 1 11 11 1 0 1 11 11 1 1 9.
73 1 5 I bec ome surety .

0 1
1 37 1 11 01 1 01 9 5 0 v5 0 1 5 1 1 h e set to work .

51 1 51 1 1 1 0 1 1
5
51 11 3 0 1 1 1 0 1 9
5
5
01 9 1 10 1 1 .
you are e x p o si n g yo u rsel f t o
dan ger .

7 33
0 1 1 11 0
1 10 6
0 79
1 1 . h e set up as tai lor .

5 care
5
1 1 11 11 0 1 0 ,
; .

21 1 1 1 013 0 0 1 1 l . min d you r o wn b u si n ess !

361 1 1 , o u t .

1 5 50 1 5 1 1 1 1
1 5511 1 . I k n o w it by h eart .

f 251 1 1
h
besides th at .

5 351 1 1 1 1 1 0 59 th e gho st
.

. .

a bove .

a bout (th er eab ou t) .

p oy u , I come .

5 01 1
5
3px 01 0 1 11 0 5 05 . it d oe s n o t commen d it se l f t o
me it is n o t con v en ien t to me
, .
 A S HO RT AND EASY MOD ERN G REE K GRA MMAR .

I w ish .

01 1 5 5 1 51 1 y o u
11 0 . he wi sh e s me ell w .

0 ou 01 55 1 1 1 I I o w e yo u n o thi n g mo r e .

51 1 071 61 1 0 581 0 1 1 151 1 0 1 9

1 h e too k him aside . .

5811 1 51 1 1 1 1 I swea t . .

071 0 5 1 5 1 5 0 5 1 5 1 1 0 1 1 851 1 581 1 1 51 1 0 1 I don t trou ble my self abou t tha t

’ ’
-
. .

50 1 0 j u st , ex act l y
, .

a re th e sa me a e
9

70 1 0
0 {0 1 0 0 i9 1 5

1 1 51 1 1 51 1 0 1 1
1
yoa1 5 we
j u st in time
g
.
v .
.

0 51 5 th at is j ust wh at I am sayin g .

0 5 1 0 00 5 5
0 1 0 50 1 0 w e a r e q u it s
1 . .

11 0 3 05 0 , o n hor seb ac k .

1 5 1 3 1 5 1 0 0 0 11 0 3 1 55 0 h e b o u ght it w itho u t l o o k i g t
7 1 . n a

it (he bo u ght a pig in a p o k e ) .

1 1 0190 , e v e ry , each .

1 1 or 71 5
p y1
'
10 . ev erythin g .

11 05190 81 50 1 1 01 1 0 1 9 . e v ery ot her day .

1 1 1 5190 1 1 50 0 1 1 0 2 5 1 1 i 1 1 1 e v ery n o w an d then

y . .

5 71 5 5 0 7 139 . of ev ery k in d .

11 059 0
xp 1 51 1 0 1 1 . e v ery y ear y ea rly
, .

1 1 0 5 0, well .

51
1 1 0 5 5 1 1 0 5 5 1 0 1 1 1 1 311 0 3 . lu ck ily I w as there .

1 1 0 5 1 5 0 0 1 0 155 0 0 .
7 I to ld yo u so .

good .

w el co me
’
11 05 15 9 1 0 1 1 ! .

1 1 10 11 0 5 11 0 5 7
5 . o n ce f o r all .

1 5 1 1 0 5 1 51 1 farewell 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 131
, .

1.
0
1

7 11 1
71
1

1 11 0 1 0 1
1 11 0 509
I
. I stan d su re ty (go bail )
11 0 5 5, 1 1 5 good h eave n s w hat are ,
y o u
in g me !
tel l
11 0 51 1 1 1 1 1 1 , I mak e .

'
1 1 5
11 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 ho w d o yo u d o ?
Q
0 11 0
1 11 0 1
p01 9
1 1 0 10 1
1 9 h e w as thr ee d ay s o n th e w ay .

11 1 51 1 1 1 0 1 11 0 1 p is 0 151 0 11
5
. I can n ot get o n w ithou t hi m .

1 5 581 0 1 1 05 1 1 1 0 1
1 . it is allth e same .

80 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
5 5
. th at d oes n o t su it me .

851 1 1 1 051 1 1 1 0 1 . it is n o good [.th at d r e ss ?

71 0 0 0 1 1
f
11 0 1 11 01 9
1 0 1 11 0 1 0 4
1 0 1 1 01 1 0 ho w mu c h d o yo u ch arge f o r
b e qu ick I mak e ha st e l
 A S HOR T AND EA S Y M OD ERN GREEK G RA MMAR .

K 0 7rv1 2 01 , I smok e .

51 1 071 11 1 0 6 11 5.
d n i yv)
'
. it oc cu rred to him to go a way .

11 071 0 1 1 , s ome w he r e .

11 0 71 0 1 1 1 1 0 71 0 0 . n o w an dth e n .

071 0 1 1 5 011 0 a b o u t ten ti me s

’
11
¢ 0
p0 1 9. .

fl h é ,g d w I
'
K ara a u w
n o n .

851 1 05 11 0 1 0 1 16 00 7; h e W il ln o t lo wer th e price .

05 1 0 0 11 0 1 0 1 3 00 0 1 1 1 10 1 1 3
.
“
I W i ll gi v e him a b o x o n th e ear .

af t er .

571 15 0 6 11 0 1 671 1 11 1 0 v. h e d ogged his st eps .

071 h e is always fo llo w i n g me abo u t

'

1 5 71 0 1 ve1
1
p 0 50 1 1 1 50 1 9 11 0 1 1 11 .
.

11 01 01 , below .

01 1 0 1 11 01 10 1 011 0 1 11 6 9 .
yo u hav e t urn ed ev erythin g
topsy tu r v y
-
.

11 0 11 1 0, n e ar .

[ 1
11 0 11 1

5 11
0 1 51
1 3 5 6

wfipc 0 71 5 11 0 1 1 1 0
1 1
77
0 0 1
0

.
0 1
75 1 09
‘
?
4
shor tly befor e su n se t
h e ran afte r him .
.

11 0 11 1 5 9 1 51 1 1 1 0 1 11 1 . of cou rse o bv i o u sly .

1 co 7r1 a §
1o , I ex er t my sel f .

11 0 1 1 1 00 1 1 ! come in , please .

K 0¢ 1 w, I cu t .

1
3 80 1 1 5 1 1 51 05 11 6511 11 ; 511 0 1 51 1 thi s afi air will co st a h u n dred
5p0 x p a 1 9 fran cs
'
. .

861 1 1 0 1 1 K 6¢ T € L 5 1 65 0 1 1 . th at is allth e same to him .

11 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 2 I shak e .

0 51 5 5 861 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 61 0 1
1 . the tooth is loo se .

1 1 1 1 1 1 02 0 1 , I l ook .

11 1 51 1 0 05 1 91 1 5 0 1 1 5 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 . mi n d yo ur b usin e ss .

1 1 1 51 1 0 56 1 1 0 5 0 ! l oo k o u t 1 be o n you r gu ard
1 5 5 000 9 , m i sta k e .

3x 1 “ 5 000 9 .
yo u ar e mi sta k e n .

5 0 11 11 0 , h o l
e p it
7
3 , .

1 5 1 1 0 67 0 0 1 1 c i9 1
9 7 5 1 1 5 011 11 0 . th ey left him in th e l u rch .

5 0 0 m), di rt
6
1
.

3x 1 1 71 0 5 5 0 29 5 00 71 0 1 9 it is v er y mu dd y o u t of do o rs .

1 5 311 0 1 1 1 5 00 71 77
1 . he has cu t an d r u n .

5 00 71 1 ) 77 80 1 1 5 31 0 . it is a p oo r b u si n e ss, it is a.
fa i l u re.

I f Spax pfiv is u n dersto o d w i th p ta v the phrase mean s lmak e hi m

I wil
‘ ’

t a k e a drachma
1 00 A S HO RT AND EAS Y MODERN G REEK GRA MMA R .

5 07 1 1 1 , I sa y .

w ha tdo es that mean !

’

05 §
'
1 1 r

05 5 1 ) 1 711 1 0 1 0 5 51 1 5 . we ll ta lk abo u t that

’
a n o th e r

5 0 1 71 01 1 , 1 0 5
5 71 0 1 6 .
1 well that is settled
, .

d o yo u thi n k 8 0 !
7
71 1 1 9 1 0 1 1 5 51 1 6 W ha t is h e call ed !
559 31 0 31 1 5 51 1 2
5 11 5 51 5 1. le t o s su ppo se tha t it is so .

so th e l etter sai d .

1 5 51 61 , ce n ti me (te n th
71 1 1 par t of a G ree k pen n y ) also 0 min u te ,

o i ti m e)
( .

he h asn t
’
851 531 5 1 5 1 71 1 61 1
1 -
. a pen n y .

h e owes me a small su m .

t u se d : k in d (o f ) so rt (o f )
, .

5 0 7 69 1
11 1 0 0 5 5x 0 9 what kin d of win e hav e yo u 1
al
lkin ds .

5 61 1 0 9 , th e w ord .

551 1 5x 5 1 5 67 0 1 1 . it is certain (there is n o n eed to

ta l k a bou t i t) .

th e ru mour has sprea d .

1 1 1 1 1 6 1 07 5 5 07 0 1 1
’
5 51 1 71 0 . h e w o n t listen to reaso n .

5 51 1 5 51 1 0 9 5 6 0 9 t ha t i s easi l y sai d
7 . .

fla w I mak e a speech .

le t u s c han ge the su bj ect .

f o r ex ample .

5 5 07 0 1 1
1 1 . r easo n a bl y

5 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 69 , t he bath .

h e le ft me
’

p 0 1 571 0 5 1 1
. 1 5 .
1 5
11 1 1 0 1 0 9 in the l ur ch .

1 1 , str ap , tho n g, ha rn ess

’
1 5
5 p1. .

5581 71 0 125 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1: he is pl
ayin g fal se .

1 1 025 1 51 1 1 ,
M 61 1 1» , I co llect .

1 5 . 71 1 0
1 71
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 11
1 . I a m packi n g up .

1 1 0 11 1 6 1
1 0, f ar , d i stan t .

5 5 1 0 1 1 1 0 11 1 1 5 1 0 .
yo u are wi de of the mark .

hair .

th e y took hold of each o th e r s '

hair (th e y fou ght lik e t w o

cat s
) .
 A S HORT AND EASY M OD ERN GR EEK GRA MMA R .

1
) pv
1 81 a , th e smell .

1 5 7n
)p p v 81 a
5 . he ha s got W in d of it .

0 1 51 the n o se .

5
11 1 11 1 1 1 11 5 1 5) 1 1 61 1 ) 1-
0 v. h e tu r n s u p his n o se (he has go t
o n th e h igh hor se
0 ) .

32 0 51
1 5 11 1 1
7 1 0 v. he in ter f e re s in e v erythi n g .

7 31
1 15 1 1 5 h e spea k s thro u gh his n ose .

1 5 1 5 p5 th e wa t er
1
, .

5 5 1 1 1 1 5 pé I h av e it at my fin ger s e n d s
’
1 0 . .

f) 8o v5 e1 5 0 011 5 1 1 5 1 5 th i s u S i n e ss pay s, h a s p ote n

V5
p .

h
tlah tles ( mses wa t e )
O

r
o

r .

0 VOW .

5 1 1 0 69 0 o v 5 51 1 5 71 5 1 1 1 0 1 5 '

y o u ar e a lway s thin k in g of it .

I sa i d it to myself
’
55 5 7 0 9 1 5 1 1 o i} p o v . .

vrc i) e5 5 9 1 5 1 1 0 5 G o v w he r e wer e you r thou ghts (wit s)?

x
851 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 5 1 5 1 1 0 5 9 1 0 v . he is n o t v ery sharp .

1 5 1 1 1 5 1 , th e n a il
x .

K o v cr? 51 9 1 5 1 1 1 5 1 0
p f ) x . from h ead to foot [ t i p toe) .
—
.

1 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 11 h e gi ve s himself airs (wa l k s o n

'‘
’
1 5 1 r0 1 5 1
p 9 x .

£¢ p
5 0 1 5 1 1 11 1
,
I u n load
$ 5 ¢ 0 p1 1 51 1 0 v )1 5 . lea v e me alo n e .

I t ur n so u r .

1 f5 5 1 11 1 0 5
'

h e 1 8 u pset a little . .

5 K 0 1 p5 9 1 5 251 51 1 1 0 5. th e weath er became un favo ura bl e .

E a so u r fac e
'
0 31
0 1 10 vv1 0 7
1 5 1 30 . .

8 59 ,
011 s uro .

81 0 0 1 5 5 o t me dear
’

By i has
,

p o v i x 5 0 51 1 ) t h at plea sur e c s .

80 1 1 1 .

55 0 9 , a l l .

7 1 5 1 5 5 5 0 o o vJ in earn est
p .

55 0 j o n th e w h o le in th e main , .

55 0 h e k eep s o n cry in g .

p 1 5 5 5 0 v9 . in a mass i n a l u mp
.
, .

0 5 55 0 1 1 1 0 v1 0 . howe v er n e v ertheless
, .

5 5 0 1 1 o 7ro v a l tho u gh
1 1 0 . .

5 5 1 0 1 1 5 51 1 0 1 wi se as h e is
p .0 1 .

5 1 1 5 1 0 , s ee c h
1
) 1 p .

111 1 1 0 1 1 1 » 5 1 15 171 1 1
3 1 . I b egin a. s peech .

5p 0 5 o yw , I co n fe ss, a fiir m .
[ are tal k i n g n o n se n s e .

851 1 71 0 5 0 7 5 9 1 191 0 1
"

5 ! y o u ar e pro v i n g n othin g y o u ,
 A S HORT AND EASY MODERN GR EEK G RA MMAR . 1 03

1 5 5 11 0 0 0 , the na me .

0 1
'

70 p 5 0 5
x 51 1 5 51 1 0 0 0 1 0 v. to day is his n a me day
-
th e
fe stiv a l of the sain t aft e r

w hom h e is n amed ) .

by n ame
,
11 0 1 51 1 0 0 0 . .

1 50 0 0
'
' '

p 0 5 1 1 50 0 1 0 . f o u r person s .

5pef t, th e a pp etit e .

5p5 £
1 851 1 5 1 0
x . as if I had n o thi n g el se to d o ( as

i f I had n o othe r ta ste ) .

1 5 11 5p5 £
1 11 . I t ak e a w ay the appe tite .

5 0 21 1 1 , I defin e , comman d, fix .

1 1 0 5 51 9 51 50 0 1 5 l
p
‘

w elco me
5p1 0 1 5
'
'
. w h at isyou r pleasure ?come in , & c .

5 1 1 sca r cel y , j ust .

51 1 51 51 1 7 5 . he h as j u st gon e o ut .

71 0 00 51 1 1 1 1 , I sn fier .

1 1f 571 0 05 9 w hat is th e matt er w ith yo u ?

1 51 1 571 0 05 . h e has c ome to grief .

71 0 1 1 1 1 , I
2 p l a y .

15 0 5 0
0 0 13 y 571 0 1 5 5
m . h e played in e a n c i e t rick .

71 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 , I t a k e
p .

71 0 1
'

p 1 1 1 11 0 0 § v
0 0 v. I ta ke with me .

71 0 1 fp1 1 1 1 1 I tak e back .

71 0 1
p 571 10 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 5 0 0 0 v
1 1 11 1
7 . I ta k e back my w ord .

1 5 71 0 1f 1 1 1 1 1 571 01 1 1 1 1
p 0 0v . I tak e it u pon me .

1 5 71 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 5 71 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 o u
p h e ta k es too much u po n himself
E
. . .

71 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 9 1 5
] I ch eat
'

p x p 5 1 .

0 5 71 1
)p 5 5 1 1 7 1 11 0 9 I fell asle ep .

’
071 0 v1 5 57 51 551 1 71 0 1 p1 1 1 1 1 . I w on t hav e th at .

7ra 5 1 5 1 1 51 1 0 1 v71 0 1 5 1 1 55 5 0 th e o n e i s a s good as th e o t her

p x .

(t a k e o n e an d stri k e th e oth er
) .

1 5 m p0 0 71 0 1 5
0 0 1 . I re solved .

EWP ( 5 1 7 1 1 1 81 )L ] who w o n (the game)?

“

59
’
1 01 5 71 17p5 1 71 0

”
?P ll ‘ 7 ° a ‘ ‘a h e r ecei ved my le tter .

1 5 71 1
)p 0 7ro 5 v 5
9 0
1 1 10 . I got it v ery ch eap .

71 0 1 1 0 00
0 0 v 7ra
py 9 81 0 51 5 ho w mu ch will yo u t ak e f or that 2
71 0 1f 1 1 0 1 0 5 0
p 0 . I hav e myself bled .

7ra 1 80 1 1 5 1 1 1 0
'

p1 1 1 a1 . I b o rro w mo n e y .

A I
5 71 r 5 0 131 5 9 1
’

)p 51 1 51 1 1
p0 71 7)1 1 . h e to ok th e r e spo n si bility (l it .

shame
) .
 1 04 A S HORT AND EAS Y MOD ERN GREEK G RA MMA R .

71 0
p0 1 1 1 1 11 1 , i lower .

851 1 1 0 813 5 1 1 1 0 1 0 11
1 51 1 11 . h e will n ot giv e it f o r less .

5 71 0 1 5 the father
'

p0 9, .

C 1 9 1 5 1 71 0 1 5 0 0 0 9 to th e deu ce s
]
G
p
1 o
)
1 -
11 a
mgi o I p ro v ok e an n oy , , .

851 1 1 5 4 1 6051
1 . it d oes n o t matter .

5 I1 1 5 71 5 1 0 1 5V O 9 h e is an gry
p y)
‘
. .

71 5 0 0 1 1 1 1 59
p t ran sitory
'

, .

I hope yo u wi ll so on be w e l
l

71
52 1 1 11 1 , I pass .

’
5 71 5 p0 1 1 5 55 0 v9 0 71 5 he pu t them allto th e swo rd .

1 1 71 0 01 .

7r5
p1 1 1T
1 1 91 1 1 5 71 5 I threa d a n eedle .

3 5 5 0 11 1 .

1 11 1 1
7re l
p p 51 1 I p a ss m
1ca 1
y ti m eo 1 1 0 1 1 . .

81 5 1 5 71 5 d 1 5 11 0 1 59 to pass th e time (to k i ll ti me )

p
. .

71 5 1 1 1 5 1 0 3 1
p
1
3 5 1
1 0
j
1 I r e a d a b oo k th r o u g h . .

5 71 5 0 0 5 1 5 71 5 1 7 1 1 0 h e 1 8 o v e r ( p a s t ) fif t y ( y e ar s ld )
'
1 1
p . o .

71 61 9 1 5 v 9
p 0 h o w ar e
y o u g e t t in g o u ? h o w
’
d ye do 1
1 5 71 5 15 1 h
d p p
1 1 0 1 1 0 e h o ped to g e t a s f ar a s M e g a r a 1

1 a 1 1 9 1 5 Me a a
'

¢p y a l
y p f o r1 thi r ty f ran c s . .

m
’

( )
'
71 5 0 1 1 5 0 11 a 1 0 9
p p th e t i e s e a s o n 1 8 p
. as t .

'
85 1 5 7r5 p0 0 5 5 1 0 9 x po vo s
'
n o t a y ear a o
’

g
' ‘
1 1

E
.

1 0 1 580 851 we v i 1 1 5 50 1 ; thi s mo n e y is n o l o n ge r c urr e n t

.

'

0 51 1 1
1 p q
1
) 1
.

0 5 71 5 0 0 5 5 71 0 1 0 1 1 5 1 0 5 0 9
p
'

4
'
m y h e a d ac h e i s g o
1 n e . .

1 1 )v 71 5 p0 0 1 1 5 1 7p 53 80 1 1 5 80 l
'
ast wee k
‘
1 1
'

. .

1 0 7 51 5 1 1 0
vre
v I h a v e t r o u ble e n o u gh to
g t
' '
1
x p 1 . e
am in
a lo n g
( I s t r a i te n e d
cir c umstan c es
) .

r
g p 5 1 1 1 i th e sto n e throw
, .

[5x 51 71 5 1
p 1 5 51 1 it i s hi s cr ot c h e t th a t .

11 0 051 0 9 5 5 1 1 a 1 ou 7
'
e v er y o n e ha s h is ho bb y
x
1 71 5 1
p . . .

51 1 1 5 71 5 1 h e h a s a bee i n hi s b o n e t
5
x 1 p 10 . n .

71 5 1 51 I fly thr o w
, , .

71 5 1 8 0 71 5 1 1
)x p
’
0 0 1 0v h e j u m p s f o r jyo . .

r 71 5 1 0 1 5 1 5 1 o v 5 1c1 a v 5 1 5 thr ow d o w yo r g dr a w
L
¢ 0
p n u un s ,

1 5 0 71 0 01 0 0 0 9 you r swor d s . .

a af 5 71 5 1 0 55 h e d r ew h is d gg e
p x p a . r .
 1 06 A SHORT AND EA S Y MO D E RN GREEK G RA MMA R .

71 5 1 )p51 1 1 1 1 , I pay .

5 05 5 9 1 1 5 0 0 3 1 0 71 5 q ! may G o d r equ ite yo u .

1 03 1 0 0 5 h e paid him bac k (for it)

. .

71 5 1 0 1 5 1501 , I appr oach , dra w n ear

7 .

71 5 0 1 5 €5 1 1 5 551 1 1 1 0
n 3 h e i s n e ar s ix ty . .

71 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 sul f o cate, stran g le

3 .

571 1 1 131 1 711 5 . he got d r o wn ed .

'
5 51 1 5 71 1 1 1 1 51 1 0 9 1 5
xp 509 h e i s deep i n deb t
74 . .

5 11 0 p5 fi1
571 1 1 571 0 1 1 5 1 . th e ship ha s su n k .

1 5 7ro 85 p1 (71 581 ) the foot .

1 5 1 5 71 0 85 1 0 on foot
p p . .

0 4 11 51 1 01 5 59 1 5 71 5 81 . I se t o n foot , set the Wor ld a g og .

1 5 71 0 1 54 1 1 the river .

5 1 5 71 0 1 5 1 1 1 h e is in a sad pic k le
‘

1 5 1 1 7n
'

5p .

(5 5 }y h e sh ed flo o ds of t ears
’
1 1 0 v 5 71 1 0 1 11 0 11 .

1 10 1 01 5 11 1 85 1 1 pv0 . a to rr e n t of t ear s .

1 5 wpfiyp a , t he thi n g .

W h at is
,
1 1
'
71 5
p w1 0 1
5 11 5 55 0 1 1 that 1
th e sh eepsk i n
1 3
71 1 0 5 , 51 .

o i) 51 5 131 0 60 1 1 1 51 1 71 po fie1 0 1 1
J him a
'

Q
1
th ey g ave d r u bbi n g .

71 o 11 571 1 01 , I mak e progr ess

p .

1 5 we h a ve made a n ice busin e ss o f

1
it a mess) .
.

2
5 11 5 5 v0p1 1 1 71 0 9 . h e is a clever fell o w .

I arrive , join .
[ h im see .

851 1 57rp6¢ 00 0 0 1 1 5 1 5 1 1 I d i d n o t come early en o ugh t o

'

851 1 )1 71 0 p51 1 1 5 1 0 wpo ¢ 05 0 I ca n n ot ha ve th em al

’
01 l fin ish e d .

851 1 05 11 5 1 5 5 5 1 1 11 we have n o t time to fin ish t h i s

5 71 6111 5 -
. even i n g .

7ro v MI1 I sell

, .

55 5 0 13 11 5 1 0 71 0 v 5 1 50 y9 '
t ell that to th e ho rse mar i n e s -

sell th a t e l
( sew h e re
) .

5 1 , th e
5 x 7 back .

0 5 1 1 41 5 1
1 7 15 17
{ x 0 0 11. y ou goin g
are in searc h o f a
beatin g (your sk in it c he s) .

i n 1 1 111 , I th row .

5 30
’
51 1 5 h e pu ts h is ta i l be t ween h i s
1 1 5 1 1 0 1 c v.
A legs (he lets his ears d r o p i n
t e rro r) .
 A S HORT AND EASY M OD ERN GREEK GRA MMAR . 1 07

1 0 11 5
Q

pp £ 1 5 1 0 th e h orse threw him .

I
px
C I
1 115 1 1 0
I
5 1 9 5 1 5 v0
)
Q
. h e t hro ws th e bla me o n me .

5pp1 £5 11 51 111 1 5
1 1 51 10 sh e l o we r ed h er ey e s .

1 5 5pp1 f e 551 1 1 . h e thr o ws it up gi v es it u p , .

0 5pm» , I d r aw .

I 80 0 5 51 9
I
o a b ou t your bu sin e ss
0 v
p 5 9 1 1) , 0 0 v. g .

I l ift .

0 1 )11 5V 1 1 1 71 0 1 1 1 5 I hoist sa il
. .

0 011 51 1 1 1 1 71 0 5 1 0 0 11 I rai se th e sie ge

p . .

1 5 1 1 50 1 5 11 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 t hey too k him u p, deposed him

. .

851 1 0 1 71 1 5 1 1 5 1 x 0 p0 1 5 h e ca n t tak e a j o k e
’
. .

0 5 1 5 5 51 851 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1
7 7 I w o n t sta n d tha t
’
. .

1 5 1
p a 7reC 1 I c lear th e ta ble
'
. .

71 55 5 1 0 1 1
1 I de c lar e w ar. .

0 1 711 1 601 711 0 1 1 1 5 1 0 5 5 1 5

1 m y h a i r stood o n en d . .

1 5 1 0 v 1 1 5 11 1
/ I t ak e u
p t
'
h e g u
. n
I I
.

1 0 71 5 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 5 1 85 11 0 71 0 80 d
I
th e e el w f ee t f
A

7 p 10 v ss r a s t en o

V 5 p5 . w a t er .

'
1 111 0
p 5 0 0 11 1 50 7
1 11 0 I h a v e j u st got u
.
p .

’
0 1 )11 5 V 0 )1 0 1 5 71 5 1 1 10 1 1 5 pp1 1 1 0 1 1 5 1 1 I r eco v e r from a sick n ess . .

0 4 11 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 5 71 5 1 5 1 1 5 71 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 I a wak e . .

1 1 5 0 , to da
0 ))
p y
-
.

eight days h en c e , this day

week .

0 1 1 0 9 , stll l
0

0 1
7 .

S tlllwaters r un deep (k eep yo u r

I
5 71 0 0 1 7 0 1 1 0 71 0 1 5 1 1 1 p a x pa a 1 0
p ov
x a 0 0 v. c l othe s o u t of a s i len t river) .

0 11 51 1 11 1, I bu rst .

0 11 0 1 1 1 1 1 5 71 0 1 5 755 10 . I b ur st with lau ghin g .

0 11 5 11 11 1 5 71 0 1 0 11 0 11 0
1 1 01 1. I b ur st With an ger .

0 11 5 0 5 .
get o ut !
go to th e de u c e ! (b u r st
yo ur self) .
1

t r o u gh . I
{S w e n 1
4 11 I ca ll a s a p de a s a p de .

5 0 11 0 7 1 0 9 , th e mo tiv e .

11 0 50 11 0 11 0 71 0 11 . w ell i n t en tio n ed
-
.

851 1 1 0 5
5 71 5
)
1 5 11 0 11 51 1 0 1 1 0 71 51 1 . h e sa i d it W itho u t an y mean
ln
g .

0 71 5 1 1 1 1 1 , I b r ea k .

0 71 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 11 5 ¢ 5Af p o v . I rac k my brai n s .

1 08 A S HORT AND EASY MODE RN GREEK GRA MMAR .

5
'
1 0 7rup1 , the grain .

351 1 5x 5 1 . 0 11
v 1 1 10 55 . he ha s n o t a grai n of se n se .

5 11 0 m m . a trifl e .

5 11 1 1 1 , I stan d (0 1 80
( 11 1 511 5 1 0 1 9 1 5 1 h e ha s a go o d sea t o n hor se b ac k
. .

1 5 51 po My1 1 011 0 1 5 01 1 1 1 5 . his wa tc h ha s sto pped .

0 1 5 5 11 01 , I 86 1 1 1 1 .

05 0 r ew 51 5 1 51 70 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 . I shall se n d for th e doctor .

0 1 p fi a 5 v a1 I be n d , .

1
3 5 0 1 1 5 1 3
5 1 5 50 1 1 5 1 1 0 5 1 . th e thin g goes w ron g .

0 1 1 1 1 31 1 1
1 I 1 s pr ea d
1 , .

0 1 11 51 1 1 1 1 5 x
p fifl
e am
1 1
'
. I mak e th e bed .

1 1 1 5 1 1 0 71 I set th e ta ble
0 1
p w l
1 4 1 1
1 . .

1 5
0 1
1 5 1 01 711 5
1 9 0 1 5 1
x p p
0 1 1 51 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 1 0 1 1
: . h e lay do w n o n th e gra ss
I pav e th e st reet
.

1 1 1 . .

uz\5 1 1 1 1 1 , I pro p u
0 1
p .

0 1 1 1 5 51 1 11 1 1 5 I fix my eyes u po n .

0 11
7 1 11 11 2 11 1 , I or der .

I mak e my toilette d r ess , .

1 5 0 1 1 11 1 0 1 1 , th e liv er .

85 1 1 x a x va. 1 5 0 1 1 11 61 1 1 y o u 5 1 I do n t fret myself .

’
fid d l
e

0 51 5 . 8 tri n gs o v e r t ha t .

0 1 1 1 1 5 05 1 0 , f o r gi v en e ss, sy mpathy
1
} 1
1 1 5 0 1 1 1 71 0 05 1 0
1 p ar d o n m e . .

0 1 1 1 0 1 5 9 , c o rr e ct , ex a ct
-
.

1 5 1 5 0 11 1 0 1 5 0 o u i n ear n e st
p . .

1 5 5 5 1 51 1 1 1 1 , I fin i sh .

5 1 5 5 5 1 11 1 0 0 . r a e dy .

1 5 1 5
p 1.
( p) th e eq
1 0 1u al 1 .

55 1 1 5
"

x 51 1 5
p 1 . he is beyon d compar e .

1 5 p1 5 §5 1 ( 1 a1
p l)
5 e1 , 1 I fit .

55 1 1 2
1 5 11 1 0 51 . itd oe s n o t fit .

1 1
'
1 5 0 1 02 5 1
1 , What fits ?
5 1 51 1 0 1 , t he pl
a ce .

x
p ao
-
i 1 01 3 1 571 0 1 1 . w i n e of th e co un try .

1
p fl ,
5a
'

1 I dra w .

x p
’
e 1 . I giv e u
p , I w ith d ra w .

go o u l
11 0 1 1 1 51 1 I smok e .

0
3 1 0 13 1 0 1
1 .

1 I Wi th draw .
 1 1 0 A S HO RT AND EAS Y MOD ERN GREEK G RAMMA R .

the w eather has bro k en .

my sto mac h is o u t of orde r .

5 m y hear t is brea k in g
'

x 5 5 0 0 5 11 0
p 1a .

th ey hav e pu t the en e my to
fl ight .

71 0 5 v 5 x 0 M0
1 0 0 v1 1
1 J
59
53 1 5 5 11 5 1 1 1 0 ha v e cha n ged mu c h f r o m
5 71 0 1 1 yo u
w ha t you (on c e ) wer e .

I ha v e bro k en m y fa st .

1 5 11
p 0 0 5 5 px 1 0 5 v5
é
1s t he wi n e is begin n i n g to t u r n .

5 V 1 1 1 , I l ose
x .

1 5
x 5 1 u1
a . I l ose m y h ea d .

5 1 0 5 1 5 x 5 v0 1 1 0 1
’
. I am dyin g f o r it I mu st hav e , it .

5 1 , th e ha n d
'
1 5
x p .

1 1 51 1 0
x pe 1 1 1 571 1 5 1
'
1 M . one mu st giv e an d ta k e (o n e
han d wash es the oth er ) .

5 1 11 5 5 x 5 p1 1 0 v
9 1
'
. th e afi air l ies i n his ha n ds .

”
551 1 ex 1 o 9 1 5 x ép1 . I hav e n o m on ey in han d I a m ,
o u t of mon ey .

x p 5 10 . five times .

5 x p5 1 1 o s, t e y ear
11 0 11 5 o vo w5
h .

u ck to h im
b ad l
xp xy .

71 5 0 1 1 1 1 1
xp 5 11 0 1 11 5 1 11 5 ho w o l
d is h e 3
1 0v
xp 5 11 0v . n ex t y ear .

w
x p1
f a1 , I separate .

55 5 5 5 5 5 I t re a t him a s a br other
’

x pfw 5
5 1 1
V 1 0 11 1 u1 0 71 .
.

B w m
( p b x p w w , ,
a v e f
hold h
o r . roo m
1 0 1 1 1 0 5 51 1 1 0 x wp5 1 5 wave y o u my min d can t tak e th at m .

1 5 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 , th e br e ad .

[73 02 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 y o u
1 I earn my br ead .

5155 7 0 1 1 5 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 W e h av e ea ten bread an d

together we ar e
f ri en d s) .

71
1 1 1 0, the hou r .

1 1f 51 p0 5 31 1 5 ; wh at o clock is it 1
’

11 0 1 5 1 511 d
1 1 a 11
p . f o r th e pr ese n t .

d1 pa 1 1 1 91 1 1 51 p0 1 1 . fr om min u te to min u t e .

51 pm; 51 p0 1 9 . from time to time .

51 p0 1 1 . a t an
y ti m e .

d1 pa v5 1 5 1 1 . . pl ague ta k e him 1
51 p0 11 0 5 1 5 . go o d by e
-
.
 A S HOR T AND EAS Y M OD ERN GREEK GRA MMA R .

an i mal 6 {6 0 V
, 1
awa it , ka mplw e , wep mé w v

x mi w nm awak e £1 rvdw
’
an swer ? v , «3
an swer é waw dw , «3 a wa ke (a .

an ti q u i ty 17
'

1 é w bca , 1 6 6 px ai o 6 [u ra Afl i s
’

. ax e,
an x i o us, fiv f wvx o s '

an x iety , 1 ; é vna vx ui , a wna ux fa f;

’
'

¢ po w i6a ’
an y (wi th n a ve va s

an y , have yo u ? e t s a11 1 6 ;
’
baby 6 14 1 4 63 6 p p
,
11 6 1 ,
1

appear, ¢ a l vo p a ¢ back (back bo n e) 1 5 pi x , :

ap peti te , i; 6peg ¢ back behi n d 6 fo w

, ,
1r
'

appl e, 1 6 p ?Mo . b ad, mf s

x a

a pl 1 } aam Aa 1 } Bax tm a
i

p e tree , i) p uk nc
-
b ag, co B
' '

( ) bai l f o r Gm d y a é wa
,

ap proach wk na zdf w
‘

go
‘
, o t, o
c

bake Www
.

apri co t, 1 6 Bepi n o m co v ,

A pril, 6 Awphu o s bak eho use 6 ¢ 3p o s

‘
‘
, oz v

apro n , f, m aul baker wwy as ,

A rab 6 Ap¢£
1
’
m
s b alco n y 6 p a ém ,
1 r

Arabian ’
Apa8 m6s ball 1 i mi AAa 6 6
,
r , 1 1 1 :

arm 1 6 x épc ball (dan ce) 6 x p6s , o

army , 6 a1 pa1 63 ban dit 6 Ick é¢ ns , 1

a rran ge, mduw b an i sh eto pifi u

ban k 1 5 mdj x } p £ f a
,

(set in o rder )
, BdAA w ,
r a, 1 1 ¢ 1 re

ban ker o m ymépns 1 pa w f ln

,
'
ra '
,
e 1 s

arrest Bd s qpuAa fdy baptise Ba¢ £ fw ,

1

i l f)
arr va ,
r b arb er, 6 m rapp.1 r épns, o
'
x o vpe6 s, x o v p a s é
arrive 450d , bargain , a vp ¢ a wia

art, {1 1 6x 30 ; barley 6 , 1

arti cho k e, i; a w p w d a barrel fl pé lu , a

art i st , 6 1 ex vf1 n s basket 6 k ,

J Oz , 1 6 x o cpim,
1 aA

r a ve t, 1 6 ( m
'
as, a é v, 61 3 u ffin
p
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b urn , n a iw 03 1 30 1 1 , 1 1 61 1 1 0

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carpet, 1 6 x uA cl imate, 1 6

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day bef o re yesterday , wpo x re s '
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1 1 . Lysis , Men ex en us ,
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A pi ece o f very ho n est caref ul an d valuable wo rk , , .

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P1 1 0 1 . S A NDAY , A ca demy .

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A v aluable co n tributio n to tex tualcriti cism Cla33 1foalReview .

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