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Ryan B. Berger

Ms. Valenza

Creative Writing, period 10

27February 2020

In this modern-day society we live in, technology is a part of our everyday lives.

From iPhones to smartboards to cars technology is all around us. The question we must

pose is, where will this technology take us? Many experts believe the future lies in

Artificial Intelligence (AI). As Artificial Intelligence continues to develop and improve

experts must decide on the most practical and effective use of it. AI is poised to change

the world and has started to already. From searching for alien life to enabling

self-driving cars to traversing treacherous roads AI is already broadly in use. However,

a majority of experts look to the field of medicine as the best initial potential use case for

AI. Specifically, experts look to use AI in diagnostics, surgery, and treatment planning.

But we must ask ourselves, what are the best uses of AI in medicine?

Artificial Intelligence is congruent with expedited advancement in medicine.

Artificial Intelligence’s potential use cases are broad and copious however the medical

use cases are extremely practical and possible. When the term AI was coined as "the

science and engineering of making intelligent machines' ' by John Macarthy in 1956 he

could have never predicted the advancements up to date (Ahuja,2019). In its modern

form, AI has taken the reputation of enabling “complex machines with characteristics of

human intelligence”(Ahuja,2019). In the future, experts in the medical field will tend to

move towards relying on and benefiting from AI at an increasing rate. According to


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Ahuja’s quote of Frost & Sullivan, “the healthcare market for AI is increasing at a rate of

40% and is expected to reach $6.6 billion by 2021”(Frost & Sullivan, 2016). This

increase of funding in this field will only further expedite advancements in regard to AI in

medicine. As medical professionals further experiment with AI in medicine they will have

to decide on whether to use narrow scale or broad-scale AI. Narrow AI is specifically

posed to play a prominent role in “speech recognition or facial recognition”(Ahuja,2019).

On the other hand, broad-scale AI is used to specifically address the wider scale issues

that we could see in the medical field such as data pattern identifying and much more.

For example, doctors could use broad-scale AI to “collect and analyze patient data

gathered from multiple sources such as fitness trackers and at-home monitors”

(Ahuja,2019). Additionally, recent studies have shown the potential use of AI in robotic

surgery. For example, Norman claims that diagnostic AI is only the beginning of AI

usage and the real potential for AI usage is in surgical robotics (Norman, 2018).

AI usage in diagnostics is one field of medicine that is really promising. Many

medical experts will even argue that this is the most promising field of AI usage in

medicine. One company has actually even bet on the fact that this is the most promising

use of AI in the modern century. Precipio's brilliant diagnostic result reports will now

enable its patients to optimize their diagnostic process by using AI to search through a

vast amount of medical journals and reports of medical experts to accurately diagnose

their patients (TrialJectory and Precipio, 2020 ). This company has gone even further

and has provided data about possible clinical trials to their patients which has allowed

their patients to be connected to possible treatments even more efficiently (TrialJectory


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and Precipio, 2020 ). Other companies have followed in Precipio's path and have

enabled their customers to use their databases and other information outlets to find the

most optimized treatment plan. Additionally, according to ​Dias and Torkamani ​ “AI systems

are well suited to solve the clinical diagnostic tasks” (Dias and Torkamani).

Furthermore, the introduction of certain techniques in AI such including variant calling,

genome annotation, and variant classification have all shown promising signs to

constant advancement in this field. Other advancements in regards to diagnostics with

AI in medicine include phenotype-to-genotype correspondence (Dias and Torkamani).

These advancements promise to show extreme success and further growth within the

field of AI in medicine.

The benefits of AI in medicine expand further then diagnostics in medicine.

Experts predict that AI can also be used to assess risk percentage for illness types in

correlation to multiple variables in patients including age, gender, occupation, and

others (Dias and Torkamani). The engagement in this scale of AI will typically

necessitate a wide-scale use of AI which really points to the use of broad-scale AI.

Additionally, the use of AI in risk prediction in common complex diseases and the

variables involved with that complex scenario can really benefit from the use of AI

(Ahuja). The use of AI can help agencies like the CDC predict the relative and absolute

outbreak expectancies. Furthermore, this knowledge will enable the world health

organization and the CDC to be more optimal in the way they explore their resources

and also the way they direct their employees to most effectively control the virus. As you

can see by the current state of the coronavirus the necessity of the AI use for these
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disease type scenarios can be the difference between a pandemic level problem and a

controlled disease. Early scale success has been shown through the development of

the integrated AI in diagnostics but other relationships within the medical field with

integrated AI have not shown as of promising development (Dias and Torkamani).

According to Serag et al. there has “been exponential growth in the application of AI in

health and in pathology” (Serag et al.). This exponential growth is very promising as the

necessity for advanced practitioners and innovations in pathology is very high due to the

high death rates and the potentially high risks of cases. Many health officials agree that

the faster and more efficient imaging in pathology specifically with AI-assisted

diagnostics death rates can drop drastically in patients (Serag et al.). In addition to this,

the AI “specifically aimed at cellular imaging and practical applications could transform

diagnostic pathology” (Serag et al.). Transformative diagnostics will enable the future

generations to drastically decrease mortality rates of these individuals affected with

these types of diseases. Promising research is also seen in the further expansion of AI

in colon cancer screening. According to Prescient Metabiomics “approximately 1 in 3

patients are not up-to-date with their necessary colon cancer screenings”("Prescient

Metabiomics"). They attain this lack of testing to the undue desire and also the lack of

responsiveness of the data. The data mining in the operation is set to be optimized by

the use of AI which will be intentionally used to hopefully increase the use of colon

cancer screening ("Prescient Metabiomics"). Predictions from Prescient Metabiomics

“indicates that early detection of precancerous adenomas and carcinomas could lead to

significantly better patient outcomes” ("Prescient Metabiomics"). Overall the use of AI


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can be seen as a significant upgrade to the diagnostic field of medicine and additionally

a comprehensive overall in the field. With the increasing threats of new viruses and

diseases constantly being poised to society this necessity is at an all time high.

However, the use cases do not stop here many argue that AI assisted surgery is

comparatively promising for the future.

AI assisted surgery is in fact the future of surgery. From the creation of the first AI

assisted robot in the divincy to the new upcoming AI robots the growth potential is

exponential. Experts urge that this is the future of medicine. When Richard Feynman

coined the term NanoTechnology in 1959 he emphasized that “there is room at the

bottom”(Mariappan). This phrase portrayed to the world that there is in fact room to

make wires and other forms of electronics much much smaller. In fact they had the

room to make nano wires. These wires are “one-billionth in the SI length unit meter (1.0

x [10.sup.-9])”(Mariappan). Now this creation has enabled the future generations to

create various devices using nano wires and technology but the medical field has

lacked behind. This lack in innovation in regards to nano-technology in the medical field

is very much so attested to by the worry of computer integration within it (Mariappan).

These Nanowires allow medical experts but specifically surgeons to target issues and

impairments at either an atomic, molecular or a macromolecular scale (Mariappan).

Additionally, this is correlated to the advancement of AI as none of this will be possible

without the integration of advanced machine learning devices that can understand these

particles on their relative scale. Specifically, it is necessary beyond integration that this

is the practical correspondence to nanotechnology because no human eye can see at


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this level (Mariappan). On a macro scale commercial surgical robots have been used

since the mid 1990’s (Hoeckelmann et al.). Since then the medical field specifically the

surgical industry has seen as exponential growth in the time, energy, and money put

into the development of instruments for remote and local robotic surgery. Firstly, local

robotic surgery. Local robotic surgery is the use of the Teleoperated systems technique.

This technique is when the robot is “continuously controlled by a human operator on

site” (Hoeckelmann et al.). Now the problem with a technique like this is that yes the

robotic arms allow for lower rates of malpractice (Hoeckelmann et al.). However the

future is set on the idea of Image-guided systems. These systems are “executed by the

robot, typically guided by a navigation system, or other tracking method” (Hoeckelmann

et al.). This system eliminates mostly the potential human error due to the use of AI in

this process (Hoeckelmann et al.). AI in this process has enabled the type of procedure

and type of integration to be much more fluid. Many experts say that “the mixture of the

two concepts is also possible, where sensors are providing real-time updates to the

robot regarding the environment” (Hoeckelmann et al.).

Artificial Intelligence is at the forefront of innovation in the medical field. Many

medical experts and venture capitalists alike have poured ample time, money, and effort

into this technological advancement. Industry-wide, broad-scale and narrow scale AI are

predicted to change the future of medicine. But where experts differ in opinion is what

the best use of AI is in medicine. Some argue that broad-scale AI use is best used in

diagnostics. Contrarily, the use of narrow-scale AI in robotic surgery is sometimes

argued as the best use. The potential use cases are vast and profound. Artificial
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Intelligence has the power to change the way patients interact with doctors and the way

technology interacts with medicine.


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Works Cited

Ahuja, Abhimanyu S. "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine on the Future Role

of the Physician." ​PeerJ​, vol. 7, 4 Oct. 2019, p. e7702. ​Gale Academic Onefile​,

link.gale.com/apps/doc/A601663808/AONE?u=nysl_li_jhsch&sid=AONE&xid=82

0fcd1b. Accessed 29 Jan. 2020.

"Concerto HealthAI Announces Expanded Collaboration with Pfizer to Accelerate

Real-World Evidence and AI Technologies for Additional Disease Areas."

Obesity, Fitness & Wellness Week​, 1 Feb. 2020, p. 689. ​Gale Academic OneFile,​

link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612300891/AONE?u=nysl_li_jhsch&sid=AONE&xid=19

cba717. Accessed 24 Feb. 2020.

Dias, Raquel, and Ali Torkamani. "Artificial Intelligence in Clinical and Genomic

Diagnostics." ​Genome Medicine,​ vol. 11, no. 1, 19 Nov. 2019, p. NA. ​Gale

Academic OneFile,​

link.gale.com/apps/doc/A607370758/AONE?u=nysl_li_jhsch&sid=AONE&xid=4c

2ad70a. Accessed 27 Feb. 2020.

Hoeckelmann, Mathias, et al. "Current Capabilities and Development Potential in

Surgical Robotics." ​International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems,​ 21 May

2015. ​Gale Academic OneFile​,

link.gale.com/apps/doc/A417187234/AONE?u=nysl_li_jhsch&sid=AONE&xid=62

935a5e. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.

Mariappan, N. "Recent Trends in Nanotechnology Applications in Surgical Specialties

and Orthopedic Surgery." ​Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal,​ vol. 12, no. 3,
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Sept. 2019, p. 1095+. ​Gale Academic OneFile,​

link.gale.com/apps/doc/A610578804/AONE?u=nysl_li_jhsch&sid=AONE&xid=71

146dbf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.

"Prescient Metabiomics and CoreBiome Collaborating to Develop Breakthrough Colon

Cancer Screening Test." ​Obesity, Fitness & Wellness Week,​ 4 Jan. 2020, p. 988.

Gale Academic OneFile​,

link.gale.com/apps/doc/A609986930/AONE?u=nysl_li_jhsch&sid=AONE&xid=fa5

8435a. Accessed 24 Feb. 2020.

Serag, Ahmed, et al. "Translational AI and Deep Learning in Diagnostic Pathology."

Frontiers in Medicine​, 1 Oct. 2019, p. NA. ​Gale Academic OneFile,​

link.gale.com/apps/doc/A602431660/AONE?u=nysl_li_jhsch&sid=AONE&xid=cb

db2bbc. Accessed 27 Feb. 2020.

"TrialJectory and Precipio Partner to Provide Cancer Patients with First-of-its-Kind

Diagnostic and Clinical Trial-Matching Service." ​Obesity, Fitness & Wellness

Week​, 15 Feb. 2020, p. 2413. ​Gale Academic OneFile​,

link.gale.com/apps/doc/A613472825/AONE?u=nysl_li_jhsch&sid=AONE&xid=99

bea6a9. Accessed 24 Feb. 2020.

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