– 14 – N02/430/H(2)+

B2. This question consists of two parts. Part 1 is about an electric generator and Part 2 is about circular
waves.

Part 1 An electric generator

The diagrams below show a simple electric generator which can convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy. A light metal rod, CD, is loaded with a mass M (diagram 1) and is able to slide
downward while making contact with two long vertical metal rails PQ and RS. The rods are
connected at the bottom by a resistor R, and the whole device is in a uniform magnetic field B
perpendicular to the page.

When the loaded rod is released from rest, it falls downwards and as a result an electric current, I,
flows around the circuit CDSQC. The rod speeds up initially before reaching a constant downward
speed. (Diagram 2)

L
P R
X X X X X X X X
X X
M X X
C D X X X X
X X X X X X X X

Diagram 1 X X X X Diagram 2 X X
M X X
C D
X X X X X X X X
BX Constant
X X X X Xspeed
X X
X X X X X I X X IX
X X X X X X X X
R
Q S Q I S

(a) Draw diagrams showing the forces acting on the loaded rod in the two cases below. Show
and label the force(s) acting on the rod in each case. [3]

(i) Just as it is released (ii) During fall at constant speed

(b) Explain why the rod accelerates initially, but then reaches a steady (terminal) speed. [3]

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(This question continues on the following page)

882-171
 – 15 – N02/430/H(2)+

(Question B2 part 1 continued)

(c) When the rod is moving steadily downward at terminal speed vT , show that the current I
induced is given by
Mg
I=
BL

where M is the mass of the load, L is the length of the rod between the rails and B is the
magnetic field strength. [3]

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(d) The diagram below shows the rod descending a distance y in a time t, at constant speed vT .

y B

(i) Write an expression for the change of magnetic flux & through the circuit during this
time. [1]

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(ii) Hence show from Faraday’s law that the induced e.m.f. E is given by E = BL vT . [2]

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.....................................................................

(e) Show that the terminal velocity of the rod is given by the expression

MgR
vT =
B 2 L2

where R is the resistance of the resistor R. [4]

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(f) State a disadvantage of this type of generator compared to a conventional rotating generator. [1]

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882-171
 – 11 – N02/430/H(2)M+

B2. Part 1 An electric generator

(a) (i) (ii)

magnetic force

Mg Mg

(i) only downward force due to load;

(ii) downward force;
plus upward magnetic force; [3 max]

(b) accelerates initially since only force of gravity acts on it;

but as current is generated in the rod, magnetic force arises due to current-carrying
rod moving across magnetic field;
this is opposite to motion, so equilibrium will occur when magnetic force is equal
to weight, and constant (terminal) speed results; [3 max]

(c) in equilibrium: weight = magnetic force;

Mg = BIL;
Mg
I= ; [3 max]
BL

(d) (i) ∆φ = BL∆y ; [1]

∆φ BL∆y
(ii) E= = ;
∆t ∆t
= BLv; [2 max]

E
(e) R= ;
I
BLvT
= ;
Mg / BL
B 2 L2 vT
= ;
Mg
MgR
to give vT = ; [4 max]
B 2 L2

(f) non-continuous operation: rod would reach the bottom and then have to be returned
to its original height to start again; [1]
 –7– M04/432/H(2)

A4. This question is about induced e.m.f.’s.

In the diagram below, a thin rod made of conducting material is moved along the conducting rails
X and Y at constant speed. The rails are in a region of uniform magnetic field of strength B that is
directed at right angles to the plane of the rails. A conducting wire is connected between the rails
as shown.

B = 0.20 T

region of uniform field 0.30 m

Y
v = 5.5 m s −1 conducting wire

The distance between the rails, X and Y is 0.30 m, the magnetic field strength is 0.20 T and the
speed v of the rod is 5.5 m s −1 .

(a) On the diagram above, draw arrows to show the direction of

(i) the force on the electrons in the rod (label this FE ). [1]

(ii) the force on the rod due to the induced current (label this FM ). [1]

(b) (i) Calculate the e.m.f. induced in the rod. [1]

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.....................................................................

(ii) Calculate the force required to move the rod at constant speed due to an induced
current in the rod of 0.80 A. [1]

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(c) Deduce that the mechanical power required to move the rod at the constant speed of 5.5 m s −1
is equal in value to the electrical power dissipated in the rod. [2]

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224-180 Turn over

 –6– M04/432/H(2)M+

A4. (a) (i) out of the paper ; [1]

(ii) to the left ; [1]

For (i) and (ii) award [1 max] if labels are missing.

(b) (i) E = Blv = 0.2 % 0.3 % 5.5 = 0.33 V; [1]

(ii) F = BIL = 0.2 % 0.8 % 0.30 = 0.048 N; [1]

(c) P = Fv = 0.048 % 5.5 = 0.26 W;

= EI = 0.33 % 0.80 = 0.26 W; [2]
 – 28 – N04/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B3 continued)

Part 2 Electromagnetic induction

In 1831 Michael Faraday demonstrated three ways of inducing an electric current in a ring of
copper. One way is to move a bar magnet through the stationary copper ring.

(a) Describe briefly a way that a current may be induced in the copper ring using a stationary
bar magnet. [1]

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You are given the following apparatus: copper ring, battery, variable resistor, lengths of
insulated copper wire with connecting terminals at each end.

(b) Describe, how you would use all of this apparatus to induce a current in the copper ring. [4]

copper ring

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8804-6502
 – 29 – N04/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B3, part 2 continued)

In the diagram below, a magnetic field links a circular copper ring. The field is uniform over
the area of the ring and its strength is increasing in magnitude at a steady rate.

magnetic field

(c) (i) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction as it applies to this situation. [2]

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(ii) Draw on the diagram, an arrow to show the direction of the induced current in the
copper ring. Explain how you determined the direction of the induced current. [3]

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(iii) The radius of the copper ring is 0.12 m and its resistance is 1.5 % 10–2 W. The field
strength is increasing at rate of 1.8 % 10–3 T s–1. Calculate the value of the induced
current in the copper ring. [3]

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8804-6502 Turn over

 – 15 – N04/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M+

B3. Part 2 Electromagnetic induction

(a) move the ring over the end of the magnet / OWTTE; [1]
i.e. magnet stationary, ring moved.

(b)

diagram showing wire wrapped around part of the ring;

and appropriate connections to battery and variable resistor;
as the current is changed by altering the value of the resistance;
a current is induced in the ring; [4]
Mark diagram and description together – look for any sensible description of the
production of transformer induced currents.

(c) (i) the emf induced in the ring;

is equal/proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linking the ring; [2]

(ii)

clockwise;
Lenz’s law: induced current is such as to oppose the change / OWTTE;
current in this direction induces a field in the opposite direction to the
changing field / OWTTE; [3]

(iii) area = 3.14 × (1.2) 2 × 10−2 = 4.5 × 10−2 m 2 ;

rate of flux change = 4.5 × 10−2 m 2 ×1.8 ×10 −3 = emf = 8.1×10−5 V ;
(8.1× 10−5 )
current = = 5.4 mA ; [3]
1.5 × 10−2
 – 18 – N06/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B2 continued)

Part 2 Electromagnetic induction

A small circular coil of area of cross-section 1.7 × 10–4 m2 contains 250 turns of wire. The plane
of the coil is placed parallel to, and a distance x from, the pole-piece of a magnet, as shown
below.

coil
P Q
pole-piece
of magnet x

PQ is a line that is normal to the pole-piece. The variation with distance x along line PQ of the
mean magnetic field strength B in the coil is shown below.

4.0

3.0

B / × 10–2 T

2.0

1.0
5 10 15
x / cm

(a) For the coil situated a distance 6.0 cm from the pole-piece of the magnet,

(i) state the average magnetic field strength in the coil. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) calculate the flux linkage through the coil. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

8806-6502

1830
 – 19 – N06/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B2, part 2 continued)

(b) The coil is moved along PQ so that the distance x changes from 6.0 cm to 12.0 cm in a
time of 0.35 s.

(i) Deduce that the change in magnetic flux linkage through the coil is approximately
7 × 10–4 Wb. [2]

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(ii) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and hence calculate the mean
e.m.f. induced in the coil. [2]

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(c) (i) State Lenz’s law. [1]

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(ii) Use Lenz’s law to explain why work has to be done to move the coil along the
line PQ. [3]

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8806-6502 Turn over

1930
 – 12 – N06/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M+

Part 2 Electromagnetic induction

(a) (i) 3.3 ×10−2 T ; [1]

(ii) flux linkage = 3.3 ×10 −2 ×1.7 ×10−4 × 250 ;
= 1.4 ×10−3 Wb (turns); [2]
Award [0] if answer given as flux in (a)(ii) but allow full credit in (b)(i).

(b) (i) new flux linkage = 7.23 × 10−4 Wb turns or ∆B = 1.6 ×10−2 T ;
change = (1.4 − 0.7) ×10−3 or change = 1.6 ×10−2 ×1.7 × 10−4 × 250 ; [2]
change = 7 ×10−4 Wb turns (no mark for answer)

(ii) e.m.f. is proportional/equal to rate of change of flux ⎫ (do not allow

(linkage); ⎬
⎭"induced current")
(7 ×10−4 )
e.m.f. = = 2 ×10−3 V ; [2]
0.35

(c) (i) e.m.f./induced current acts in such a direction to (produce effects to) oppose
the change causing it; [1]

(ii) induced current produces a magnetic field in the coil / induced current is in
field of magnet;
this produces a force; (award only if the first marking point is correct)
the force acts to oppose the motion of the coil; [3]
 – 24 – M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

(Question B2 continued)
Part 2 Electromagnetic induction

(a) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. [1]

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(b) A long straight wire carries a constant current. A rectangular loop of conducting wire is
placed near the wire such that the wire is on the plane of the loop. The loop is then moved
at constant speed away from the wire as shown in the diagram below.

wire current

loop

direction of motion of loop

(i) Explain why an e.m.f. is induced in the loop. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) On the diagram above, draw an arrow to indicate the direction of the current induced
in the loop. Explain your answer. [2]

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(iii) Energy is dissipated in the wire of the loop. Explain how the movement of the loop
gives rise to energy dissipation. [3]

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2207-6508

2437
 – 11 – M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX/M+

Part 2 Electromagnetic induction

(a) the induced e.m.f. (in a loop) is proportional to the rate of change
of the magnetic flux linkage (in the loop); [1]

(b) (i) as the loop is moved away the magnetic field through the loop is getting
smaller;
hence the magnetic flux through it is changing with time;

Accept also answers based on considerations of induced e.m.f. in each

section of loop e.g.
e.m.f. is induced in upper and lower section of loop;
no e.m.f. induced in sides/e.m.f. of same sign;
e.m.f. in upper section larger hence current in loop; [2 max]

(ii) the direction of the current is clockwise;

because in this way the magnetic field created by the induced current is in
the same direction as the external magnetic field thus opposing the change
in flux; [2]
Accept any other reasonable formulation based on Lenz’s law but not bald
answer without explanation or incorrect explanation.

(iii) work is being performed on the loop by the agent pushing the loop;
against the attractive magnetic force between the loop and the wire;
so that the loop moves at constant speed; [3]
 – 28 – M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

(Question B3 continued)

Part 2 Electrical conduction and induced currents

(a) The diagram below shows a copper rod inside which an electric field of strength E is
maintained by connecting the copper rod in series with a cell. (Connections to the cell
are not shown.)

copper rod

Describe how the electric field enables the conduction electrons to have a drift velocity in
a direction along the copper rod. [3]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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 – 29 – M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

(Question B3, part 2 continued)

(b) A copper rod is placed on two parallel, horizontal conducting rails PQ and SR as shown
below.

B B copper rod B

P Q

conducting wire F

S R

The rails and the copper rod are in a region of uniform magnetic field of strength B.
The magnetic field is normal to the plane of the conducting rods as shown in the
diagram above.

A conducting wire is connected between the ends P and S of the rails. A constant force,
parallel to the rails, of magnitude F is applied to the copper rod in the direction shown.
The copper rod moves along the rails with a decreasing acceleration.

(i) On the diagram, draw an arrow to show the direction of induced current in the
copper rod. Label this arrow with the letter I. [1]

(ii) Explain, by reference to Lenz’s law, why the induced current is in the direction you
have shown in (i). [2]

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(iii) By considering the forces on the conduction electrons in the copper rod, explain
why the acceleration of the copper rod decreases as it moves along the rails. [3]

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(This question continues on the following page)

2207-6514 Turn over

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 – 30 – M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

(Question B3, part 2 continued)

(c) The copper rod in (b) eventually moves with constant speed v. The induced e.m.f. ε in
= Bvl
the copper rod is given by the expression

ε = Bvl
where l is the length of copper rod in the region of uniform magnetic field.

(i) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. [1]

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(ii) Deduce that the expression is consistent with Faraday’s law. [3]

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(iii) The following data are available:

F = 0.32 N
l = 0.40 m
B = 0.26 T
resistance of copper rod = 0.15 

Determine the induced current and the speed v of the copper rod. [4]

Induced current: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Speed v: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2207-6514

3034
 – 11 – M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX/M+

Part 2 Electrical conduction and induced currents

(a) the force on the electrons produced by the electric field causes them to accelerate
along the direction of the rod;
however, they will (soon) collide with a lattice ion but after collision will again be
accelerated (along the rod) before making another collision / OWTTE;
hence the electrons gain a drift/net velocity in the direction of the wire / in the (opposite)
direction to the field even though they still have random velocities / OWTTE; [3]

(b) (i)

; [1]
I

(ii) Lenz’s law says that the direction of the induced current is such as to oppose
change;
therefore, to produce a (magnetic) force that opposes F the current must be in
direction shown / reference to left/right hand rule / OWTTE; [2]

(iii) the force on the electrons is given by Bev;

as v increases so does this force and therefore, so does the induced current;
therefore, net force on rod decreases / OWTTE; [3]

(c) (i) the induced e.m.f. is equal/proportional to the rate of change/cutting of (magnetic)
flux; [1]

(ii) if the rod moves a distance x in time t then area swept out by rod l x ;
flux Bl x ;
Bl x
rate of change of flux Blv ; [3]
t

(iii) induced current:

F
I ;
Bl
substitute to give I 3.1A ;
speed v:
IR 0.47 ;
Bvl substitute to give v 4.5(4.4) m s 1 ; [4]
 –  – M08/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

A4. This question is about induced e.m.f.

A small area A is in a region of uniform magnetic field of strength B. The field makes an angle
 to the normal to the area as shown below.

B
Area A
 normal

(a) With reference to the diagram, define magnetic flux  both in words and in symbols. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) A thin copper ring encloses an area of 1.8 ×10−3 m 2 . The plane of the ring is normal
to a uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field strength increases at a constant rate of
5.0 × 10–2 T s–1.

Calculate the e.m.f. induced in the ring. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2208-6508

0833
 –8– M08/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX/M+

A4. (a) product of normal component of magnetic field strength and area that it links /
OWTTE;
φ = BA cos θ ; [2]

(b) rate of change of flux = (1.8× 10−3 × 5.0 × 10−2 ) = 9.0 ×10 −5 ( Wb s −1 ) ;
recognize that e.m.f. = rate of change of flux = 9.0 ×10−5 V; [2]
Ignore any sign.
 – 13 – N08/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B1 continued)

Part 2 Electromagnetic induction

(a) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(This question continues on the following page)

8808-6502 Turn over

1331
 – 14 – N08/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B1, part 2 continued)

(b) A length of conducting wire is formed into a square loop. The length of each side of the
loop is L. In the diagram below the loop is sliding on a horizontal frictionless table and is
about to enter a region of uniform magnetic field.

table

region of magnetic field

out of plane of table

The magnitude of the magnetic field strength is B. The magnetic field is directed out of
the plane of the table.

The side AB of the loop enters the region of magnetic field at t = 0. The variation
with time t of the speed v of the loop is shown in the graph below.

v / m s–1 5

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 t / s

(This question continues on the following page)

8808-6502

1431
 – 15 – N08/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B1, part 2 continued)

(i) Explain, with reference to the laws of electromagnetic induction, why the speed
of the loop is decreasing. [3]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) Deduce that while the loop is entering the region of magnetic field the induced
e.m.f. V in the loop is given by the expression
V = BLv. [2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) The side of the loop is L = 0.54 m and the magnitude of the magnetic field is
B = 0.30 T. Calculate the induced e.m.f. in the loop at t = 0 and at t = 0.18 s. [3]

t = 0: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t = 0.18 s: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The mass of the loop is 0.060 kg and its resistance is 0.12 Ω. Calculate, using data from
the graph in (b), the

(i) average power dissipated. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) maximum value of the current in the loop. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(This question continues on the following page)

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1531
 – 16 – N08/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+

(Question B1, part 2 continued)

(d) On the axes below draw a sketch graph to show the variation with time t of the
velocity v of the loop until it is completely outside the region of magnetic field.
(This is a sketch graph you do not need to add values to the axes.) [2]

loop starts loop loop t

to enter completely begins
inside to exit

8808-6502

1631
 –8– N08/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M+

Part 2 Electromagnetic induction

(a) the induced e.m.f. is equal/proportional to the (negative time) rate of change of the
magnetic flux (linkage through the loop); [1]

(b) (i) the flux is changing and therefore an (e.m.f.) and a clockwise current are
induced (in the loop);
a magnetic force on the loop develops that opposes the motion;
the force decreases the speed; [3]

(ii) when a length x of the loop has entered the region of magnetic field the
flux changes by   BLx ;
the rate of change of flux i.e. the e.m.f. is then
   BLx
V   ;
 t  t
 BLv [2]
or
equating electric to magnetic force on electrons to get eE  evB  E  vB ;
V
use of E  to get answer;
L

(iii) at t  0, V  BLv  0.30  0.54  5.0 ;

V  0.81V ;
at t  0.18s, V  0 because the flux is not changing and there is no induced
e.m.f.; [3]

(c) (i) kinetic energy lost is 12  0.060   5.02  3.02   0.48J ;

 0.48 
so power     3.4 W ; [2]
 0.14 

(ii) maximum current is at t  0 ;

 0.81 
I max     6.8 A ; [2]
 0.12 

(d) speed shown decreasing (along a curve);

and then remaining constant; [2]
 – 12 – M15/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

5. This question is about changing magnetic fields.

A single-turn conducting square coil is released and falls vertically from rest. At the instant
it is released, the coil is at the boundary of a region of a uniform horizontal magnetic field
directed into the plane of the paper as shown. The ends of the coil are not joined together.

square coil
0.050 m
boundary

magnetic field into the

plane of the paper

Each side of the coil is 0.050 m long. The dimensions of the magnetic field region are greater
than that of the coil. The magnetic field strength is 25 mT.

(a) Calculate the electromotive force (emf) induced in the coil at the instant just before the
whole of the coil enters the magnetic field. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(This question continues on the following page)

36EP12
 – 13 – M15/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

(Question 5 continued)

(b) Suggest why the time taken for the whole of the coil to enter the magnetic field
increases if the coil is a continuous loop. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Turn over
36EP13
 –8– M15/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX/M

5. (a) speed as the whole of the coil enters the field  2  9.81 0.05 (  0.99 m s–1);
  
   (  ) t   0.05  0.99  25  10 ;
–3

 
1.23 (mV) or 1.24 (mV); (allow use of g  10 to give 1.25 (mV)) [3]
Award [3] for a bald correct answer.
Use of factor 4 appears if candidate thinks all sides of coil contribute to emf
[2 max].

(b) current (induced) in the coil;

this will act so as to oppose the movement / reference to Lenz’s law;
force will be upwards/resistive/counteracts the effect of gravitational force; [3]
 – 15 – M14/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX

5. This question is about electromagnetic induction.

A metal ring is placed in a magnetic field which is directed upwards. The magnetic flux through
the ring increases over a time interval.

Before After

(a) State and explain the direction of the current induced in the ring during this change. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) The following data are available.

Resistance of ring = 3.0× 10–3 Ω

Initial magnetic flux = 1.2× 10–5 Wb
Final magnetic flux = 2.4× 10–5 Wb
Time interval = 2.0× 10–3 s

Calculate the average current induced in the ring. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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40EP15
 –9– M14/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX/M

5. (a) field caused by (induced) current must be downwards;

to oppose the change that produced it;
hence the current must be clockwise; [3]

−5 −5
 ∆Φ  2.4 ×10 − 1.2 ×10
(b) =ε =  −3
or 6.0 ×10−3 (v) ;
 ∆t  2.0 ×10
 ε 6.0 ×10−3 
=I = =−3  2.0 (A) ; [2]
 R 3.0 ×10 
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
 – 12 – M14/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

5. This question is about generating emfs.

(a) Define magnetic flux. [1]

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(b) A vertical metal rod of length 0.25 m moves in a horizontal circle about a vertical axis in
a uniform horizontal magnetic field.

vertical axis
metal rod

uniform horizontal magnetic field

The metal rod completes one circle of radius 0.060 m in 0.020 s in the magnetic field of
strength 61 mT.

(i) Determine the maximum emf induced between the ends of the metal rod. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(This question continues on the following page)

36EP12
 – 13 – M14/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

(Question 5 continued)

(ii) Using the axes, sketch a graph to show the variation with time of the emf of the
metal rod. [2]

emf

0 time / s
0.00 0.02

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36EP13
 –8– M14/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX/M

5. (a) magnetic flux density/magnetic field strength normal to a surface × area of surface; [1]
Allow fully explained equation or diagram.

=( 18.8 m s −1 ) ;
1
(b) (i) =v × 2π× 0.06
0.02
ε =( Blv =) 61×10−3 × 0.25 ×18.8 ;
290 (mV); [3]
Award [3] for a bald correct answer.

(ii) sinusoidal curve drawn; (at least half a cycle required)

with a period of 0.02 s; [2]
Accept any phase.
 – 12 – M13/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

A6. This question is about the motion of a copper rod in a magnetic field.

A copper rod XY is able to move freely along two horizontal, parallel conducting rails
A and B. The conducting rails are in a region of uniform magnetic field that is in a
direction perpendicular to the plane of the rails. The rails are connected together at one
end by a conducting wire.

direction of
magnetic field conducting rail A
Y

F
conducting
wire

X v
conducting rail B

In the situation shown, the rod is moved along the rails at a constant speed v by a constant
horizontal force of magnitude F.

(a) Explain why a constant force is required to move the rod at constant speed. [4]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(Question A6 continued)

(b) Outline how your answer to (a) relates to Lenz’s law. [2]

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(c) There is a potential difference of 2.4 mV between the ends of the copper rod. The distance
between the conducting rails is 0.16 m. Determine the magnetic force on a free electron
in the copper rod. [2]

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A6. (a) (at constant speed) forces are balanced;

force is (electro) magnetic;
due to current in rod;
which arises from induced emf (from motion); [4]

(b) (Lenz’s law states) the direction of an induced emf/current is such as to oppose
the change to which it is due;
in this situation the induced current (in the rod) is in such a direction that the
magnetic force on the rod opposes the force F; [2]

⎛E ⎞
(c) Bv = ⎜ = ⎟ 0.015 Vm −2 ;
⎝l ⎠
F = ( Bev = ) 2.4 ×10 –21 N ; [2]
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
 – 16 – M13/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX

Section b

This section consists of four questions: B1, B2, B3 and B4. Answer two questions. Write your answers in
the boxes provided.

B1. This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about electromagnetic induction. Part 2 is about
nuclear fusion.

Part 1 Electromagnetic induction

(a) A bar magnet falls vertically from rest through a coil of wire. The potential difference
(pd) across the coil is recorded by a datalogger.

magnet

datalogger

coil

The graph shows the variation with time of the pd across the coil.

pd / V

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 time / s
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
–0.2

–0.4

–0.6

–0.8

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(Question B1, part 1 continued)

(i) Explain, with reference to Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws, the shape of the graph. [3]

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(ii) The coil has 1500 turns. Calculate the magnitude of the maximum rate of change
of magnetic flux. [3]

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(Question B1, part 1 continued)

(b) The magnet is now suspended from a spring. The magnet is displaced vertically and
starts to oscillate in and out of the coil. A sinusoidal alternating current of rms value
280 nA is induced in the coil.

(i) State in words how the rms value of the alternating current relates to a direct current
of 280 nA. [1]

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(ii) The coil has a resistance of 1.5 MΩ. Calculate the peak voltage across the coil. [2]

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(iii) Explain what effect the generation of the current has on the oscillation of the magnet. [2]

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(This question continues on page 20)

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SECTION B

B1. Part 1 Electromagnetic induction

(a) (i) rate of change of flux (linkage) leads to induced emf (Faraday);
direction of emf tends to oppose the change (Lenz);
thus emf in one direction as magnet enters and in the opposite direction as it
leaves coil;
magnet going faster so second peak larger;
magnet going faster so width of second peak is less; [3 max]


(ii) attempted use of    N ;
t
recognition that the maximum pd is 0.8 V;
  0.8 
     5.3 104 Wbs1 ; [3]
 t 1500 

(b) (i) the value of the direct current (or voltage) that dissipates same power (in a
resistor); [1]
I
Do not allow 0 etc.
2

(ii) I0  396 nA;

V0  I0R  0.59 V; [2]

(iii) damps oscillation / OWTTE;

dissipation of energy in coil/magnet; [2]
 – 11 – M12/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX

A6. This question is about electromagnetic induction.

(a) State Lenz’s law. [1]

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(b) Two identical aluminium balls are dropped simultaneously from the same height.
Ball P falls through a region with no magnetic field. Ball Q falls through a region of
uniform horizontal magnetic flux density  B.

P Q

h × × ×
B
× × ×

ground

Explain why ball Q takes longer than ball P to reach the ground. [4]

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A6. (a) induced emf/induced current acts so as to oppose the change causing it; [1]

(b) ball Q enters/leaves magnetic field / experiences changing flux;

so an emf/current is induced;
this causes a magnetic field;
which opposes the motion of / exerts an upward force on ball Q;

or in terms of energy:
ball Q moves through a magnetic field / experiences changing flux;
so an emf/current is induced;
current causes dissipative heating due to resistance;
some kinetic energy changes to thermal energy; [4]
 – 12 – M12/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

A6. This question is about induced electromotive force (emf ).

(a) A rod made of conducting material is in a region of uniform magnetic field. It is moved
horizontally along two parallel conducting rails X and Y. The other ends of the rails are
connected by a thin conducting wire.

X
conducting wire
direction of uniform
magnetic field direction of motion

The speed of the rod is constant and is also at right angles to the direction of the
uniform magnetic field.

(i) Describe, with reference to the forces acting on the conduction electrons in the rod,
how an emf is induced in the rod. [3]

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(ii) An induced emf is produced by a rate of change of flux. State what is meant by a
rate of change of flux in this situation. [1]

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(Question A6 continued)

(b) The length of the rod in (a) is 1.2 m and its speed is 6.2 m s–1. The induced emf is 15 mV.

(i) Determine the magnitude of the magnetic field strength through which the rod
is moving. [2]

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(ii) Explain how Lenz’s law relates to the situation described in (a). [2]

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A6. (a) (i) electrons are moving at right angles to the magnetic field;
electrons experience a force directed along the rod / charge is separated in
the rod;
the work done by this force to achieve this separation leads to an induced
emf; [3]

(ii) the product of magnitude of field strength and the rate at which the area is
swept out by the rod is changing / the rate at which the rod cuts through
field lines; [1]

  (must see the data book equation re-arranged or correctly aligning

(b) (i) B ;
vl  substitution with equation)
 15 103 
   2.0 mT ; (accept 2  sf) [2]
 6.2 1.2 
To award [2] both steps must be seen.

(ii) Lenz’s law states that the direction of the induced emf/current is such as to
oppose the change producing it;
there is a current in the rod due to the induced emf;
the force on the current/rod due to the magnetic field is in the opposite
direction to the force producing the motion of the rod; [2 max]