TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER

 
CONTENTS

1) INTRODUCTION

2) BLOCK DIAGRAM

3) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4) CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

A) Measuring Cell

B) Oscillator and Driver Section

C) Frequency selection circuit

D) Current sensing circuit

E) Rectifier and Filter

F) ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)

G) Timing circuit

H) Temperature Sensing Circuit and Temperature PROBE

I) Multiplexer

J) Microcontroller

K) 7-segment LED display\

5) WORKING

6) PARTS LIST

7) CONSTRUCTION

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 TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 

v INTRODUCTION
TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER

A) What is Project..?
• The project targets the measurement and practical implementation of TDS and
Conductivity. In this project we measure TDS in ppm(parts per million) and
Conductivity in mS(milliSiemens) and µS(microSiemens).

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

• TDS(Total Dissolved Solids) is the measuring of the amount of salts in a solution.
• TDS correlates to the ability of water to conduct electricity.
• It is also an index used to determine the concentration of dissolved minerals. The
more minerals that are dissolved, the more conductive the water will be.
• A TDS meter is calibrated to read in parts per million (PPM). TDS is the
concentration of a solution as the total weight of dissolved solids. (1 ppm = 1
milligram/litre. TDS is a mass estimate and is dependent upon the mix of nutrients as
well as the concentration.

Conductivity
• The electrical conductivity of a solution of an electrolyte is measured by determining
the resistance of the solution between two flat or cylindrical electrodes separated by a
fixed distance.
• An alternating voltage is used in order to avoid electrolysis. The resistance is
measured by a conductivity meter. Typical frequencies used are in the range 1–3
kHz.
• The dependence on the frequency is usually small, but may become appreciable at
very high frequencies, an effect known as the Debye–Falkenhagen effect.

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 TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 

B) What is the Application..?

• To measure the amount of salt in inductive of the levels of other stuff in a solution.
• TDS/PPM meters used for gardening and aquariums figure the amount of salt in
Parts Per Million by measuring the Electrical Conductivity of the solution under test.
• The resistance is also measured by a conductivity meter.
• Conductivity and TDS measurements are used to monitor quality in public water
supplies, in hospitals, in boiler water and industries which depend on water quality
such as brewing.
• TDS meter is used in controlling dissolved solid in boiler .If TDS value is high then it
caused carryover and if TDS value is low then it caused Priming.

C) What Is Novelty In The Project..?

• Our system offers automatic temperature correction.

• Conductivity Range : 0.1 µS to 200 mS
• TDS Range : 0.1 ppm to 200 ppm
• We can change Temperature range automatically and manually according to our
requirement.
• TDS and Conductivity meter is having accuracy of +/-1% of the F.S , +/-1 digit.

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TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 

v BLOCK DIAGRAM

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TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 

v CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 

v CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
• As shown earlier in the block diagram and circuit diagram “ TDS and
Conductivity Meter” circuit consists of below listed sections.

A. Measuring Cell

B. Oscillator and Driver Section

C. Frequency selection circuit

D. Current sensing circuit

E. Rectifier and Filter

F. ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)

G. Timing circuit

H. Temperature Sensing Circuit and Temperature PROBE

I. Multiplexer

J. Microcontroller

K. Interfacing with 7-segment LED display

L. Display selection segment

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TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 

A) Measuring cell:-

• Measuring cell is used to measure the conductivity of Liquid and it transfer

it to Microcontroller for further calculation.
• In this project we are using Conductivity measuring cell of cell constant c
= 0.8cm-1 as shown in below picture.

 
 
 
 
 
   
• Measured   conductivity   of   liquid   is   in   digital   form   and   is   given   to   microprocessor  
for  the  calculation  of  effect  of  temperature  on  the  conductivity  of  liquid,  which  is  
done  by  also  measuring  temperature  ay  same  time.  
• And  we  cannot  measure  conductivity  by  measuring  cell  by  applying  DC  voltage  
directly  to  the  measuring  cell  because  of  the  polarization  effect  take  place.  
• We  simply  apply  AC  voltage  generated  by  crystal  oscillator  in  sine  wave,square  
wave  or  triangular  wave.  
 
 
 
B) Oscillator and Driver section:-

• It will provide the necessary frequency and peak to peak voltage for driving the
circuit.
• RC  Oscillator  is  used  in  our  project.  So  using  resistor  and  capacitor  
combination,  we  can  get  different  frequency  and  different  peak  to  peak  
voltage  as  per  our  need  

• Here  we  are  using  Sinusoidal  Oscillator  which  essentially  produce  Sine  
wave  for  the  circuit.  

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TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 

• And  in  this  project  we  are  using  voltage  follower  for  the  driver  for  the  
current  generated  by  Oscillator  

C) Frequency selection circuit:-

• Frequency-selective circuit is one type of filter specially intended to accurately or

approximately select the needed frequency from the band of frequency and rejects
other.
• Here our frequency selection circuit is used for selecting frequency between 100 Hz
& 1 kHz.
• This circuit selects the frequency as per need of measuring conductivity of given
Liquid.

D) Current sensing circuit:-

• It will sense the current generated by driver circuit & measure it as per need.
• This is a current sensing circuit that senses the current at the high side (between
load and positive supply). This circuit take advantage from Rail-to-Rail input and
the microampere supply current.
• As shown in below figure.

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TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 

E) Rectifier and Filter:-

• It convert AC voltage to DC voltage.

• In this project we are using Wien-Bridge Rectifier for the voltage converter
and Filter as shown in the above figure.
• We are not using AC voltage continuously because of Polarization effect
so we are converting our AC to DC voltage.

F) ADC(Analog to Digital Convertor:-

• ADC is used to convert Analog signal to Digital signal.

• In this project we are using ADC to convert signal to Digital form and then
applying it to Microcontroller.

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TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 
• Here we are converting our Analog signal to Digital signal because
Microcontroller only accept the Digital signal. And we are using ICL7135
IC as ADC.

G) Timing circuit:-

• Frequency-selective circuit is one type of filter specially intended to accurately or

approximately select the needed frequency from the band of frequency and rejects
other.
• Here our frequency selection circuit is used for selecting frequency between 100 Hz
& 1 kHz.
• This circuit selects the frequency as per need of measuring conductivity of
given Liquid.

H) Temperature sensing circuit and Temperature PROBE:-

• Temperature PROBE will sense the temperature of the liquid &

Temperature Sensing circuit is used for removing the error due to the
temperature.
• We are taking attention to temperature because conductivity of any liquid
will affect the reading of conductivity.
• We are using PT100 as Temperature sensor as shown below.

I) Multiplexer:-

• Multiplexers can implement arbitrary functions.

• We are actually put these circuit to good use in our project, as building
blocks for more complex designs. nn
• A 2 -to-1 multiplexer sends one of 2 input lines to a single output line. – A
multiplexer has two sets of inputs: nn
• 2 data input lines and n select lines, to pick one of the 2 data inputs.

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TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 

• Here we are using 2-to-1 multiplexer for selecting temperature and

conductivity sensors.
•

• Here D1 is Temperature sensor and D0 is Conductivity cell. And when

S=0 then D1 is at Output and S=1 then D0 is at output.

J) Microcontroller:-

• We are using here ATMEL 89S52 Microcontroller.

• Specs of our 89S52 are as shown below
• Here we are using microcontroller for various stuff kind of works as
- To calculate the measured conductivity from conducting cell and
then directly by using mathematical formula between TDS and
Conductivity it will give our desired TDS
- It will select the device selection between PROBE and Conducting
cell
- It will show our output to the 7-Segment LED display and also it is
used to calibrate our device for better performances.
- It will pass the desired frequency range to the relays of the circuit.

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TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 

K) 7-segment LED display:-

• The decimal outputs of digital instruments such as digital voltmeter

(DMDS) and frequency counters are often displayed using 7-segment
indicators.
• Such indicators are constructed by using fluoroscent bars, liquid crystal
bars or LED bar for each signal.
• LED type indicators are convenient because they are directly compatible
with TTL circuits , and do not require higher voltage for the work.
• A LED display is nothing but a light output to shown an information in the
visual form.
• This displays are divided into two categories, 1> Character display-which
will give visual indication of numbers and letters. 2>Graphical display-
which will give pictorial as well as alpha numeric information.
• This displays are in response to digital signals given by microcontroller.
• Here we are using Character display to display our measured outputs.

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TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 

v WORKING
st
• 1 our power supply is applied to the substrate then the molecule level construction
will change. oscillation block used for generating frequency which is used as driver
in meter. Frequency section is connected to Microprocessor that scales the
Conductivity measurement using conductivity measuring cell into either
milliSiemens/cm (mS/cm) or microSiemens/cm (uS/cm). Using a mathematical
formula, the meter is also able to show the nutrient levels as TDS in parts per
million (ppM). TDS is the concentration of a solution as the total weight of
dissolved solids. (1 ppM = 1 milligram/litre ).

• Frequency section is also connected to Microprocessor which will decide frequency

according to the temperature sensed by temperature sensor and it sets down the
Conductivity as the value of temperature measured by temperature sensing circuit
which is part of Temperature Probe device.

• After the measurement of conductivity and TDS done by Microprocessor.it sends

signal to the Mux(Multiplexer) and ADC(Analog to Digital Converter) .

• After converting the signal in digital form that will applied to Microprocessor that
will convert that data into appropriate level. Then it gives the value to the seven
segment display.

v PARTS LIST

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TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
 

v CONSTRUCTION

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