Vehicle  Tracking  System    

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“VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM”

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

Desai Goras (100250111017)

Patel Jinad (100250111037)

Shah Rutvij (100250111057)

In fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Indus Institute of Technology & Engineering

Gujarat Technological University,

Ahmedabad

December 2013
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INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

2013-14

CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “VEHICLE TRACKING

SYSTEM ” has been carried out by “DESAI GORAS, PATEL JINAD, SHAH
RUTVIJ” under my guidance in fulfillment of degree of Bachelor Of Engineering in
Electronics & communications engineering 7th semester of Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmedabad during the academic year 2013-14.

Internal Guide: Head of Department

Prof . VRUSHANK SHAH Prof. R. N. MUTAGI

                                         
 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
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Certificate
Acknowledgments
Abstract
Table of Contents
Table of figure
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Purpose of This Document
Chapter 2: Description of Project
2.1 What is project.?
2.2 Description
2.2a GPS
2.2b GSM
2.3 Applications of the project
2.4 Novelty in our project
Chapter 3: Block diagram and each block description
3.1 GPS Module
3.2 GSM Module
3.3 Microcontroller
3.4 Display
Chapter 4: List of components used for TDS and Conductivity meter
Chapter 5: Circuit Design & description
5.1 GPS Module
5.1a GPS receiver with active antenna
5.1b Features
5.1c Method of operation
5.2 GSM Module
5.2a Features
5.2b Power Supply
5.2c Interface
5.3 Microcontroller (At89S52)
5.3a Description
5.3b Features
5.3c PIN Diagram
5.4 Power Supply
5.4a Introduction
5.4b Transformer
5.4c Rectifier
5.4d Smoothing of filter
5.4e Regulator
Chapter 6: Future work
6.1 Overall schedule of project
References
Appendix
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Acknowledgments

It is indeed a proud moment for us to present our project VEHICLE TRACKING

SYSTEM.

However it would be incomplete without rendering our heartily thanks to the

various people, who guided us throughout this hardworking task.

We take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and regard to Prof.
Vrushank Shah, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IITE,
Indus University, Ahmedabad for his continuous encouragement and able guidance,
we needed to complete our desired work for the project.

We render our sincere most thanks to our H.O.D Prof. R. N. Mutagi (Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IITE, Indus University, Ahmedabad)
for their valuable comments and suggestions that have helped us to make it a success
and also thankful to our Department Co-ordinator Prof. Bhavin Gajjar (Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IITE, Indus University, Ahmedabad)
for the valuable and fruitful discussion with him and it was of immense help without
which it would have been difficult to present this TDS and Conductivity Meter Project
in its present form.

Finally we are also grateful to our beloved parents for their encouragement and
help, which made this project seen much easier than it really was.

Project By :

DESAI GORAS_____________

PATEL JINAD_____________

SHAH RUTVIJ_____________
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Abstract

Aim of our project is to detect the position of any vehicle at any point of time.
This Project is combination of hardware and software implementation. We used GPS
module for taking current position of vehicle that will be shown on website.

The software programming includes various interfacing with microcontroller.

Interfacing GPS receiver with microcontroller will store the latitude and longitude data
in its memory. To display the result on website, interfacing between microcontroller
and GPS Module is required. Serial communication between GPS and microcontroller
is done with RS232 Cable.

To know the position of the vehicle, the owner sends a request through a SMS.
This is received by a GSM modem in the device and processed by the AT89S52
processor and the processor sends command to a GPS module in the device. The GPS
module responds with coordinates position of the vehicle. This position is sent to the
user as a SMS to the user with date, time, latitude and longitude positions.  
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

v We are going to use microcontroller/microprocessor for hardware control.

Microcontroller will be connected with the GSM module, GPS module.
Microcontroller takes the data from the GPS module and sends it to GSM module.
Here we will use Microcontroller to take current position data from GPS module,
send it to GSM module, so by sending the data to server website using GSM module.
The microcontroller will function as the brain of the entire system. It will receive
data from the GPS receiver. We have selected AT89S52 microcontroller interfacing
to various hardware peripherals. The current design is an embedded application,
which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and report the status of the
Vehicle on demand.
 
 
 
 
Purpose of this Document

§ This  project  report  is  prepared  as  the  part  of  B.E  final  year  project  in  Electronics  and  
Communication  Department,  IITE,  Ahmedabad.    
 
§ The  purpose  of  this  project  report  is  to  give  the  detailed  description  of  the  algorithms  used  for  
tracking  vehicle  using  GPS  module  to  obtain  satellite  position  of  our  vehicle  and  transfer  data  
to  the  server  website  via  GSM  module.  
 
   
§ And  in  this  project  report  of    Vehicle  Tracking  system  we  also  have  shown  our  work  out  in  7th  
semester.    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Chapter 2
Description of Project
 

2.1 What is Project.?

§ In this project we are going to determine the accurate location of any vehicle using
GPS module.
§ With the help of GPS module we will get the data in longitude and latitude form and
this data will gives us location of target vehicle on LCD as well as on server website.
§ To transfer the data from GPS to GSM we will use microcontroller/microprocessor.
§ By running the specific AT commands on GSM module we can transfer the data that
we obtain from GPS module to LCD and server website.

2.2 Description
 

2.2a GPS(Global Positioning system)

§ A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS
satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that
include
the time the message was transmitted
satellite position at time of message transmission

§ The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each
message and computes the distance to each satellite using the speed of light. Each of
these distances and satellites' locations defines a sphere. The receiver is on the surface
of each of these spheres when the distances and the satellites' locations are correct.
These distances and satellites' locations are used to compute the location of the
receiver using the navigation equations. This location is then displayed, perhaps with a
moving map display or latitude and longitude.

§ Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special
cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using
only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some
GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known
altitude or including information from the vehicle computer, to give a (possibly
degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible.
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2.2b GSM(Global system for mobile communication)
§ GSM, (Global System for Mobile Communications), is a digital cellular radio network
operating in over 200 countries worldwide. It provides almost complete coverage in
Western Europe, and growing coverage in the Americas, Asia and elsewhere. It is the
capability of the GSM network to be used for data computing. Most people think of
voice calls when they think of cellular phones. But because GSM is digital, you can
connect your GSM-enabled phone to your laptop computer and send or receive e-mail,
faxes, browse the Internet, securely access your company's LAN/intranet, and use
other digital data features including Short Messaging Service. Imagine your cellular
phone, pager, e-mail service, and fax machine all bundled together in one portable
wireless device, and you've just imagined GSM.

2.3 Applications of the project

§ Finding the current location of the vehicle. Our project is based on this application.
§ Tracking the location of the car.
§ Providing data where the car travels so that it can help to detect car theft.
§ If the car thief takes control of the car, the car owner can find the car through the
GPS tracking system to provide its location. This feature is also important when a
driver gets into an accident or gets stranded somewhere such as the desert or flooded
areas.
§ During a car trouble when a driver needs towing or service, a car tracking system
with full service can also provide added feature to send a tow-truck or service
technician at the site.
§ VIP vehicle tracking.
§ Ambulance tracking.
§ School transport tracking

2.4 Novelty in our project

§ With the help of this project we can track any vehicle and we can plot live routes of
the vehicle on the server website.
§ We can use this project to track the vehicle at any geographic location.
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Chapter 3
Block diagram and each block description

§ The block diagram of the proposed system for the Vehicle Tracking system is shown
in Figure.

FIGURE 1
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3.1 GPS( Global Positioning system) module

§ GPS means Global positioning system. GPS module used the NMEA protocol. GPS
module makes a connection with a satellite. GPS modules give the data of current
position in latitude and longitude form. GPS module connected with Microcontroller
via RS232 protocol or TTL logic.
§ Here we will use GPS module to take the current position data of the Vehicle.
§ GPS module uses external antenna to get the data from the satellite. The data that we
obtained from he satellite gives the position of target vehicle I the form of latitude and
longitude form.
§ So in our project GPS is the main unit so that from which we can get the data from the
satellite. So as shown in the block diagram the first block is GPS module.
§ GPS Module uses NMEA Protocols.
§ NMEA 0183 messages use the ASCII character set and have a defined format. Each
message begins with a $ (hex 0x24) and end with a carriage return and line feed (hex
0x0D 0x0A, represented as <CR><LF>). Each message consists of one or more fields
of ASCII letters and numbers, separated by commas. After the last field, and before
the <CR><LF> can be an optional checksum consisting of an asterisk (*, hex 0x2A)
followed by two ASCII characters representing the hexadecimal value of the
checksum. The checksum is computed as the exclusive OR of all characters between
the $ and * characters.
§ The below Block shows different NMEA protocols that we can use with the GPS
module.

G
S
M
(

 
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3.2 GSM(Global system for Mobile communication) module

 
§ GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and
operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From
the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
§ When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to use the
GSM modem to communicate over the mobile network. While these GSM modems
are most frequently used to provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can
also be used for sending and receiving SMS and MMS messages. Also by running
specific command we can send the data from microcontroller to the server using
operator network.
§ Here in this project we will use the GSM module to transmit the data to the server
Website.
§ With the help of the GSM, by running specific AT commands ,We can transmit the
data that we obtained from the GPS via microcontroller to the server website where
we want to plot the live routes of the tracked vehicle.
§ There are different AT commands . Some of the AT commands are listed below
o ATA – Response in case of data call : if successfully connected
o ATDL – This command used to redial the last number
o AT+CMGF – This AT command is used to select SMS message format
o AT+CMGR – This command is used to read the message
o AT+CMGS – this command is used to send message
o AT+CGATT – This command is used to attach/detach from GPRS service
o AT+CGCOUNT – Used for GPRS Packet counter
§ So in this way we can run specific AT commands so that we can send the data
obtained from the GPS to the server website so that we can plot the live routes.
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3.3 Microcontroller

§ Microcontroller/processor are core devices which are used to simplify the calulation of very
large or complex digits.
§ Here we are going to use microcontroller instead of microprocessor because of lots of
advantages of microcontroller over microprocessor as below.
§ Microprocessor have different memory storage of RAM and ROM, so it is very bulky and
complex design for our circuit and it also need much more large integrating space on PCB.
§ So we are using microcontroller in our project device, now its very irritating desicion in
selection of which microcontroller we have to use.? Because there are many types and family
of microcontroller like 8051, 89S52, 8053 etc.
§ 8051 and 89S52 both microcontroller are best suited for our circuit design as both are
compatible for our calculation.
§ But we are using 89S52 instead of 8051 because the 89S51 has an RISC structural design
and holds fewer no of codes which makes it easy for programming through SPI as compared
with a microcontroller such as the 8051.
§ However as compared to other microcontrollers they have very few differences but 89S52 is
best microcontroller for our requirement.
§ We will use microcontroller for hardware control and microcontroller will be connected with
the   GSM   module,  GPS   module.   Microcontroller  takes  the  data  from  the   GPS   module  and  sends  
it  to  GSM  module.  Here  we  will  use  Microcontroller  to  take  current  position  data  from  GPS  
module,  send  it  to  GSM  module,  so  by  sending  the  data  to  server  website  using  GSM  module.  
The  microcontroller  will  function  as  the  brain  of  the  entire  system.     It  will  receive  data  from  
the  GPS  receiver.  We  have  selected  AT89S52  microcontroller  interfacing  to  various  hardware  
peripherals.  The  current  design  is  an  embedded  application,  which  will  continuously  monitor  a  
moving  Vehicle  and  report  the  status  of  the  Vehicle  on  demand.

3.4 Display

§ Display is used to show down our result of the measurement.

§ Mainly 2-types of display are present 1>LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 2>LED
Display(Light Emitting Diode)
§ For not more complex output of our device we are using LCD display instead of LED.
§ Here, We will use LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) to display the data coming from GPS
module and which AT commands are running.
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Chapter 4
List of components used for TDS and Conductivity meter

§ Semiconductors
o AT89S52
o HEF409
o LM317T
o LM7805

§ Resisters(±5% Carbon)
o Resisters (Quantity-4)

§ Capacitors
o Capacitors (Quantity-6)

Miscellaneous

o PCB(Programmable circuit board)

o DC Battery Supply(+12V)
o Bridge rectifier
o Voltage Regulators
o LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
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Chapter 5
Circuit Design & description

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

   

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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5.1 GPS module

§

§ GPS module can be directly connected to external Active GPS antenna using SMA
connector as shown in Figure.
§ The Global Positioning System (GPS) is global navigation satellite system which uses
a constellation of between 24 and 32 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit
precise microwave signals, that enable GPS receivers to determine their location,
speed, direction, and time.GPS has become a widely used aid to navigation
worldwide, and a useful tool for map-making, land
surveying, commerce, scientific uses, tracking and surveillance, and hobbies such as
geo-caching and way marking. Also, the precise time reference is used in many
applications including the scientific study of earthquakes and as a time
synchronization source for cellular network protocols. GPS has become a mainstay of
transportation systems worldwide, providing navigation for aviation,
ground, and maritime operations. Disaster relief and emergency services depend upon
GPS for location and timing capabilities in their life-saving missions. The accurate
timing that GPS provides facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone
operations, and even the control of power grids. Farmers, surveyors, geologists and
countless others perform their work more efficiently, safely, economically, and
accurately using the free and open GPS signals.
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5.1a GPS RECEIVER WITH ACTIVE ANTENNA

§ GPS means Global positioning system. GPS module used the NMEA (national marine
Electronics Association) protocol. GPS module makes a connection with a satellite.
GPS modules give the data of current position in latitude and longitude form. GPS
module connected with Microcontroller via RS232 protocol. Here we will use GPS
module to take the current position of the exact person.
§ Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites broadcast signals from space that GPS
receivers, use to provide three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude)
plus precise time.GPS receivers provides reliable positioning,navigation, and timing
services to worldwide users on a continuous basis in all weather,day and night,
anywhere on or near the Earth. Sunrom’s ultra-sensitive GPS receiver can acquire
GPS signals from 65 channels of satellites and output position data with high accuracy
in extremely challenging environments and under poor signal conditions due to its
active antenna and high sensitivity. The GPS receiver’s -160dBm tracking sensitivity
allows continuous position coverage in nearly all application environments. The
output is serial data of 9600 baud rate which is standard NMEA 0183 v3.0 protocol
offering industry standard data messages and a command set for easy interface to
mapping software and embedded devices.
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5.1b FEATURES

§ High sensitivity -160dBm

§ Searching up to 65 Channel of satellites
§ LED indicating data output
§ Low power consumption
§ GPS L1 C/A Code
§ Supports NMEA0183 V 3.01 data protocol
§ Real time navigation for location based services
§ Works from +5V DC signal and outputs 9600 bps serial data
Magnetic base active antenna with 3 meter wire length for vehicle rooftop installation

5.1c GPS METHOD OF OPERATION

§ A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the
constellation of GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually
transmits messages containing the time the message was sent, a precise orbit for the
satellite sending the message (the ephemeris), and the general system health and rough
orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac). These signals travel at the speed of light
through outer space, and slightly slower through the atmosphere. The receiver uses the
arrival time of each message to measure the distance to each satellite thereby
establishing that the GPS receiver is approximately on the surfaces of spheres centered
at each satellite. The GPS receiver also uses, when appropriate, the knowledge that the
GPS receiver is on (if vehicle altitude is known) or near the surface of a sphere
centered at the earth center. This information is then used to estimate the position of
the GPS receiver as the intersection of sphere surfaces. The resulting coordinates are
converted to a more convenient form for the user such as latitude and longitude, or
location on a map, then displayed.
§ It might seem that three sphere surfaces would be enough to solve for position, since
space has three dimensions. However a fourth condition is needed for two reasons.
One has to do with position and the other is to correct the GPS receiver clock.
§ It turns out that three sphere surfaces usually intersect in two points. Thus a fourth
sphere surface is needed to determine which intersection is the GPS receiver position.
For near earth vehicles, this knowledge that it is near earth is sufficient to determine
the GPS receiver position since for this case there is only one intersection which is
near earth.
§ A fourth sphere surface is also needed to correct the GPS receiver clock. More precise
information is needed for this task. An estimate of the radius of the sphere is required.
Therefore an approximation of the earth altitude or radius of the sphere centered at the
satellite must be known.
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5.2 GSM MODULE INTRODUCTION: -

§ GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates
over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile
operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
§

5.2a FEATURES

§ Quad Band GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900 Mhz

§ GPRS multi-slot class 10/8
§ GPRS Mobile station class B
§ Compliant to GSM Phase 2/2+
Class 4 (2W@850/900Mhz)
Class 1(1W@1800/1900Mhz)
§ Control via AT commands(GSM 07.07,07.05 and enhanced AT commands)
§ Operation Temperature(-20 deg C to+55 deg C)
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5.2b Power Supply
§ Use AC – DC Power Adaptor with following ratings
§ DC Voltage : 12V
§ DC Current : 1A
§ Polarity : Centre +ve & Outside –ve
§ Current Consumption in normal operation 250mA, can rise up to 1Amp while transmission.
5.2c Interfaces

§ Stereo connector for MIC & SPK

§ Power supply through DC socket
§ SMA antenna connector
§ Push switch type SIM holder
§ LED status of GSM / GPRS module

5.3 MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52)

§ The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32
or 64 bit micro controllers or microprocessors. Systems using these may be earlier to
implement due to large number of internal features. They are also faster and more
reliable but, the above application is satisfactorily served by 8-bit micro controller.
Using an inexpensive 8-bit Microcontroller will doom the 32-bit product failure in any
competitive market place. Coming to the question of why to use 89S52 of all the 8-bit
Microcontroller available in the market the main answer would be because it has 8kB
Flash and 256 bytes of data RAM32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, an Eight-
vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and
clock circuitry.

5.3a DESCRIPTION

§ The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K

Bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory.

§ The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory

technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 instruction set and pin
out. The on-chip Flash allows the program
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§ Memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer.

§ By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on A

monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a
Highly-flexible and cost-effective solution too many embedded control applications.

§ The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes
Of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters,
a Six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip
oscillator, And clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic
for operation Down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power
saving modes.

§ The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port,
and Interrupt system to continue functioning.

§ The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents But freezes the oscillator, disabling
all other chip functions until the next interrupter hardware reset.

5.3b FEATURES

§ 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
§ 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
§ Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
§ Three-level Program Memory Lock
§ 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
§ 32 Programmable I/O Lines
§ Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
§ Eight Interrupt Sources
§ Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
§ Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
§ Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
§ Watchdog Timer
§ Dual Data Pointer
§ Power-off Flag
§ Fast Programming Time
§ Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
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5.3c PIN DIAGRAM                                                          

PIN DESCRIPTION

1) VCC:-
Supply voltage 0-5V.
2) GND:-
Ground.
3) Port 0:-
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin
can sink Eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as
high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode,
P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming
and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are
required during program verification.
4) Port 1:-
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output
buffers Can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal
pull-upswing addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2
external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX),
respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order
address bytes during Flash programming and Verification.
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Port Pin Alternate Functions

P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-

out

P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and

direction control)

P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming)

P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming)

P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)

Table No 1: Port 1 Pin Function
5) Port 2:-
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal
pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external
program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit
addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups
when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses
(MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2
also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.
6) Port 3:-
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups
Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.Port 3
also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the
following table.
Port Pin Alternate Functions
P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
p3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)

Table No 2: Port 3 Pin Function

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7) RST:-
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the
Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to
disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature
is enabled.

8) ALE/PROG:-
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming.
In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator
frequency and
may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE
pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH.
With the Bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction.
Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if
the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

9) PSEN:-
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.
When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is
activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped
during each access to external data memory.

10) EA/VPP:-
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the
device to
Fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on
reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during
Flash
programming.

11) XTAL1:-
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.

12) XTAL2 :-
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
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5.4 POWER SUPPLY

5.4a INTRODUCTION
§ There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC
mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other
devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which
performs a particular function. For example a 5V regulated supply can be shown as
below

Figure 14: Block Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply System

§ Similarly, 12v regulated supply can also be produced by suitable selection of the
individual elements. Each of the blocks is described in detail below and the power
supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit diagram and a
graph of their output:

5.4b TRANSFORMER

§ A transformer steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC. Here we are
using a center-tap transformer whose output will be sinusoidal with 36volts peak to
peak value.                

Figure 15: Output Waveform of transformer

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§ The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It is
not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing
capacitor. The transformer output is given to the rectifier circuit.

5.4c RECTIFIER

§ A rectifier converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying. There are several types
of rectifiers; here we use a bridge rectifier.
§ The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both
half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure.
The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied
to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected
between the other two ends of the bridge.
§ For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas
diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series
with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL. For the
negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1
and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the
previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into unidirectional.
§
§
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§ The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not
suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits
unless they include a smoothing capacitor.

5.4d SMOOTHING OF FILTERING

§ The smoothing block smoothness the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple and
the ripple voltage is defined as the deviation of the load voltage from its DC value.
Smoothing is also named as filtering.
§ Filtering is frequently effected by shunting the load with a capacitor. The action of this
system depends on the fact that the capacitor stores energy during the conduction
period and delivers this energy to the loads during the no conducting period. In this
way, the time during which the current passes through the load is prolonging Ted, and
the ripple is considerably decreased. The action of the capacitor is shown with the help
of waveform.

Figure 18: Smoothing action of capacitor

                                   

                                                                         
Figure 19: Waveform of the rectified output smoothing
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5.5e REGULATOR

§ Regulator eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage. Voltage regulator

ICs are available with fixed (typically 5V, 12V and 15V) or variable output voltages.
Negative voltage regulators are also available Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs
has 3 leads (input, output and high impedance). They include a hole for attaching a
heat sink if necessary. Zener diode is an example of fixed regulator which is shown
here.

Figure 20:Regulator IC

Figure 21: Regulator Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator:

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Chapter 6
Future work

6.1 8th semester workout plan

§ Now we already have finalized the required hardware for project and also we have
made circuit diagram of Vehicle Tracking system in NI Multisim 12.0.
§ In future we have to first make program codes for our project and then we will start
hardware implementation of project.
§ After successful hardware implementation of our project we will start using it and
suppose any error in coded program or in hardware implementation of project occurs
then we will troubleshoot it and hardly try to solve it.
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Overall schedule of Project

Duration  of  Months

Task
Start  Date End  Date 1 2 _ 3 4 5 6 7 8
Detail  study  of  project  
and   01/08/13 31/08/13
Block  Diagram  
Component   design
Selection  
and  Circuit  Diagram   01/09/13 30/09/13
Design
Software  
programming  and  
hardware   01/10/13 31/01/14
Implementation
Complete  
development  Of   01/02/14 28/02/14
circuit

Testing  and  
trouble-­‐   01/03/14 30/03/14
shooting
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References

§ http://www.gsm-modem.de/vehicle-tracking.html
§ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc13ei46ceA
§ http://www.atmel.com/devices/AT89S52.aspx?tab=overview
§ Stephen Jay,"Tracking system and portable device" US patent 7411492Issued
Jan 1, 2009.
§ www.atmel.in/Images/doc1919.pdf
§ www.engineersgarage.com/articles/gsm-gprs-modules
§ www.maximintegrated.com › Products › Interface
§ www.futurlec.com › Integrated Circuits › 74 Series › 74LS Series
§ www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn74ls00.pdf
§ http://www.zen22142.zen.co.uk/Design/dcpsu.htm
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Appendix

Pin Diagrams of Different Electronic Components

PIN DIAGRAM OF ATMEL89S52
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LM317
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LM7805
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HEF4052BD
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