Protect Einstein Heritage From Empty Hawking Theory-of-Everything AND Dark-Energy Hoax

By Benjamin Gal-Or, All Rights Reserved
PROTECT EINSTEIN'S HERITAGE

FROM EMPTY HAWKING
TOE & Dark Energy No Show, No
Science, Anti Einsteinian Gravity
K

Einstein: Generations of computer

idiots would generate fake sim info:
Theory of Every Thing? Dark Energy?
E
ONLINE SUPLEMENT to Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy Book by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or
Cosmology, Physics
and Philosophy
Preface
SIR KARL POPPER, Foreword ……………….……………..… xx
SIR ALAN COTTRELL, Foreword ………………….……........ xxi
Preface ……………………………………..….……….…..….... xxii
Introduction
1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified
Concepts and Order in Physics and Philosophy ....….……2
1.1.1 Science Order: Cosmology to Quantum or in Reverse..... 3
1.1.2 How did all start v. Science teaching of that Order….......5
1.1.3 The first seven stages v. tradition ……….....…............... 7
1.1.4 The present matter-dominated era by Astronomy........... 11
2.1 The Einsteinian Methodology: A Preliminary Remark ..... 11
February
19, 2012
From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures
to Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics
1.1 Gravitation, Asymmetry and Structure of Earth v. Cosmos ...80

A fallacy associated with current Education ...………...........80
1.1.2 Gravity-induced sedimentary structures …………............. 81
1.2 Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russel Central Diagram ……….. 88
1.3 Supernova, Gravitational Collapse,
Neutron Stars, Pulsars …………………………………….......…92
1.4 X-Ray Astronomy, Binary X-Ray Systems, and...
Gravitational Clocks ……………………………………......... . 100
1.5 Black Holes …………………….……………………….… 106
1.6 Gas, Dust and the Formation of Stars in Our Galaxy ............113
1.7 How Are Cosmic Distances Measured? ……………….….. 116
1.8 Neutrino Astronomy and Astrophysics ………………….... 130
1.9 The Emergence of Gamma-Ray Astronomy ………….…... 132
1.10 Exploration of Extra-Solar Space
by Unmanned Spacecraft ……………………….………..…… 134
2
From Old Physics

to Particle Physics-I
2.1 Aim and Scope ……………………………………………. 138
2.2 Limitations of Theory ……………………………….….… 140
2.3 The General Macroscopic Equation ………………….….... 142
2.4 Continuity Equation (Total Mass Conservation) ………..... 146
2.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum and Gravity.…………. 147
2.6 The Navier-Stokes Equations and Gravity ……………….. 149
2.7 Kinetic-Energy Equation and
Dissipation Function in Gravitational Fields ……………......... 152
2.8 First Law of Thermodynamics or Energy
Conservation Equation ………………………………….......… 154
2.9 First Law and Enthalpy ………………………………….... 156
2.10 First Law In Terms of Temperature Field …………….…. 157
2.11 Entropy Balance Equation ……………………………….. 159
2.12 Beyond Classical Physics:...............…………………...…. 160
2.13 Neutrinos and the Powerful Role Conservation
Equations Play in Subatomic Processes (Addendum) …...…… 163
General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology

Should Rule Particle-Quantum Physics,
Not the Other Way, Not by Any Quantum Axiom
3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………....... 167

3.1.1 Einstein’s field equations in general relativity ………..…….… 169
3.1.2 Confirmation of Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation …………..... 172
3.2 Principles and Formulations of General Relativity and
Relativistic Cosmology ………………...……….………………....... 191
3.3 Observations, The “Age” of the Universe.
And “Equivalent Local Cells” …………………….……….….......... 200
3.4 Timekeeping, Accelerated Observers and the
Principle of Equivalence ………………………….……………........ 204
3.5 From General Relativity to Unified Field Theories ………….…. 205
3
From Physics to Philosophical Crossroads and Back

The Arrows of Time
4.1 Time and The Arrow of Time: The Most Distorted of All Ideas? ..215
4.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and
The Unification of the Laws of Physics …………………….............. 216
4.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ………………………………....... 217
4.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ………...... 219
4.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….....… 222
4.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………........ 226
4.7 Causation and Determinism in Relativistic Theories ……..............227
4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time ……….…….... 230
4.9 A Few Remarks ……………………………………...………...... 232
4.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….……. 236
4.10 Microscopic Time Asymmetries in “Elementary Particles” … .. 240
4.11 Death of Scale-Based Physics….......….………….……….......... 242
4.12 “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical School and “Superspace” 243
4.13 Tachyons and Causal Violations …………………….………. ....246
4.14 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics …... 247
4.15 Fading Memory in Classical Physics …………………………... 247
4.16 Doubts as to the Universality of Entropy ……………………..... 249
4.17 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time ………….…... . 250
Crisis origin in Fundamental Quantum:
Gravitation & Cosmology Rejected by Quantum Physics

5.1 Preliminary Review …………………………………….……...... 255
5.1.1 The three main schools of thought ……………………............. 261
5.2 Einstein’s Objections to the Uncertainty Principle ………........... 262
5.3 The Heresy of a Few Skeptics ………………………….…......... 265
5.4 Mythologized Concepts of Quantum Physics …………...…....... 265
5.5 The Failure of Classical and Quantal Statistical
Mechanics to Deduce Irreversibility and Time Asymmetries .............267
5.6 The Emergence of Quantum Chromodynamics
and Super-Symmetry …………………………………….................. 272
5.6.1 Spatio-Temporal Approach to Quantum Physics ……….......... 272
5.6.2 From Weinberg-Salam Theory to
Quantum Chromodynamics ………………………............................ 273
5.6.2.1 Conservation laws as symmetry principles; and vice versa ... 273
5.6.2.2 Global, exact, approximate, isotopic and SU(3) symmetries 274
5.6.2.3 From SU(3) to renormalizable gauge theories ……............... 276
5.6.2.4 Quark confinement asymptotic freedom in gauge theories 276-1
4
5.6.2.5 QCD and the search for higher symmetry principles ……... 276-2
5.6.3 Quantum Field Theories, Super-Symmetry & Super-Gravity... 276-3
5.6.3.1 Limits of quantum gravity and ‘Unified Field Theories’ .......276-4
From Physics to Cosmological Crossroads and Back

Cosmology, Physics by Our Bridging Physics-Philosophy
6.1 Thermodynamics is Gravity-Physics less Entropy Lacuna

6.1.1 Intergalactic voids rule 2 Expansions of the Universe....,.277
6.1.2 Gravitation as super-structuring of matter and All Life....279
6.2 The Earliest Observational Evidence. .…...………..........279
6.2.1 Which space expands and which does not? …...…......... 282
6.3 Gravitation-Asymmetry Principle of Equivalence ……......284
6.4 Can Inter-cluster Voids Be Saturated with Radiation? .......287
6.5 Derivation of the Master Asymmetry form
our Gravitational School of Intergalactic Voids v. life...... 290
6.6 Irreversibility in the New Gravitational
Cosmological Thermodynamics ………………................ 293
6.7 Origin of Dissipation in Newtonian Fluids ……..….....… 297
6.8 Terrestrial Thermodynamics ……………………..……... 299
6.9 Connections with Classical and Continuum
Thermodynamics …………………………..…..…........... 301
6.10 Electromagnetic Irreversibility v. Master Asymmetry..... 303
Cosmological Base of Time, Quantum & Future Science
7.1 Time: The All-Embracing Concept …………………................. 309

7.2 Cosmological Origin of Time ……………………….................. 310
7.3 Cosmological Interpretations of Newton’s Laws of Motion …... 314
7.4 Gravitational Origin of Structure and Evolution .……................ 316
7.5 Gravitation and the Outflow of Energy Into Un-Saturable Space 322
7.6 Stellar Evolution …………………………………….... 324
7.7 Terrestrial Evolution ………………………………...... 325
Two Unprecedented Philosophies-Unified Science
8.1 Introduction ………………………………………...… 330

8.2 Observational Evidence ………………………….….....331
8.3 Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes …………...... 332
8.4 Black Holes Mechanics and Entropy ………………..... 340
8.5 Can Black Holes “Evaporate”? ……………………...... 341
8.6 Primordial Black Holes? …………………………........ 341
5
8.7 Back to the Melting Pot of Unification? …………........ 341
Two Philosophies
Within and Beyond Present Knowledge
9.1 The Futile Quest for Final Answers …………………...... 349

9.2 An Example in Havaism ……………………..….........… 350
9.3 From Cosmology to Irreversible Structures and Memory 365
9.4 The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………..…...… 415
VOLUME II
Introduction ……………………………………………................... 420

A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind and Symmetry ………... 437
The Philosophy of Time & Change:
Some Historical Notions …………………….……………….…...... 455
Structuralism and the Divided American Thought:
A Short Glossary of Terms ………………………………..……….. 467
Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………………….... 483
Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing Quotations ………..... 495
Critique of Western Methodology ………………………………. ... 530
6
Einsteinian Herritage
in Science,
Politics and Philosophy
Hawkingism is Not Even
Wrong
A Great 1987 Painting by Israeli E. Katz, by permission.
7
"Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New

Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source
of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but
all physical and biological phenomena!
Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause
of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution --
that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of
thermodynamics -- that
microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood
without reference to cosmology.
He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is
expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened
“irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.
Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding
space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing
out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.”
Advancement of Physics

"Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought
provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope
that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.”
Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Science
(a rival article by S. Hawking did not make it.)

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS:
“Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole.
He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical

prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion. Furthermore,
he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to
an empty scientism.
His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review

'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to
cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics,
8
astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially

the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the
intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and
government.
One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay
between symmetry and asymmetry.
His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces
in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but
is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future.
Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and
philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of
causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.
The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming

domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales.
The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and
counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and
perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of
general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion.
He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time
asymmetries.
The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for

radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in
temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that
leads to life.
He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and
the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism,
especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal
asymmetries.
Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum

mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a
deterministic interpretation of quantum events.
9
The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas

which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described
in a review.
[This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the
decline of academic institutions "as Gal-Or describes them", but that will be
the loss of both the faculty and the students.”
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS
"This is a great book, and an exciting book;

readable, worth reading and enlightening."
Sir Karl Popper, the Greatest Philosopher of Science

"I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and
classical humanism than that of Gal-Or’s book." Israeli HaAretz Daily

"We are all Gal-Orians ! " Editor, Foundations of Physics

"Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically
observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind,
a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry
that we always try to reach.”
Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics

Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of"

"This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read."
Outstanding Books List

"Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work!
Gal-Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political
philosophy."
A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University

"Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds.
10
Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science.

Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”.
New Scientist Magazine

"Evokes a person heart !!
Has generated a large number of responses from around the world,
some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-Orians”.
Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country
should recommend this book with all their intellectual power."
Chinese Academy of Sciences

"A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound
knowledge of present-day scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics

"The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner)
Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really
tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in
this Gal-Or is superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences

“I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made
pages of notes on it.
I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great
questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!
Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and
all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and
fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the
philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the
scheme of things – and by so much more!
I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that
expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time.
What an ingenious phrase is your,
“smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!
I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two
books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with
11
clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to
testable consequences.
I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such
importance by mixing it in with the other great task.
That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and
modern physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to.
I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a pacackage
that I personally have found most thought-provoking.”
Prof. John Wheeler, Inst. of Advanced Studies, Princeton University

"Most astrophysicists, cosmologists and
astronomers agree that the biblical account of
cosmic evolution, in stressing `a beginning´ and
the initial roles of `void,´ `light´ and a `structure-
less´ state, may be uncannily close to the verified
evidence with which modern science has already supplied us"
Professor Victor F. Weisskopf from MIT,
quotes CPP, REF. 9, Scientific American

“Lecture one [in Volume I] affirms that the stress placed by Genesis on
‘beginning’ and the initial roles of ‘void’, ‘light’ and a ‘structure-less’ state,
“may be uncannily close to the verified evidence with which modern science
has already supplied us.” Christian Apologetics Journal

“One of the best books on the totality of the sciences & the universe. It was
one of the favorite books of Sir Karl Popper. It looks at physics and the
universe as a totality of the mathematical philosophical understanding. It also
combines the physical concept of time with human psychological perception
and brain understanding of languages.”
Robin forumhub.com/expr/@202.54.92.222

12
Against Scientists Fooling
Themselves AND Fellow Ones
by Nobel Laureate Feynman:

“The first principle is that you must not fool
yourself
– and you are the easiest person to fool.
So you have to be very careful about that.
After you’ve not fooled yourself,
it’s easy not to fool other scientists.
You just have to be honest in a
conventional way.”
“You should not fool the layman

when you’re talking as a scientist."
Too late for Richard
to warn alive S. Hawking & his followers
13
2 SIMULTANEOUS EXPANSIONS of the UNIVERSE

Stellar and Galactic Winds that dissipate in intergalactic expanding voids
(1) compact galaxies into observed "filaments" (This Fig. 1),
(2) reverse early Big-Bang inertia deceleration,
(3) refute obsolete dictums such as dark energy,
(4) Provide the Foundations of Themdynamics.

FIG. 1: To start with we claim by Refs. 5 to 8 and Figs. 1 to 5, the existence of a

neglected second simultaneous expansions of the universe, which is confined to the cold-
14
dark voids shown – an expansion that compacts galaxies to clusters (Fig. 2) then to
filaments composed of millions galaxies each (Fig. 1):
Ø (1) First the well verified Big-Bang remnant inertia expansion that up to a few billion
years ago had been decelerating, but due to expansion (2) has been accelerating, as
discovered in 1998,
Ø (2) a predicted [5-8, Fig. 2] simultaneous expansion confined to intergalactic voids

shown here,
Ø analyzed by Fig. 2, and caused by stellar-galactic winds dissipating about equally in each
and all observed voids –
Ø a dissipation that by these expanding voids compacts billions galaxies into clusters, then
into SUPERCLUSTERS-FILAMENTS.
Ø That the compacting had started to be significant only when the number and intensities
of emitters around each void has increased to effect reversing of the early gravity-
induced DECELERATING cosmic expansion, thus refuting unsubstantiated claims of dark
energy that "causes somehow" the 1998 detected acceleration of 2 combined
expansions, which also
Ø (3) refute associated wrong dictums in cosmology, physics and

philosophy.
Ø The four yellow arrows depicted should be inserted into each and all
recorded dark voids to illustrate that opposing, rocket-type-winds
compact galaxies from both opposing sides of each filament, thus
accelerating the expansion of each and all collectively. RECAP:
Ø Super-fast winds that are emitted from any opposite filament sides
keep thrust-compacting each, like opposing rockets.
v The net result is thrusting away each and all voids' "filaments borders-
"walls",
v RESULT: Accelerating extant, gravity-induced (Einstein-Hubble)

decelerating inertia expansion of the universe since time zero.
15
v MOST IMPORTANT ARE NOT VOIDING DARK ENERGY CLAIMS, but to

refute induced dictums in science and philosophy.
v Most important is to understand Fig. 2
FIG. 2: "CLUSTER I" and II represent mid-term effect of the 2nd simultaneous expansion of the
universe, namely, prior to being further compacted into superclusters and filaments (FIG. 1).
"RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY" vs. "DISTANCE" defines "DIRECTION OF NET RADIATION FLOW"
as "3rd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", generate energy-density gradients that lead to the
"2nd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", that represents "EXPANDIND SPACE "1" CONFINED TO THE
COLD-DARK, INTERGALACTIC VOIDS and NOT involving spaces "2" and "3" within the filaments,
within galaxies, within stellar systems, within planetary systems.
"VOIDS/SPACE "1" is thus the sole MASTER of world phenomena that lead to the emergence of
life in non-expanding gravitational systems:
16
The MASTER ARROW OF TIME

Is also THE MASTER OF TIME ASYMMETRIES
And THE ROOT CAUSE OF OUR 2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS,
THE SOLE ASYMMETRIC FUNDAMENTAL LAW IN THEORETICAL

PHYSICS.
The largest, expanding, un-saturable, thermodynamic sink of

disposed energy from the surfaces of all active emitters in the
universe.
Definitions
Fig. 3: SPACE-"2" wraps all

non-expanding galaxies [Fig. 1]
and non-expanding SPACE-"3"

where super-fast,
interstellar winds, flow
out to SPACE-"2" and next,
irreversibly dissipate in SUPER-
COLD EXPANDING FILAMENT COMPACTING SPACE-"1" ,
composed of 2nd-expansion of the universe VOIDS located between
all Super-Clusters-filaments of galaxies. [Figures 1 & 2].
17
All images from author's books or Wikipedia.
18
Fig. 4: This figure does not show the astronomy verified chain of
facts that the galaxies depicted have been later compacted first into
clusters (Fig. 2) then further compacted into super-clusters
'FILAMENTS' that surround each and all cold, expanding,
intergalactic voids, or what had been defined by Volume I of this
Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy series, an independently
expanding SPACE-"1" by the inflowing stellar and galactic winds
(Figs. 2 & 3).
19
Fig. 5: The earliest detected intergalactic voids (dark

blue) vs. early galaxies that radiate galactic-stellar
winds (Fig. 2). These voids have been expanding with
the Big-Bang expansion (Figs. 1 to 4). As the number
and intensities of emitters has increased, the
thermodynamic processes defined by Figs. 1 to 3, have
established an independent, second, simultaneous
expansion of the universe.
Source: The cosmic background radiation discovered in 1964.
20
Einsteinian Gravit-Thermo Controls all, But

Not, No Science, No Show, Anti-Gravity
Dark Energy Chimera
21
Stellar-galactic winds
dissipating in Intergalactic cold
Voids, extra expand them, thus
compacting non-expanding
galaxies, merging some, and
reversing slowing expansion of
the universe

22

Note the scale 1 million light years

Study Dark Voids between Super-
clusters of Galaxies as Filaments
Recorded by NASA in FIG. 1
23
Note the bigger 10 million light years scale

Locate 'our' Local Group vs. VIRGO Cluster
IN SUPER-CLUSTERS MAP of galaxies, FIG. 1
24

Note the scale 100 million light years

'Our' Local Group and VIRGO CLUSTER are
less than a dot in the VIRGO supercluster of
galaxies compacted by Dark, Expanding
VOIDS BETWEEN ALL COMPACTED
FILAMEMTS, NEITHER BY BLACK HOLES NOR
BY DARK CHIMERA CALLED DARK ENERGY

25
INTERGALACTIC VOIDS control all stellar evolution (Fig. 2)
(1) INTERGALACTIC VOIDS control generation of life elements (Fig. 2)

(2) INTERGALACTIC VOIDS control supernovae that lead to planets
(3) INTERGALACTIC VOIDS control bio-geology and humanity,
(4) INTERGALACTIC VOIDS control all trees, flowers and birds,
(5) By it we come, by it we live, by it we return to soil.
26
Her
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
(1) Deterministic physics and engineering may begin with symmetric partial
differential equations. To agree with observations, asymmetry is forced
on in presented or published 'proofs', that proceed only under
imposed INITIAL CONDITIONS (for future time evolution), while
rejecting FINAL CONDITIONS (for symmetric past time 'evolution'.).
(2) Common example: Retarded solutions in electromagnetism that

conform with observations are in, while ADVANCED SOLUTIONS (which
do not conform with observations.) are out.
(3) FIG. 2 defines the most important energy-densities gradients that keep
allowing and maintaining stellar evolution.
(4) Each void-sink removes energy from emitters around it by its very
increase in volume.
(5) Stars cannot evolve without disposing its inner energy.
Ø That energy is irreversibly removed from their surfaces and being

disposed in the depths of 2 expansions that generate the largest sink of
the universe.
Ø WHEREFORE, without the 2nd simultaneous expansion of the universe,

all heavy elements in the universe, including the elements essential to
generate life, like oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, are impossible.
Ø Also impossible without the 2nd expansion are supernovae, that allow
planets to be formed and life to emerge by gravitation – a complicated
process that is described next.
Ø Localized black holes at the center of galaxies, and elsewhere, should

be accounted for, but their effects do not change these predictions,
assertions and facts as detailed herein and by Volume I.
27
Ø Existence of super-fast, stellar-galactic winds that are becoming strong

during the last 6 or so billion years, has been well-verified by all
astronomic observations.
Ø Such winds are flowing into each, almost equally distributed

intergalactic voids.
Ø The voids themselves are present from earlier time, as proven by the
1964-discoveed black-body radiation. Fig. 5.
Ø The winds originate in and emerge only from inside the filaments that
surround each void – and spread out from the opposite sides of each
filament.
Ø The winds enter each void from all 3D-directions, thus causing each and
all to enhance the expansion rate the inertia remnant of the Big-Bang
expansion. FIGS. 1, 4.
Ø Subject to momentum conservation, like in opposing rockets in space,

the super-fast winds on both opposing sides of any filament or
void border [FIG. 1] thrust-push-away both border-sharing-voids from
each other, collectively providing extra expansion-thrusting-away
against all other similarly expanding voids – the 2nd expansion of the
universe neglected or rejected by all proponents of theoretical physics,
astrophysics, astronomy, cosmology and the various philosophies of
physics, thermodynamics, space sciences and the origin of life.
Ø This process not only compacts galaxies into clusters and next into
superclusters and filaments, but reverses earlier, gravity-induced,
decelerated expansion of the universe.
Ø These newly defined dynamics generate energy-densities gradients (Fig.

2) that allow all stellar evolution by removing energy from emitters to
the largest energy sink in the universe, without which, no heavy
elements, supernova, planets and life are possible.
(a) there is no transfer of energy from one expanding void to

another due to uniform distribution of intergalactic voids in SPACE-1.
(b) Almost all dissipating stellar-galactic winds originate from stars and
galaxies that surround each void.
28
v A minor fraction of these winds proceeds across the universe to reach

our telescopes, allowing NASA and other sources to record FIG. 1.
v Various claims and dictums are refuted by this newly defined world
outlook, factual dynamics and associated new revolutionary theories
in science and philosophy. (Vol. 1 & 12 Assertions below.).
v Wheeler-Feynman static-space-theory should be redefined for two

simultaneous space expansions between emitters and absorbers.
v Dark energy claims -- and associated attempts to change general

relativity -- should be replaced by these two proven simultaneous
expansions of the universe and associated revolutionary theories.
v Quantum-statistics/probabilities are symmetric for

prediction AND retrodiction. A common self-fooling example:
Predictions that conform with observations are accepted "proofs" or
theorems or dictums or "aws of physics, while the rejected
retrodiction is not "legal" in obsolete science because it is simply
thrown out the window. Thus, such procedures do not constitute any
'proof' of 2nd law, unless one fools himself and fellow scientists.
v Endless known linguistic game-terminologies exist - aimed to

(wrongly) "justify" symmetry breaking. Beyond being fundamentally
wrong, some prevent quantum model unification with deterministic
Einsteinian Gravity Physics (general relativity). But this is not to be
further treated herein.
29
Interim Concluding Remarks
1. Super-fast stellar-galactic winds flow from filaments to voids on both sides

of each next dissipate in each attached dark-cold void. FIG. 2.
2. Entering each void from all 3D directions, momentum conservation

dictates thrust-push of all filaments-voids-systems voids away from each
other, collectively providing extra expansion away from all other similarly
expanding voids.
3. This process is herein defined 2nd, simultaneous, accelerated expansion of

the universe as one interconnected-system termed EXPANDING
VOIDS/SPACE-1. FIG. 2.
4. The net result of these SPACE-1-Dynamics is compacting most galaxies first

into clusters secondly into superclusters and filaments that are thus locked
and compacted between all these voids. FIG. 1).
5. The 2nd expansion is integrated with and affects the 1st gravity-induced
slowing down of the Einstein-Hubble expansion since the Big-Bang. FIG. 4.
6. SPACE-1-Expansion (FIG. 2) gradually causes REVERSAL of the earlier,

decelerated expansion of the universe, into a slightly accelerated one
affirmed by the 1998 discovery of slightly accelerated expansion of the
universe, namely, there is no need for any un-measurable, mystic, dark
energy to explain these observed records or to modify Einstein's general
relativity (gravity physics).
30
W hy the TIME Magazine selected Einstein as Person of the C entury?
On page 551 of his remakable book "EINSTEIN, His Life and

Universe", Walter Isaacson concludes:
"He was a loner with an intimate bond to humanity, a rebel who was suffused
with reverence. And thus it was that an imaginative, impertinent patent clerk
became the mind reader of the creator of the cosmos, the locksmith of the
mysteries of the atom and the universe."
On page 215 Issaacson explains:
"(During October-November 1915) Einstein was in the throes of one of the

most concentrated frenzies of scientific creativity in history. He was
working, he said, 'horrendously intensity'" (to complete and publish first
his general relativity). "In the midst of this ordeal, he was also still dealing
with the personal crisis within his family." "(Hilbert) was racing him to find
the equations of general relativity."
On page 214 Isaacson adds:
"Every week, the fifty or so members of the Prussian Academy gathered in

the grand hall of the Prussian State Library in the heart of Berlin to address
each other."
Since November 4 Einstein delivered there four lectures, the last one states:
"I had discovered the only law of gravitation."
31
Days later Hilbert responded (page 219): "Cordial congratulations" But on

November 20 he submitted for publication to the Gotingen science journal his
manuscript "proclaiming his own version of the equations for general
relativity." titled "The Foundations of Physics".

Einstein completed and published his Gravity Physics, known as General
Relativity, in November 1915, post checking if it correctly predicts published,
irregular, motions of planet Mercury.

He found total agreement with said astronomical observations, agreement
that no other theory had accomplished before.

That was the first obsevational veification of his gravity physics.

About three years later, in 1918-1919, Einstein's gravity field equations were
independently confirmed valid the second time for correctly and excactly
predicting gravity-induced, bending of light passing near a large mass, in this
32
first, British organized sun-eclipse-based test in Australia, later affirmed by

various observations around the globe.

Instant world celebrations followed. But somehing else was at

store under the curse of numbers, which always retards science
misleads some scientists and much of humanity.

1921: A talented Russian mathematician-cosmologists, professor Alexander
Friedmann, proved that Einstein's Field Equations, when applied to the
universe, Cannot make it stay stable, it must expand or contract.
Organized religions around the world strongly protested that Einstein is
profundly wrong.

Expanding universe violates the "established and known fact" that earth is
the center of the universe.

According to experts, any observer, stationed on any galaxy, would report
that all other galaxies are receding away from him, thus refuting the
established truth that earth is the sole center of the entire universe.

Einstein was indeed horified.

Various hostile protests from around the globe have joined the Claim:
E INSTEIN IS IMPOSTOR OF SCIENCE. EINSTEIN MADE A GREAT

MATHEMATICAL MISTAKE. HIS JEWISHNESS DEFILES GOD.
HE SHOULD BE PUT TO THE FLAMES OF ....

Horified Einstein knew that his equations are universally valid, that they
shine truth on some dark corners of science. However, the terror of words,
the hate, treats and brutal hostilty, some by professors, defeated him to force
on his valid equations a simple number to stop the curse-of-numbers-terror.
33
Immediately peace returned to earth, but not to bona fide science, not to the
great Hubble, who, by observations, verified that the universe indeed
expands. Thus, by fact, the big bang should be replaced by Einstein-Hubble
genesis (or bang?). And the word genesis bridges to tradition..
REFERENCES
1. Gal-Or Benjamin, Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility: An

Essay on the Einsteinian New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of
Thermodynamics; Annal. N.Y. Acad. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305 (1972)
Awarded the Gold Medal,
2. Gal-Or Benjamin, on cosmological origin of thermodynamics, Nature 230,

1971); 234, 217 (1971);
3. Gal-Or Benjamin, On The Origin of Irreversibility, Science, 176, 11 (1972);

178, 119 (1972);
4. Gal-Or Benjamin, Found. Phys. 6, 407 (1976); 6, 623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977);
5. Gal-Or Benjamin, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (CPP), Volumes I and

II, Springer Verlag, New York, 1981, 1983, 1987 until present
34

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Protect Einstein Heritage From Empty Hawking Theory-of-Everything AND Dark-Energy Hoax

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By Benjamin Gal-Or, All Rights Reserved

PROTECT EINSTEIN'S HERITAGE

1.1 Gravitation, Asymmetry and Structure of Earth v. Cosmos ...80

From Old Physics

General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology

3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………....... 167

From Physics to Philosophical Crossroads and Back

Crisis origin in Fundamental Quantum:

Gravitation & Cosmology Rejected by Quantum Physics

From Physics to Cosmological Crossroads and Back

6.1 Thermodynamics is Gravity-Physics less Entropy Lacuna

Cosmological Base of Time, Quantum & Future Science

7.1 Time: The All-Embracing Concept …………………................. 309

Two Unprecedented Philosophies-Unified Science

8.1 Introduction ………………………………………...… 330

8.7 Back to the Melting Pot of Unification? …………........ 341

9.1 The Futile Quest for Final Answers …………………...... 349

Introduction ……………………………………………................... 420

"Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New

“Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole.

He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical

His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review

astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially

The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming

The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for

Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum

The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas

"This is a great book, and an exciting book;

Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science.

Against Scientists Fooling

Themselves AND Fellow Ones

by Nobel Laureate Feynman:

“You should not fool the layman

2 SIMULTANEOUS EXPANSIONS of the UNIVERSE

FIG. 1: To start with we claim by Refs. 5 to 8 and Figs. 1 to 5, the existence of a

Ø (2) a predicted [5-8, Fig. 2] simultaneous expansion confined to intergalactic voids

Ø (3) refute associated wrong dictums in cosmology, physics and

v RESULT: Accelerating extant, gravity-induced (Einstein-Hubble)

v MOST IMPORTANT ARE NOT VOIDING DARK ENERGY CLAIMS, but to

v Most important is to understand Fig. 2

The MASTER ARROW OF TIME

And THE ROOT CAUSE OF OUR 2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS,

THE SOLE ASYMMETRIC FUNDAMENTAL LAW IN THEORETICAL

The largest, expanding, un-saturable, thermodynamic sink of

Fig. 3: SPACE-"2" wraps all

All images from author's books or Wikipedia.

Fig. 5: The earliest detected intergalactic voids (dark

Source: The cosmic background radiation discovered in 1964.

Einsteinian Gravit-Thermo Controls all, But

Note the bigger 10 million light years scale

INTERGALACTIC VOIDS control all stellar evolution (Fig. 2)

(1) INTERGALACTIC VOIDS control generation of life elements (Fig. 2)

(2) Common example: Retarded solutions in electromagnetism that

(5) Stars cannot evolve without disposing its inner energy.

Ø That energy is irreversibly removed from their surfaces and being

Ø WHEREFORE, without the 2nd simultaneous expansion of the universe,

Ø Localized black holes at the center of galaxies, and elsewhere, should

Ø Existence of super-fast, stellar-galactic winds that are becoming strong

Ø Such winds are flowing into each, almost equally distributed

Ø Subject to momentum conservation, like in opposing rockets in space,

Ø These newly defined dynamics generate energy-densities gradients (Fig.

(a) there is no transfer of energy from one expanding void to

v A minor fraction of these winds proceeds across the universe to reach