COMPUTER NETWORKS

Recommended Books
 Data and Computer Networks by William Stallings
 Computer Networking by Tanenbaum
 3rd Book is not confirmed.
Announcements
 First quiz will be in 5th week

21-01-2020
Lecture No. 01
Data Communication:
 Sender
 Receiver
 Medium
Transmission Media:
Transmission Modes:
 Simplex
 Half Duplex
 Full Duplex
Analog and Digital Signal:
Modulation is conversion of digital to analog while its reverse is
called amplification
Analog vs Digital Transmission:
Three method:
 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation
It means that from comparison we come to know that digital signal
better than analog signal w.r.t error rate security manageability and
many other things

22-01-2020
Lecture No. 02
Multiplexor:
It saves times and wire cost . Here are larger inputs but low inputs . It
is not clear . Capacity increases to transfer data . It connects many
lines to same source . It saves wiring expenses . less paths are
required in it . Here input and output both are involved. Here we
cannot exceeds the maximum capacity. If capacity is 9600 then we
can connect four computers or less of 2400 . We cannot connect 5
computers.
Time Division Multiplexer:
Here time is divided between cellular users .
How Does TDM works:
It works in such a way that if there are four computers then it will
send 1234 1234 1234 1234
Pure TDM

Statical TDM
Here only calculated data or actually transmitted data is send to
various computers so that here the extra things are not involved .
Frequency Division Multiplexor:
For example in cable or dish we change frequency and channel
changes . For a single terminal 4 different types of frequency are
needed. From 1000 Hz to 2800 Hz frequency is enough only for four
computers . 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300 frequency for channel A and
1400, 1500 , 1600,1700 are needed for channel B . Here gap of 100 is
for frequency guard to prevent mixing of data of two channels. It
similar to pure time division multiplexer.
Modulation:
Conversion of data from digital to analog is called modulation.
Demodulation is inverse of it . So in transmission both occurs at a
tine .
Here are three types of it
 Amplitude modulation
 Frequency modulation
 Phase modulation
Amplitude Modulation:
Two binary values 0 and 1 are represented by two different
amplitudes . Here amplitude is changed keeping frequency and
phase constant . Here angle is not changed also.
Frequency Modulation:
Two binary values 0 and 1 are represented by two different
frequency . Here frequency is changed keeping amplitude and
phase constant . Here angle is changed also.

Phase Modulation:
Two binary values 0 and 1 are represented by two different phases.
Here phase is changed keeping amplitude and frequency constant .
Here angle is changed also.