Test #2 BFC 21103 Hydraulics

May 10, 2019 (Friday)

8:30 am – 10:00 am
F2 Hall – Upper Floor
4.1 Rapidly-Varied Flow
Occurs when the depth of flow change rapidly within short distance, e.g. hydraulic jump.
Hydraulic jump occurs when supercritical flow changes suddenly to subcritical flow within a
short distance.

hydraulic jump

subcritical
y2
yc
y1
supercritical
1 2 Datum
Applications of Hydraulic Jump
i. Energy dissipator i.e. reduce velocity and prevent
erosion
ii. Raise the water level for irrigation or water
distribution purposes
iii. Increase weight on apron by raising the depth of
water to prevent uplift pressure
iv. Mix chemical substance e.g. in water treatment
process
v. Aeration of flow, i.e. increase DO
Applications of Hydraulic Jump
i. Energy dissipator i.e. reduce velocity
and prevent erosion
ii. Raise the water level for irrigation or
water distribution purposes
iii. Increase weight on apron by raising
the depth of water to prevent uplift
pressure
iv. Mix chemical substance e.g. in water
treatment process
v. Aeration of flow, i.e. increase DO
Applications of Hydraulic Jump
i. Energy dissipator i.e. reduce velocity
and prevent erosion
ii. Raise the water level for irrigation or
water distribution purposes
iii. Increase weight on apron by raising
the depth of water to prevent uplift
pressure
iv. Mix chemical substance e.g. in water
treatment process
v. Aeration of flow, i.e. increase DO
Applications of Hydraulic Jump
i. Energy dissipator i.e. reduce velocity and prevent erosion
ii. Raise the water level for irrigation or water distribution purposes
iii. Increase weight on apron by raising the depth of water to prevent uplift pressure
iv. Mix chemical substance e.g. in water treatment process
v. Aeration of flow, i.e. increase DO

Mixing of chlorine
& alum into water
for treatment
Applications of Hydraulic Jump
i. Energy dissipator i.e. reduce velocity and prevent erosion
ii. Raise the water level for irrigation or water distribution purposes
iii. Increase weight on apron by raising the depth of water to prevent uplift pressure
iv. Mix chemical substance e.g. in water treatment process
v. Aeration of flow, i.e. increase DO
Exercise 1
A spillway discharges flow at a rate of 8.5 m3/s/m with depth of 0.5 m. If hydraulic jump is
formed downstream, determine
(i) depth of flow after jump
(ii) percentage of energy being dissipated.
Types of Slope

yo So Type of slope Symbol

y o > yc So < Sc → Mild M
yo < yc So > Sc → Steep S
y o = yc or So = Sc → Critical C
yo = ∞ So = 0 → Horizontal H
yo = ∞ So < 0 → Adverse A
Classification of GVF Profile
Channel Region Condition Type
1 y > yo > yc M1
Mild slope 2 yo > y > yc M2
3 yo > yc > y M3

1 y > yc > yo S1
Steep slope 2 yc > y > yo S2
3 yc > yo > y S3

1 y > yo = yc C1
Critical slope
3 yo = yc > y C3

2 y > yc H2
Horizontal bed
3 yc > y H3

2 y > yc A2
Adverse slope
3 y < yc A3
 Classification of GVF Profile
Slope Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
M1
M2
yo yo yo M3
Mild M yc yc yc

y > yo > yc yo > y > yc yo > yc > y

S1
yc yc yc
Steep S yo yo S2 yo S3

y > yc > yo yc > y > yo yc > yo > y

C1
C3
Critical C −

y > yo = yc yo = yc > y
Slope Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

H2
Horizontal −
H yc yc H2

y > yc yc > y
A2

Adverse A −
yc yc

y > yc yc > y

All curves in region 1 have positive slopes (backwater curves)

All curves in region 2 have negative slopes (drawdown curves)
4.3 Gradually-Varied Flow

A steady non-uniform flow in a prismatic channel with gradual changes in its flow surface
elevation.

Examples:
(i) Drawdown produced by sudden change in channel bed slope

M2
control section

yo S2
yc
Mild slope

Computations
yo
(ii) Backwater produced by increased in bed elevation

M1 control section 1
control section 2

yo1
yo2
yc
Lake
Computations
1.5 Flow Over Broad-Crested Weir
Flow in a prismatic open channel is uniform if there is no obstruction e.g. of a hydraulic
structure.
If broad-crested weir is installed, uniform flow changes to non-uniform flow. Changes to the
water surface profile is influenced by the weir height H and the flow condition before the weir
(upstream flow), i.e. either supercritical or subcritical.

0 1 2 3 yo = normal depth of flow

y1 = depth of flow just before weir
y2 = depth of flow on the weir
yo
H y3 = depth of flow just after weir

Weir
Minimum Height of Weir Hmin
Height of weir H determines the depth of flow above the weir y2, i.e. whether y2 = yc or not.
Hmin = minimum height of weir which will start to produce critical flow depth above the weir
(y2 starts to change to yc)
Generally, depth of flow above the weir y2 is

If H < Hmin → y2 ≠ y c
If H = Hmin → y2 = y c
If H > Hmin → y2 = y c

Therefore, y2 = yc and E2 = Emin if H ≥ Hmin

 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
H y H y H y
y1 ≠ y3 ≠ yo
H < Hmin H = Hmin H > Hmin
y1 = y1′
or y1 = y3 = yo or y1 = y3 = yo or
y3 = y3′
Condition of Emin + H < y2 ≠ yc Emin + H = y2 = yc Emin + H >
y2 = yc
upstream flow Eo E2 = Eo − H Eo E2 = Emin Eo
E1,3 = Emin + H
yo Submerged Rarely Control
E2 = Emin
weir occur weir
yc < y2 < yo y1′ > yo and y3′ < yc

Backwater
E2 = Emin E2 = Emin
Subcritical E2
yo > yc Eo Eo y Eo y2 = yc
yo y2 y2=yc yo y1
yc o

H H yc H y3
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3

yo < y2 < yc y1′ > yc and y3′ < yo

E2 = Emin
Supercritical E2
E2 = Emin
yo < yc Eo Eo Eo y1 y2 = yc
y2 yc y2=yc
Jump
yo H yo H yo yc H y3
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Exercise 2
8.74 m3/s of flow is discharging through a 5.5 m wide rectangular channel with Manning
roughness coefficient of 0.016 and bottom slope of 0.00045 m/m. A 0.42 m step is installed at
a section along the channel.

(a) Find the resultant depths of flow upstream, above and downstream of the step.

(b) Sketch the resultant flow profile and label the depths of flow.