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  • Properties of Self-Compacting Lightweight Concrete Reinforced With Steel and Polypropylene Fibers - Elsevier Enhanced Reader

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    Properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete reinforced with steel and polypropylene fibers _ Elsevier Enhanced Reader

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    Properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete reinforced with steel and polypropylene fibers _ Elsevier Enhanced Reader

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    Properties of Self-Compacting Lightweight Concrete Reinforced With Steel and Polypropylene Fibers - Elsevier Enhanced Reader

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    Eduardo Bernardino
    Properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete reinforced with steel and polypropylene fibers _ Elsevier Enhanced Reader

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    Construction and Building Materials 226 (2019) 388-398, Contents lists available at ScienceDiroct Construction and Building Materials ELSEVIER, journal homepage: www. evier.com/locate/conbuildmat = Properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete reinforced with steel ® and polypropylene fibers eae Xi Liu, Tao Wu", Xue Yang, Hui Wei ‘Scho! of Ci Engnerng, Chang Unversity, Xan 710061, China + SCLC was produced using ste! and polypropylene fibers. 1 The workability of SCLC was slightly influenced by the fibers. {the stel and polypropylene fibers in hybrid form resulted in performance synergy “Iicrostricture in aggregatejpaste interface improved with ineeasing curing time ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT ‘ace Rory Received 18 january 2019 Received in revised form June 2019 ‘cepted 26 uly 2019 ‘The aim of this study is to investigate the elect of incorporating steel (ST) and polypropylene (FP) fibers and silica fume on the rheological properties, mechanical properties and microstructure of self- ‘compacting lightweight concrete (SCLC). ST fiber combined with PP fiber in four volume factions (ST) P= 050, 05% 0.5%, 05%/0.75%, 0:5%/1.0%) is introduced inthis study. The selfcompacting character 'stc of concrete is evaluated by means of slump flow, V-funnel, L-box and U-box tests. Compression, spliting tensile and exural tests are performed to characterize the mechanical properties of SCLC. In ee elton, 2 microscopic study onthe agzregntesipaste and fbers/paste interfaces were condted sing ome Sey even arty is Se aro weno ec smeetarsn a emcee ve ee - ee ae WR epee canny re ees SIGE aoa ponte oe ee nis whew Li Aghsresere — a ...,r,rCCt«ssCizaS Speic stengihsalfompoctingightweght cance SLO r—“—=‘“EEDDRDRRERERRRH0T' ——s—5s— = consolidating concrete, is an innovative concrete that can be placed ‘and consolidated under its elf-weight alone, requiring no external vibration. Its able to fill formworks as well as flow through the constricted areas and highly congested reinforcements without showing bleeding or segregation [1-3], SCC was originally intro- ‘duced by Okamura inthe late 1980's to promote the quality of con- struction work [4]. Meanwhile, a mix design method for SCC production was further developed with fixed coarse and fine aggre- gate contents [5] Artificial lightweight aggregates such as sintered fly ash, ‘expanded clay and expanded shale are mostly used in the produc- tion of lightweight concrete (LW), showing some characteristics Corresponding author mal adres: waroocs09220yshoo com (T Wa ups: ioiort0.1016i.conbuitimat 201907306, 50-0518) 2019 Eee I Argh reserve replaced by lightweight coarse aggregates to produce SCLC. SCLC ‘can be defined as a new type of high-performance material that ‘combines the well-known advantages of SCC with that of LWC. The key advantages of SCLC are its self-consolidating capability and the reduction in self-weight of the structure. SCLC was first used in the main girder of a cable-stayed bridge in 1992 (6). Since then, the application of SCLC in actual structure has gradually increased, especially in the area of poor working conditions, long construction circle and rehabilitation and reconstruction of struc- ture [7.8]. Besides that, SCLC might be used in underwater concret- ing, heavily congested structural elements, and precast structural ‘components where there is a high degree of quality control 19,10), which makes SCLC potentially more competitive. Applica- tion of SCLC in construction practice yields economic benefits and technical potentials such as reducing on-site noise emissions, X tie Construction ond Buding Mater 226 (201) 388-398 89 and increasing the rate of construction [11.12], which ensure a bet- ter working environment during the construction process. In ad tion, compared t0 normal vibrated concrete, a comparatively higher powder content is required in the production of SCLC in ‘order to improve its theological characteristics. It was reported that a powder content in the range of 450-600 kg/m? is recom- ‘mended for SCC [13]. Furthermore, mineral admixtures such as fly ash, blast-furnace slag and silica fume are commonly used as 4 partial replacement for cement to avoid segregation and achieve high deformability (14). In the application of lightweight aggregates, it should be consid- ered that the brittleness of SCLC is higher than that of SCC at the same strength level. Incorporating fibers into concrete mixes is rec- ognized as an efficient way to resolve the britle texture and dra- ‘matically improve the material properties of concrete [15] However, there is a reduction in the workability of concrete when fibers are added. The fresh and mechanical properties of SCC rein- Torced with fibers have been conducted by many researchers. In _most cases, steel fiber is incorporated, although non-metallic fiber can also be utilized. Khaloo et al. [16] reported that acceptable ‘workability can be achieved for SCC with steel fiber. Alberti et al. [17| studied the effect of polypropylene fibers on SCC and normal vibrated concrete and showed that an increase of fiber content increased the tensile strength but reduced the compressive strength, Sahmaran et al [18) demonstrated that it is possible to produce a hybrid fiber reinforced SCC with superior properties in both hardened and fresh states. However, only a limited number of studies regarding fiber reinforced SCLC have been conducted. Shahid ef al. [19] demonstrated that for SCLC reinforced with dif- ferent amounts of steel fiber content, an increase in fiber content resulted in a strong reduction of workability, but significantly increased the tensile strength. Klein eta. [20] analysed SCLC rein- forced with steel or polyester fibers and obtained an optimal polye- ‘rable Phys properties and grading expanded se gare ster fiber reinforced SCLC having a density of 1665 kg/m’, a slump flow of 605 mm and a 28-day compressive strength of 22.3 MPa. Since the investigation on SCLC containing fibers and mineral admixtures is of great importance, additional work is required. ‘This paper describes the effect of silica fume and two types of fibers (steel and polypropylene fibers) on the workability, mechan ical properties and microstructure of SCLC. Slump flow, V-funnel, U-box and L-box tests were performed to assess the self consolidating capability of fresh concrete. Moreover, the mechani cal performance of SCLC in a hardened state were also determined by means of compressive strength with elapsed age, spitting ten- sile strength and flexural strength. Furthermore, two types of inter- Tacial transition zones (FTZs) at aggregatelpaste and fiber/paste ‘were observed to investigate the bond properties in SCLC. 2. Experimental program 2.1, Materials 2LT. Coarse aggregate Crushed expanded shale ceramist from Guangda Co, Ltd. in Hubei, China was used as a coarse aggregate. Physical properties of the selected lightweight aggregates determined by Chinese stan- dard GB/T 17431.2 [21] are listed in Table 1 2.12. Fibers ‘Two types of fiber were selected: Dramix straight-shape steel (ST) fiber and polypropylene (PP) fiber. The ST and PP fibers were provided by Bekaert Co. Ltd. Belgium and Hansen Co.Ltd, Wubian, China, respectively. The properties of the selected fibers. used for SCLC mixtures, are shown in Table 2 View Tu densiy Apparent Tout Th Bah water Glade compress (i!) ensity hat’) porosity (2) absorption (=) strength (MPa) Socis eiaie cn note ces ‘rate? ‘Overview of investigate rs Tiber View Diameter Lengthy shape Density (fg) Bongtion at Madulus of ascy Tensile strength Ga) (om =) break) (crs) Ms) Soe 20 3 ‘Saisie 7800 32 200 2500 round otypropiene 0 20-25 sualght 910 ” ans 80 round ‘The plyscl properties of cement X ti ta Contraction and ulin Materia 226 (2019) 388-398 Blane fineness (m7 Losin ition ial seing dine Final seting me 3-4 compresive stenuth 28 day compressive strength ia) oo (in) (min) oar) ona 60 5 20 ms ‘a abled Mix proportions of SUC (hn ‘Mimurel> “Mature Nand WA Sind Warer ST sci 7 385 : 750 186 es - sce 2 ma nz 40760, 170 ae ; stossrig 6 ma 27 50760 v0. ee 2.1.3, Other materials ‘The following additional materials were used: ~ Cement used in the test was No, 42.5 Ordinary Portland cement in accordance with Chinese standard GB175 [22]. The physical properties of the cement ae listed in Table 3 ~ The fine aggregate was natural river sand of maximum size 4mm with a fineness modulus of 283. ~ A polyearbexylate-based superplasticizer (SP) was used as an admixture to obtain the desired workability as well as to improve the fiber dispersion Two mineral admixtures: fly ash, following Chinese standard 5/7 1596 [23] with a specific gravity of 230 gem’; and silica fume with a specific gravity of 2.79 glen. 22. Mix proportions and procedures ‘The conerete mix design was based on the over calculation method with fixed coarse and fine aggregate content (52425) In the experiments, two mixtures with different target strength are presented in Table 4, The first concrete class («lenioted as SCLC-1) was designed with cement (70% in mass) and fly ash (30% in mass) 8 cementitious materials. For the second concrete class (denoted {8 SCLC-2), cement (66% in mass), fly ash (30% in mass) and silica fume (4% in mass) were used. The effective water to binder ratios (w/b) of mixtures SCLC-1 and SCLC-2 were 0.33 and 0.30, respec tively, In addition, four additional mixtures of SCLC containing hybrid ST/PP fibers are listed in Table 4. Mix 2 can be defined as the control mix for the fiber reinforced SCLC. The ST fiber combined ‘with PP fiber in different volume factions (ST/PP=0:5%/0, 0.5%/0.5% 0.5%)0.75%, 0.5%/1.08) are used. ‘The concretes were mixed using a double-axis mixer under lab- conditions. Before mixing, a sufficient amount of lightweight ‘aggregate (LWA) was immersed in water for 1h to obtain a satu- rated surface dry (SSD) condition, Firstly, cementitious materials (cement, fly ash and silica fume) and fine aggregates were dry- mixed for 1 min, followed by the addition of ST and PP fibers. Mb ing continued for 1-2 min to ensure sufficient dispersion of fibers. Next, an approximately 3/4 mix of water with superplasticizer was added and mixed for 3-5 min. Next, LWAs were poured into the mixture and mixed for another 3 min and the remaining water was gradually added, 23. Workabilty test After the mixing procedure, the concrete's deformability and Aowability was determined immediately based on the usual slump flow, V-funnel,L-box and U-box tests, as recommended by EFNARC ‘committee [26] together with other possible codes. As suggested by EFNARC, the workability of SCC can be evaluated by the three ‘categories of flowability, viscosity and passing ability 2.3.1. Slump flow test ‘A normal slump cone and a plate with dimensions of 1000 x 1000mm? were adopted to evaluate the slump flow of SCLC, as shown in Fig. 1(a). In the test, the final slump flow diam- ‘eer (Dz the median of two orthogonal diameters) and time required to reach 500mm of slump flow (Tsoo) were measured. ‘The flowability of fresh SCC can be described with the slump flow ‘value and, based on that, the SCC can be divided into three slump flow (SF) classes: SFI, SF2 and SF3 corresponding to slump flow diameters of 550-650, 660-750 and 760-850 mm, respectively bs} 23.2. Vfunnel Test ‘The time required for SCLC to flow through a V-funnel was tested to characterize its resistance to flow as well as the filling ability. The test apparatus for the V-funnel test is shown in Fig. 1 (b). The time required to flow out of the funnel is recorded as the ‘V-funnel time. Viscosity of the SCC can be assessed by Tsia during the slump flow test (VS) and time required to flow through the V- funnel (VE). SCC can be classified in two viscosity classes: VS1/VF1 ‘and VS2/VF2 measuring Tyy) <2 s/V funnel time <8 and Ti ‘greater than 2 s/V-funnel time range from 9's to 25 s, respectively bel. 2.33, Lox test ‘The L-box test was conducted to evaluate the flowing ability through tight openings such as spaces between reinforcing bars. “The L-box consists of three parts - the chimney section, a horizon- tal section, and a gate with three reinforcing bars. The vertical dis- tance of conerete inthe chimney section, h, the vertical distance in horizontal section, hand time required to reach 400 mm from the -gate, Tyg, a8 Shown in Fig. 1(c), can be measured. An L-box passing Fatio ins larger than O3 is recommended to confirm good passing ability and this field is called the sel-flow zone [25]. However, there is no specification for Tyg in EFNARC oF other codes. 23.4, U-box test ‘The U-box test can be used in combination with the L-box test to evaluate the passing ability as wel asthe filing ability of SCLC. ‘The filling height difference of concrete between two boxes is mea- sured as shown in Fig. 1(d). The value of height difference (Ah) X tie Construction ond Buding Mater 226 (201) 388-398 81 : wie v3 65 (b) Fig. 1. Workability tests and apparatus for (a lump fw test) Vfunna fst, (c)L-bax test) U-box test. Rebars 3012 | Gap 5mm @ should not exceed 30 mm to achieve sufficient fling and passing ability (26), 2.4 Test of mechanical properties Mechanical properties, including compressive strength, spli ting tensile strength and four-point flexural strength were tested in accordance with Chinese standards GB/T 50,081 [27] and CSCETS [28], In total, fifteen cubic specimens with dimensions of 100 « 100 x 100 mm? and three prismatic specimens with dimer sions of 100 x 100 x 400 mm? were casted for each concrete mi ture without compacting, De-moulding was performed after 24 h of casting and specimens were then exposed in a standard curing room maintained at 23+2°C and 100% relative humidity until testing. The compressive strength was measured with cubie spec- imens at ages of 3, 7,28 and 90 days, respectively. The test was c ried out using 2 2000kN capacity universal testing machine (WAW-3100, Changchun, China) at a loading rate of 6 kN/s. The splitting tensile strength was determined at 28 days for cubic spec- iimens under a constant loading rate of 1 kNis. Prismatic specimens ‘were used to determine the flexural strength of SCLC at 28 days under a loading rate of 0.3 kN/s. A universal testing machine (YA- 300, Changchun, China) of 300 kN capacity was applied for both spliting tensile and flexural strength. The specimens were simply supported between two rollers and two loading Knifes with spans ‘of 300 mm and 100 mm, respectively. The test setups for mechan- Jcal properties ate shown in Fig. 2. The following equations were used to compute the splitting tensile and flexural strengths of all Lower Plate Fie 2. Meck popes est deals: (2) compressive stent, sting 2» 1) __ tense strength) Maal seg -% co) ‘where Pis the maximum tensile load; and Ais the oss section of a Gaelic ‘where Fis the total flexural load isthe span length (300 mm); and A (2) Bnd it are the width (100 mm) and height (100:mm) ofthe pris- be (7) matic specimens respectively. Pe X ti ta Contraction and ulin Materia 226 (2019) 388-398 mk @ () © Fig. 3. Test deta of microstrscture investigation: (2) subsamples, (8) spray conducting material weatments, e) 5-440 SER ‘ables Deals of Mic-xamination specimens. Research coment ob samples ‘esreeteslpste nero of SCLC oT sy, ahday oft fume oo agseptepaste M228 fbr itertce ws rsday Pier pate interace Ma rsaay 25. Microstructure investigation ‘The aggregate[paste and fiber/paste interfaces of SCLC were ‘evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After stirring, three prismatic specimens having dimensions of 40 » 40 x 160 mm?, were casted for mix Nos. 1-4 without com- pacting. The specimens were broken under a bending load and afterwards sampled, the sub-samples MI-M4 of Tom? were immersed in acetone solution to the stop hydration process. The ‘microstructure investigation was performed by S-4800 SEM with detectors of backscattering electrons, and applying 3.0 KV to the Image generation with a working distance of 8.9 mm. Before SEM analysis, the sub samples were subjected to high vacuum and were then coated with a layer of gold-palladium to enhance their electi- ‘eal conductivity [25]. Fig. 3 depicts the test details of the ‘microstructure investigation. The main research content is shown in Table 5. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Fresh state properties ‘The variation of slump flow diameter in slump flow tests ofall six mixes are depicted in Fig. 4. Slump flow diameters fall into the range of 660-750 mm and can be classified as SF2, except for the result of SCLC with O.SSF/O.1PP hybrid fibers (Le. mix No. 6). SF2 is_ suitable for many common applications [26]. SCLC with (0.5SE/'OPP hybrid fibers satisfies the highest level of requirements for SFI. Therefore, slump flow results indicate an adequate rheol- ‘ogy performance for all six mixes of SCLC. It can be seen that the slump flow values show a very slight change (from 690 to {640 mm) with the presence of fibers, and also an increasing total fiber content. Incorporating 1.5% volume fractions of hybrid fibers (0.5% ST/1.0% PP) to SCLC resulted in a metely 5% reduction in slump flow diameter (from 680mm to 645 mm). A study con- ‘ducted for high strength SCC did not significantly alter the stump flow values of concrete (from 800 to 740 mm) with the addition Of SF fiber, while an obvious reduction in slump flow values can i sr i a 2 iw 1 § oso i i i B sri ssa Mia Ne Fig 4. Variation of stump flow diameter for SC be observed with ST fiber content above 0.75% [16]. Another study indicated a negative effect on the flowability of fresh SCC, espe- ‘ally with the addition of ST fiber compared with PP fiber because ofits higher stiffness and configuration (30). Moreover, during the tests, there is a visual decrease inthe flowability rate of concrete with the addition of bers though the slump flow values decreased slightly. ‘The time taken to flow through the V-funnel and the time taken to reach a 500 mm slump flow for SCLC is shown in Fig. 9. These parameters can be used to assess the viscosity as well a the segre- gation resistance ability of SCLC [31]. The V-funne! flow time of all ‘mixes exhibited results in the range of 11.2-19.3 s, SCLCT mixture (Le, mix No. 1) had the lowest V-funnel time of 11.2, while the highest V-funnel time was 19.3 s as measured for the ST0.5SPI.0 ‘mixture (Le. mix No.6). The Tay slump flow time was in the range ‘of 1.9-4,1 s,s recommended by EPNARC [26], all mixtures except the SCLCI mixture were in the category of VS2VF2. The SCLCI mix- ture was less than the minimum limitation but still filled the accepted ranges. The viscosity class of VS2VF2 is helpful in some Special cases, such as in limiting the formwork pressure or improv ing segregation resistance. However, considering the increasing flow time, the concrete having the viscosity class of VS2VF2 was more likely to exhibit thixotropic effects. The V-funnel and Too slump flow times were 16.5 sand 2.3 s, respectively, for the control mix (ie. mix No. 2). For mix Nos. 2- 6, both the Taio and V-funnel flow times increased, accompanied by an increase in total fiber content. For instance, applying 0.5% ST fiber to the control mix, the Tzop slump flow times increased fo 285. The Tap flow time for STO.SSPOS, STO.SSPO.75, and STO.SSP1.O mixtures were 32s, 345, and 4.1, respectively. The X tie Construction ond Buding Mater 226 (201) 388-398 a Tego slump flow time’ s Fig. 5, Relationship of ime taken to low though V-funnel and to reach Sod mm slump Now fr SCLC results for the increase in flow time can be explained by the fiber orientation and distribution, which is beneficial in restraining the segregation of lightweight aggregates (32). Good fiber orientation and distribution in fresh mixtures, which entails variation of fiber ‘number, angle and embedded length, are necessary to obtain opti- "mum benefits ofthe fibers without fiber baling and fiber clumping, (33h, Figs. 6 and 7 illustrate the L-box passing ratio fz and U-box, height difference Ah change for various mixes, respectively, t0 determine the passing ability of SCLC. The L-box passing ratio and U-box height difference Ah in the ranges of 0.85-098 mm and 5-21 mm, respectively, met the standards recommended by [EFNARC [26], which confirmed the good passing ability of SCLC. ‘The lowest passing ratio hy/h of 0.85 was measured for the SCLCT mixture, while the STO.SPPLO mixture had the highest hi/hs of (0.98, Similarly, the SCLC! mixture had the lowest height difference, ‘Al, while the STO.5PP1.O mixture had the highest At, These results emphasize that applying fibers to concrete weakens the passing, ability of SCLC. Referring to Figs. 10-13, it cam be seen that incor- poration of fibers in concrete indeed decreases the workability of : : 10] Sa - 7 eo 09 g 7 on 06 0 rr Mix No. Fig. 6 Vonaion of passing tio yn Lbs est for SCLC “0 5 Eo z 21 3 20 oon 5 1s . 0 w a é o a as Mix No. Fig. 7. Variation of height difereae Ain U-box tes for SLC ey comes Scifi suength 2dbaday compressive strengehvMPa Specific strengev{MPai(m" Fi 8. Compresive strength o SCLC and its lationship with specie strength, SCLC, while the results of these tests met the limitations recom- ‘mended by EFNARC committee (26) and the all six mixes in this study can be recognized as SCLC with sufficient workability 3.2, Mechanical properties 3.2.1. Specific strength and compressive strength ‘The specific strengtn (strength-to-density ratio) can be used to ‘evaluate the light weight and high strength characteristics of LWWC. ‘As cam be seen from Fig. 8, the specific strength almost keeps i line ‘with the changing trend of the 28-day compressive strength of SCLC. It indicates that the compressive strength shows a corre- sponding relationship with the density of SCLCS. The 28-day com- pressive strength of SCLC was within the range of 52.8-G1.7 MPa Tor an oven dry density of 1817-1894 kg/m?, which satisfies the requirements for structural LWC, with a 28-day compressive strength of more than 17MPa and an equilibrium density of 1120-1920 kgm? as well as the requirements for high strength IWC (>40 MPa) [34]. Compared with SCLC without silica fume (ie. mix No. 1), incorporation of silica fume (0 the concrete (Le ‘mix No. 2) exhibited higher compressive strength and specifi a X ti ta Contraction and ulin Materia 226 (2019) 388-398 day SSI25-

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