Given information:

Thermal Conductivity of the wall as a function of thickness(x)= ( x )

Heat flux at x q

Expression for Temperature Gradient:

Fro Fourier’s l w of he t conduction we h ve
d
e t r nsfer r te y conduction
dx

q q

x x

e t Flux q
d
e t Flux q
dx
d
( x )
dx
dx
∫ ∫ d
( x )

( ) ln( x )| [ ]

[ ] [ln( ) ln( )]

[ ] [ln( ) ln( )]
et “ ” e the te per ture t ny dist nce ‘x’ fro left end of the w ll
Substitute and x in the above equation
[ ] [ln( x ) ln( )]
Temperature distribution inside the wall is
[ ] [ln( x ) ln( )] qu tion
is temperature of the wall surface at x = 0
a and b are constants.

Temperature Gradiant:
d
e per ture r di nt
dx
Differenti ting qu tion we get
d
[ ]
dx x
Part-a:
Given information:
Interior temperature of the house
xterior e per ture of the house
iven F ctors ( re )( her l esist nce)
F ctor
her l esist nce
re
Thermal resistance for different elements of the wall are:
F ctor of w ll
her l resist nce of w ls
re
Similarly
her l resist nce of ceiling

her l resist nce of Floor

her l resist nce of windows

her l resi tnce of doors

te of he t loss
her l esi tnce
e t loss e d loss e d loss
[ ] [ ] [ ]
fro celling fro floor fro windows ]
te of he t loss fro the house [
e d loss e d loss
[ ] [ ]
fro doors fro w lls
te of he t loss
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
fro the house
te of he t loss fro the house [ ]
(
) )(
( (
)( )
tts
Rate of heat loss from the house is 10472.14 J/s

Doubling the wall insulation will double the thermal resistance of wall.
her l resist nce of w ll [ ]

her l resis tnce of dou le gl zed windows

Thermal resistance of floor doors and celling remain as usual
e t loss e d loss e d loss
[ ] [ ] [ ]
fro celling
te of he t loss fro the house [ fro w lls fro floor ]
e d loss e d loss
[ ] [ ]
fro windows fro doors
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
( )( )
[ ( )]( )

Rate of heat loss by doubling thermal resistance of walls and windows is 6759.64 J/S
Given Information:
Diameter of the spherical vessel D = 0.3m
Temperature of walls
Temperature of the liquid oxygen stored in spherical vessel
Temperature of spherical vessel

Assumption:
 Steady state heat transfer
 Temperature of spherical vessel is same as temperature of liquid oxygen

The rate of heat transfer to the spherical vessel can be calculated by using the following formula.
[ ]
issivity (For l c odies )
( )( )[ D ][ ]
[ ][ ][ ]

The rate of heat transfer by radiation to the liquid oxygen is q28.8 Watt
s
tu
[ ] tu

[ ] tu s
hour ( )seconds

s [ ]h

( ) tu h
tu h

Given information:
Absorbance or emissivity of the storage vessel (spherical Vessel)

The rate of heat transfer to the spherical vessel by radiation can be calculate by using the following
formula
[ ]
issivity of the spheric l vessel
tef n oltz nn const nt urf ce re of the spheric l vessel
D
( )
e per ture of the spheric l vessel
e per ture of the w lls
( )( )( )( )

Latent heat of Vaporization of oxygen at is 213.3 kJ/kg

Let ̇ be the rate at which oxygen is getting vaporized because of radiative heat transfer
( ̇) ( )
̇
̇ g s
g pounds nd s [ ]h
[ ounds]
̇
[ ]h
̇ ounds hour
̇ ounds hour
The rate of vaporization of oxygen is kg/s or ounds hour

Given information:
Radius of sun
Surface temperature of sun (T)= 5800 k
Sun is approximated as a black body t =1

Assumptions:
Steady state heat transfer

Explanation:
The total rate of radiation from the sun is given by

iven

tef n oltz nn const nt urf ce re of sun

( )
( )( )( )( )( )

Emitted radiation flux per square meter of surface area (q) = Q/A
q ( )( )( )
⁄

Given information:
Diameter of the wire d
Emissivity of the wire
Temperature of air
Temperature of wire surface
Since the wire is placed in air there will be heat loss because of both convection and radiation.
(Ref r to table 1.4)
In the free convection the convective heat transfer coefficient lies between 6 to 30
Assume h ⁄ and steady state heat transfer.
The rate of heat loss from the wire (per unit length) because of convection is)
h [ ]
h D [ ]

h D[ ]
( )( )( )[ ]
The rate of heat loss per unit length of wire because of radiation is given by
( )
[ D ][ ]

[ ] [ D][ ]
( ) [ ][ ]

Total rate of heat loss from the wire ( ) ( )

⁄

The rate of heat transfer through a composite wall by condition is given by

ot l ther l resist nce

 nd are in parallel the equivalent resistance of and is in series with nd

quiv lent resist nce of nd

Equivalent resistance diagram

ot l ther l resist nce

her l resis tnce for conduction

Thermal resistance for each of the blocks of wall is

( ⁄ )( )
Similarly,

( ⁄ )( )

( ⁄ )( )

( ⁄ )( )
 ( )( )
ot l ther l resis tnce
( ) ( )
( )
ot l ther l resist nce

Under steady state conditions heat transfer rate remains constant through all the layers of wall.

ven

For material A
he r te if e t tr nsfer

For material D
he r te of he t flux

Temperature at the interfaces are and

Given information:
Given contact resistance i
If contact resistance is considered between the surfaces then the equivalent thermal resioatnce will
be as follows.

D
 ot l ther l resis tnce

Fro the pro le ( )

ot l ther l resis tnce

( )

Total rate of heat transfer through the composite wall is given by,

ot l ther l resis tnce

Total rate if heat transfer through the composite wall is 154 W.

Temperature at the interfaces:

If contact resistance is considered then there will be temperature drop at the interfaces/
Temperature drops from to and nd ar because of contact resiatnce.

Under steady state conditions, we can write

i [ ] i

From equation:

Fro pro le
[ ]

From equation:

From equation::

[ ]

From equation:

i
Temperature at the interfaces are
nd

Given information:
Temperature of air on left and right surfaces of the wall are nd respectively
Convective heat transfer co-efficient on left and right surfaces are ⁄ nd ⁄

If air is considered on left and right surfaces of the wall then the equivalent thermal circuit will be as
follows

h D
h

h ( )( )

h ( )( )
From problem 1.34,

ot l ther l resist nce

( )( )

ot l r te of he t tr nsfer
Surface temperatures of wall on interfaces:

Temperatures of the wall on interfaces can be found by using the following equation.
Total heat transfer rate

[ ] i

From equation:

From equation:

From equation:

From equation:

From equation:

From equation:
Given information:
Thickness of each layer of wood wall t = 2.5 cm
Total thickness of the wall ( )c c
c c

Wall area
Temperature difference across the wall

Explanation:
et re of the w ll e “ ”
Area of nails =
Area of wooden wall

Assume: One dimensional steady state heat transfer

Consider the wood is pine, thermal conductivity of pine

For mild steel thermal conductivity .

For thermal conductivities refer to table 10 and 11 in appendix 2

Thermal circuit for the mild steel nails and wood system wil be as shown below

her l resist nce of ild steel n ils

her l resist nce of wooden teri l

⁄
( )( )
ot l ther l resist nce

[ ][ ]
 [ ][ ]
ot l ther l resist nce
[ ] [ ]

ot l he t tr nsfer r te the co posite w ll

[ ]

[ ]

Heat transfer through the composite wall =

her l conduct nce

Unit thermal conductance = Thermal conductance per unit area

he r te of he t flow only through n ils

[ ]

[ ]
The percentage of heat that flows only through the nails is

58.9% of the total heat flows only through nails.

Given information:
Temperature difference
ont ct resis tnce etween sheets of wood ( i)

Explanation:
If contact resistance is considered then the thermal circuit will be as follows:

Refer to problem 1.37

her l resist nce of single l yer of wood

l
( )( )
 ont ct resist nce etween the wooden l yers of w ll
nd are in series the equivalent resistance of nd is

Equivalent thermal resistance of nd is

The equivalent thermal resistance will be as follows

[ ][ ]
[ ] [ ]

ot l ther l resist nce

te of he t tr nsfer through the co posite w ll

[ ]

[ ] ⁄
e t tr nsfer r te through the co posite w ll ⁄