“Earth & Life”

Methods of Reproduction: In plants there are two modes of reproduction, asexual and sexual.
There are several methods of asexual reproduction such as fragmentation, budding, spore
formation and vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and
female gametes.

1.)Asexual: Asexual Reproduction produces individuals that are genetically identical to the
parent plant. Roots such as corms, stem tubers, rhizomes, and stolon undergo vegetative
reproduction. Some plants can produce seeds without fertilization via apomixes where the ovule
or ovary gives rise to new seeds.

>Binary Fission: Bacteria, like ones causing your throat hurt, are simple celled organisms
that can reproduce using Binary Fission, an asexual type of reproduction where DNA is copied
and the cell splits…

Example of Binary Fission are Coli and Staph (Two Bacteria that reproduce using Binary
Fission)

2.)Budding: is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an

outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. … These buds develop into tiny
individuals and, when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent
individuals

Example of Budding are Hydra and Yeast

3.)Fragmentation: a form of asexual reproduction wherein a parent organism breaks into

fragments, each capable of growing independently into a new organism. The breaking into
smaller parts. Supplement. This is exhibited by organisms such as annelid worms, sea stars, fungi
and plants.

Example of Fragmentation is Cutting a worm into pieces.

Artificial Vegetative Propagation

is the deliberate production of new plants from parts of old plants by humans. This can be done
by following. Layering: in this method, a young branch is bent and pressed into moist soil. After
some time roots develop from the covered part.

Example: Banana, Pineapple, Orange, Grape, Rose, Etc.

GRAFTING
is an artificial method of asexual reproduction used to produced plants combining favorable stem
characteristics with favorable root characteristics. The stem of the plant to be grafter is know as
the scion, and the root is called the stock.

Examples of Grafting (Actually Grafting can be used in a variety of plants like roses,
apples, avocado, etc.)

CUTTING
A part of a plant, typically a stem or leaf, is cut off and planted. Adventitious roots develop from
the cuttings and a new plant forms. Cuttings are sometimes treated with hormones before being
planted to induce root development.

LAYERING
is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an above-ground stem grows roots while
still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant. Layering has evolved
as a common means of vegetative propagation of numerous species in natural environments.

Vegetative Reproduction
is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a
fragment of the parent plant or a specialized reproductive structure. Many plants naturally
reproduce this way, but it can also be induced artificially.

Examples:
1.)Potato tubers possess buds which grow into new plants
2.) Adventitious bus of Bryophyllum leaves grow to form a new plants.

STOLONS
or runners are horizontal stems that grow above the ground for example strawberries. Tiny
plantlets form along the stolon, and roots form where they touch the ground. When the
connection with the parent plant breaks, the new plant becomes independent. Stolons are
horizontal stems that grow above the ground.

RHIZOMES
are modified stems that typically grow horizontally along the surface of or beneath the ground.
Rhizomes are storage sites for growth substances such as proteins and starches.

SUCKERING
Vegetative formation of a new stem and root system from an adventitious bud of a stem or root,
either naturally or by human action. Such asexual reproduction is based on the ability of plants to
regenerate tissues and parts. Examples of plants that spread by suckers include red raspberry,
forsythia and lilac. Suckering allows horticulturists and agriculturists to reproduce a desired plant
over and over without significant variation.

ADVENTITIOUS LEAVES
Adventitious buds develop from places other than a shoot apical meristem, which occurs at the
tip of a stem, or on a shoot node, at the leaf axil, the bud being left there during the primary
growth. They may develop on roots or leaves or on shoots as a new growth.

APOMIXIS
is a Asexual reproduction of plants; esp., the formation of seed from the tissues of the maternal
parent.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
is a mode of reproduction involving the fusion of haploid female gamete (egg cell) and haploid
male gamete (sperm cell). The fusion of these gametes occurs at fertilization resulting in the
formation of a diploid zygote.

CONIFEROUS TREES
Coniferous Trees grow in the northern hemisphere where they form forests, which are called
taiga or boreal forests. These trees grow wild across many areas in North America, Europe and
Asia. Some conifers grow in the Southern Hemisphere in places such New Zealand and Chile.
The conifers are cone-bearing seed plants. Most are trees; some are shrubs. They are formally the
division Pinophyta or Coniferophyta. … living conifers are all in the order Pinales.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLOWER

flower development is an important part of plant growth. When a plant has reached maturity, it
need to develop flowers in order to reproduce. … Gladiola flowers grow develop along the stem,
with the most mature flowers opening at the base of the stem and immature flowers still in
flower buds at the tip of the stem.