TYPES OF CEMENT USED IN 3. Alumina: Alumina is Aluminium oxide.

The
CONSTRUCTION
What is cement?
 Is a binding agent that sets and hardens
to adhere to building units such as
stones, bricks, tiles, etc.
 Cement mixed with water causes a
chemical reaction and forms a paste that
sets and hardens to bind individual
structures of building materials.
 The water causes the hardening
of concrete through a process
called hydration. Hydration is a 
chemical reaction in which the major
compounds in cement form chemical
bonds with water molecules and become
hydrates or hydration products.
Composition of Cement
chemical formula is Al2O3. (from bauxite,
recycled aluminum, clay)
 Alumina imparts quick setting property
to the cement.
 Clinkering temperature is lowered by the
presence of the requisite quantity of
alumina.
 Excess alumina weakens the cement.
4. Magnesia: Magnesium Oxide. Chemical
formula is MgO.
Magnesia should not be present more
than 2% in cement.
 Excess magnesia will reduce the
strength of the cement.
5. Iron oxide: Chemical formula is Fe2O3. (from
clay, iron ore, scrap iron and fly ash)

There are eight major ingredients of cement.  Iron oxide imparts color to cement.
 It acts as a flux.
The general percentage of these ingredients in  At a very high temperature, it imparts
cement is given below: into the chemical reaction with calcium
and aluminum to form tricalcium
Ingredient Percentage in alumino-ferrite.
cement
Lime 60-65 6. Calcium Sulfate: Chemical formula is
Silica 17-25 CaSO4. (found together with limestone)
Alumina 3-8
Magnesia 1-3  This is present in cement in the form of
Iron oxide 0.5-6 gypsum(CaSO4.2H2O)
Calcium Sulfate 0.1-0.5  It slows down or retards the setting
Sulfur Trioxide 1-3 action of cement.
Alkaline 0-1
7. Sulfur Trioxide: Chemical formula is SO3

Functions of Cement Ingredients  Should not be present more than 2%.

 Excess Sulfur Trioxide causes cement to
1. Lime: Lime is calcium oxide or calcium
unsound.
hydroxide. (from limestone, chalk, shells, shale
or calcareous rock) 8. Alkaline:

 Presence of lime in a sufficient quantity
is required to form silicates and
aluminates of calcium.
 Deficiency in lime reduces the strength
property to the cement.
 Excessive presence of lime cause
cement to expand and disintegrate.
2. Silica: Silicon dioxide is known as silica,
chemical formula SiO2. (from sand, clay or
argillaceous rock)
 Should not be present more than 1%.
 Excess Alkaline matter causes
efflorescence
 Efflorescence is a crystalline deposit of
salts that can form when water is
present in or on brick, concrete, stone,
stucco or other building surfaces. It has
a white or greyish tint and consists of
salt deposits left behind when water
evaporates.

 Sufficient quantity of silica should be

present in cement to form di-calcium and Summary of Production Process
tri-calcium silicate.
 Silica imparts strength to cement.
 1. Cement is typically made from limestone
and clay or shale. These raw materials
are extracted from the quarry crushed to
a very fine powder and then blended in
the correct proportions.
2. This blended raw material is called the
'raw feed' or 'kiln feed' and is heated in a
rotary kiln where it reaches
temperature of about 1400 C to 1500 C.
The raw feed enters the kiln at the cool
end and gradually passes down to the
hot end, then falls out of the kiln and
cools down.
3. The material formed in the kiln is
described as 'clinker' and is typically
composed of rounded nodules between
1mm and 25mm across.
4. After cooling, the clinker may be stored
temporarily in a clinker store, or it may
pass directly to the cement mill.
5. The cement mill grinds the clinker to a
fine powder. A small amount of gypsum -
a form of calcium sulfate - is normally
ground up with the clinker. The gypsum
controls the setting properties of the
cement when water is added.
Cement is primarily characterized into two
types:
1. Hydraulic Cement
 The cement which hardens in the
presence of water.
 This is primarily because of hydration.
 The best example for hydraulic cement
is Portland cement.
2. Non Hydraulic Cement
 The cement which doesn’t harden
underwater.
 It hardens when it reacts with the
atmospheric carbon dioxide
(carbonation).
 Carbonation is the reaction of carbon
dioxide in the environment with the
calcium hydroxide in the cement paste.
 It is resistant to attack by chemicals
after setting.
Types of Cements:
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
 The most common type of cement.
 Less resistant to chemical attack.
 It is not suitable for the construction
work which is exposed to sulphates in
the soil.
 Composition:
1. Argillaceous or silicates of alumina
(clay and shale)
2. Calcareous or calcium carbonate
a (limestone, chalk, and marl)
 Uses:
1. Used for general construction
purposes
2. Used in most of the masonry works.
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
 In this cement type, clinker and
pozzolanic material (volcanic ash, fly
ash, etc.) are mixed in a definite
proportion with Portland cement.
 It produces less heat. Due to this
property, it can be used in mega
projects.
 It offers greater resistance to sulfates
and corrosive actions of sea water.
 Composition:
1. OPC clinker
2. Gypsum
3. Pozzolanic Materials (Fly ash,
volcanic ash, and calcined clay or
silica fumes)
 Uses:
1. Used in hydraulic structures, marine
structures, construction near the
seashore, dam construction etc.
2. Used in the manufacture of precast
sewage pipes
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
 Also known as High-Early-Strength
cement.
 It attains its maximum strength with-in
24-72 hours.
 The strength of Rapid Hardening cement
at age of 3 days is almost same as the 7
days strength of Ordinary Portland
cement.
 Properties:
1. It contains relatively more tri-calcium
silicate.
2. It is more fine-grained than the
ordinary cement. This factors helps in
quicker and complete hydration of
cement particles during setting and
helps in gaining early strength.
 Uses:
1. Mostly used where rapid construction
is needed like the construction of
pavement.
2. It also gives high strength.
4. Quick Setting cement
 The cement which sets in a very short
time.
 Initial setting time is 5 minutes and the
final setting time is 30 minutes.
 Composition:
1. Clinker
2. Aluminum sulphate (1% to 3% by
weight of clinker)
 Uses:
1. Used in underwater construction.
2. Used in rainy & cold weather
conditions.
3. Used in a higher temperature where
water evaporates easily.
4. Used for anchoring or rock bolt
mining and tunneling.
5. Low Heat Cement
 Spatial type of cement which produce
low heat of hydration during setting.
 It possesses less compressive strength
than ordinary Portland cement.
 Composition:
1. Low percentage (5%) of tri-calcium
aluminate (C3Al)
2. Higher percentage (46%) of di-
calcium silicate (C2S)
 Uses:
1. Used for the construction of dam’s
large footing, large raft slabs, and
wind turbine plinths.
2. Used for the construction of chemical
plants.
6. Sulphate resisting portland cement
The Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement
should be kept in a place which is dry otherwise
through premature hydration and carbonation
the quality of cement deteriorates.
 provides maximum resistance to
chloride ions – minimising the risk
of corrosion of reinforced steel.
 provides high level of concrete
performance and structural
integrity in highly aggressive
sulphate and acidic
environments.
 increased workability and
pumpability.
 Foundations.
 Piling works.
 Concrete surfaces subjected to alternate
wetting and drying such as bridge piers,
concrete surface in tidal zone, apron etc.
 Coastal protective works such as sea
walls, break waters, tetrapods etc.
 Building near seacoast.
7. High Alumina Cement
The process of manufacture of High Alumina
Cement is different compared to that of
ordinary portland cement. Bauxite and lime are
used as the raw material. The raw materials are
mixed in the required proportion and grinded
into small fragments of 100 mm. These lumps
are fed in kiln and heated up-to their fusion
point which is 1600°C. The molten material fall
down on the steel plate and it is send to cool
down in rotary kiln.
 It is very resistant to chemical attacks.
 The pH level is low.
 High resistant to chemical corrosion, due
to which it is used for construction of
water pipes, sewage pipes, factory
drains, coastal constructions and in
factory chimneys.
 Hardening property of this cement is
fast.
 It acts as a bonding material when
added in refractory castables because it
forms ceramic bond at high
temperatures.
8. White Cement
• White portland cement has essentially
the same properties as gray cement,
except for color.
• Limestone and clay is used as a
prominent raw material for the
manufacture of white cement
• Iron oxide and manganese oxide,
contains very little amount
9. Colored Cement
 In this type of cement, pigment (color) is
mixed with the Portland cement in a
definite proportion.
 The Pigment is mixed in a finest
powdered state. The amount of pigment
used depends upon the shade of the
desired color.
10. Air Entraining Cement
 • Air-entrained portland cement is a
special cement which has air bubbles
introduced in the cement or concrete
that provides the space for expansion of
minute droplets of waters in the concrete
due to freezing and thawing and protects
from cracks and damage of concrete.
• The manufacture of this special concrete
is same as that of normal ordinary
portland cement, after the cement
clinkers are formed, in the grinding
process the cement clinkers are added
with some air entraining materials which
makes the cement as air entrained
cement.
The ways of incorporating air in concrete:
 Using gas forming materials as
aluminum powder, zinc powder and
hydrogen peroxide.
 Using surface active agents that reduces
surface tension. They may be natural
wood resins and their soaps, animal or
vegetable fats or oils, alkali salts of
sulfonated or sulphated organic
compounds.
 Using cement dispersing agents.
11. Expansive Cement
• Expansive cement is special type of
cement when mixed with water, which
forms a paste that tends to increase in
volume to a significantly greater degree
than Portland cement paste after setting.
The expansion of the cement mortar or
concrete is compensated for the
shrinkage losses.
• (1) Type K expansive cement
• a mixture of portland cement, anhydrous
tetracalcium trialuminate sulfate (C4A3S),
calcium sulfate (CaSO4), and lime (CaO).
(2) Type M expansive cement
• interground or blended mixtures of
portland cement and calcium sulfate
suitably proportioned.
(3) Type S expansive cement
• a portland cement containing a high
computed tricalcium aluminate (C3A)
content and an amount of calcium
sulfate above the usual amount found in
portland cement.
12. Hydrophobic Cement
As the name of the cement denotes, hydro
means water and phobic means
against. Hydrophobic cement is obtained by
grinding portland cement clinker with a film-
forming substance such as oleic acid in order to
reduce the rate of deterioration when the
cement is stored under unfavourable conditions.
It is also known as Hydrographic cement.
 Uses in longer storage periods and
extremely wet climatic conditions.
 Majorly used in the Tunnel construction
as the underground repairs are difficult
and costly.
 These cements are used in construction
of dams, spillways, under water
constructions.
 Used in the structures that are exposed
to rain or rain puddling, such as green
roofs, other kinds of roofs, parking
structures, and plazas.
 Used in drainage system works and
manholes.
 Used in water treatment plants , dams
and retaining walls.
 It can fix leaky pipes and basements
without having to stop the leaking.
13. Blast Furnace Slag
 Blast furnace slag cement is the mixture
of ordinary Portland cement and fine
granulated blast furnace slag obtained
as a by product in the manufacture of
steel with percent under 70% to that of
cement. Ground granulated blast furnace
slag cement (GGBFS) is a fine glassy
granules which contain cementatious
properties.
 It is manufactured by grinding clinker
and specific amounts of blast furnace
slag together. A small percent of gypsum
is also added for controlling its setting
time.
Properties:
The slag cement offers a number of
advantages, which are the following.
(i) They possess better workability,
cohesiveness, and plasticity. These qualities are
explained to be due to lesser specific gravity
and greater specific surface area of slag
cement.
(ii) They have better resistance to sulfates of
alkali metals, alumina, and iron.
(iii) It produces low heat. This property makes it
useful for use in mega projects like Dams.
(iv) It is economical as compared to ordinary
cement.
Uses:
It is better suited for use in marine structures as
in docks, harbors, and jetties. It is also used in
road construction in marshy and alkaline soils.
14. Waterproof Cement
 Water proof cement is prepared by using
some of the waterproofing material like
Ca, Al with the ordinary cement during
the process of cement manufacturing.
 They are mostly used in the structures
where water proofing is required, like in
the Dams, Water Tanks, etc.
15. Ultra high strength Cement
In advanced countries, an Ultra-high early
strength cement is produced by separating the
finest fraction ( above 700 m2/kg ) from the
rapid hardening cement at the manufacturing
stage itself.
16. Low Alkali Cement
 Such types of cement are specially made
Portland cement in which alkali content
is kept below in minimum amount, by
exercising very strict control over the
composition of the raw material used.
 They are used in those circumstances
where aggregates -for making concrete-
are suspected to contain reactive silica.
When alkali- silica reactive constituents are
suspected to be present in the aggregate and
cement
HYDRAULIC CEMENT BY VICAT
NEEDLE
KEY TERMS:
HYDRAULIC CEMENT – Is a type of cement
that sets very quickly and hardens with the
addition of water to the finely ground cement.
VICAT APPARATUS - a device for determining
the normal consistency and time of setting of
portland cements that consists of a rod
weighing 300 grams, having a needle in each
end, and supported in a frame with a graduated
scale to measure the distance to which the
needle penetrates the cement.
SETTING TIME - is defined as a specified time
required for concrete or mortar to change from
liquid state to plastic state and plastic state to
solid state so that surface becomes sufficiently
rigid to withstand a definite amount of
pressure.
INITIAL SETTING TIME - is the interval
between the mixing of the cement with water
and the time when the mix has lost plasticity.
FINAL SETTING TIME - is the point at which
the set cement has acquired a sufficient
firmness to resist a certain defined pressure.
Apparatus or Materials:
– Portland Cement
– Vicat Apparatus
– Mixing Container
– Balance sensitive to 0.1 gm
– #200 sieve
– Spatula
PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh about 300 gm. of cement
accurately and make a paste with 0.85
times the water required to make a
paste of normal consistency.
2. Place the paste in the rubber mold. Place
the paste into the apparatus then
remove the excess paste
3. Bring the small end of the rod of the
Vicat apparatus on the surface of the
paste and the quickly release the needle
to allow it to penetrate the paste
4. Read the penetration of the needle
registered on the dials. Remove the
paste and place back into the apparatus.
The initial set is said to have occured
when the needle ceases to pass point 5
mm above the bottom of the mold.
5. The time taken from the instant of
adding water to the cement up to the
moment when the needle ceases to
penetrate a point 5mm above the
 bottom of the mold is known as the
initial setting time of cement. For
ordinary portland cement, the initial set
should not be less than 30 minutes.
CALCULATION:
Initial setting time=T2-T1
Final setting time=T3-T1
Where,
T1 =Time at which water is first added to
cement
T2 =Time when needle fails to penetrate
5 mm to 7 mm from bottom of the mold
T3 =Time when the needle makes an
impression but the attachment fails to do
so.
Example:
Brand of Cement S.R.MAPPLE LEAF
– Time of Starting the experiment = 9:25
am
– Time at taking initial setting reading =
10:45 am
– Time at taking final setting reading =
1:50 pm
– Initial Setting Time = …1 hour 20
minutes….
– Final Setting Time = …4 hours 25
minutes….
After Performing the experiment we have
concluded the results that the initial setting
time of cement is 1 hr 20 mins and final setting
time of cement paste is 4 hrs & 25 mins. The
minimum initial setting time is 45 minutes and
maximum final setting time is 10 hrs. As the
Initial and Final setting time is coming in
between the prescribed range , it means that
the experiment is performed accurately.
CONCRETE MIXING RATIOS
When making concrete it's important to
use the correct concrete mixing ratios to
produce a strong, durable concrete mix.
To make concrete there are four basic
materials you need: portland cement, sand,
aggregate (stone), and water.
Cement
• Cement is the bonding agent that holds
the aggregate and sand of concrete
together once it cures.
• It is important to remember, more
cement does not mean greater
compressive strength, it means better
adhesion. The two are not synonymous.
TRIVIA
Bricklayer Joseph Aspdin of Leeds,
England first made portland cement early in the
19th century by burning powdered limestone
and clay in his kitchen stove.
Aggregate
• Washed, crushed rock — often
mistakenly called gravel — aggregate is
the component that gives concrete its
compressive structural integrity.
Concrete has tremendous compressive
strength. The rocks and sand support the
concrete when it is being compressed.
Sand
• Not only the filling agent that eliminates
air pockets and spaces between the
individual crushed rocks, sand also has a
very high compressive strength.
Water
• Water creates the chemical change in
the quicklime of cement that makes it
adhere to rock and sand, water also
makes concrete workable. Without
water, mixing, forming, and finishing
concrete is not possible.
CONCRETE MIX PROPORTION AND
ITS APPLICATION
Dry Mixtures
Grades of Concretes
Adding Water PORTLAND CEMENT

 Cement- is a binder, a substance used

for construction that sets, hardens, and
adheres to other materials to bind them
together. Cement is seldom used on its
own, but rather to bind sand and gravel
together. Cement mixed with fine
aggregate produces mortar for masonry,
Hydration - The strength properties of the or with sand and gravel,
produces concrete. Concrete is the most
concrete is inversely proportional to its water
widely used material in existence and is
content.
only behind water as the planet's most-
Applications of Different Grades of consumed resource.
Concrete  Portland cement, binding material in the
M10 (1:3:6) and M15 (1:2:4) form of a finely ground powder, usually
gray, that is manufactured by burning
and grinding a mixture of limestone
and clay or limestone and shale. The
inventor Joseph Aspdin, of England,
patented the basic process in 1824,
naming it for the resemblance of
Boundary Walls Freestanding the cement when set to portland stone,
Retaining Walls a limestone from the Isle of Portland.

 Portland cement is the most common

type of cement in general use around
M25 (1:1:2) the world as a basic ingredient
of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-
Reinforced Foundations specialty grout.

 The low cost and widespread availability

of the limestone, shales, and other
naturally-occurring materials used in
Portland cement make it one of the
lowest-cost materials widely used over
the last century. Concrete produced from
Portland cement is one of the world's
most versatile construction materials.
Driveways and Garage Floor
Five types of Portland Cement

Type I Portland cement is known as common or

general-purpose cement. It is commonly used
for general construction, especially when
making precast, and precast-prestressed
concrete that is not to be in contact with soils or
ground water.
M30 (1:0.75:1.5)
Type II provides moderate sulfate resistance,
Suspended Beams Flagstones and gives off less heat during hydration. This
type is for general construction exposed to
moderate sulfate attack, and is meant for use
when concrete is in contact with soils and
ground water, especially in the western United
States due to the high sulfur content of the
soils.
Type III has relatively high early strength. Use
for rapid construction. This gives the concrete
using this type of cement a three-day
compressive strength equal to the seven-day
compressive strength of types I and II. Its
seven-day compressive strength is almost equal
to 28-day compressive strengths of types I and
II. The only downside is that the six-month
strength of type III is the same or slightly less
than that of types I and II. Therefore, the long-
term strength is sacrificed.
Type IV Portland cement is generally known for
its low heat of hydration. This causes the heat
given off by the hydration reaction to develop at
a slower rate. However, as a consequence the
strength of the concrete develops slowly. After
one or two years the strength is higher than the
other types after full curing. This cement is used
for very large concrete structures, such as
dams, which have a low surface to volume ratio.
Type V is used where sulfate resistance is
important. This type of cement has good
strength against sulfate attacks. Sulfate attack
can lead to expansion, cracking, strength loss,
and disintegration of the concrete.
Other Types of Portland Cement
 Types Ia, IIa, and IIIa have the same
composition as types I, II, and III. The
only difference is that in Ia, IIa, and IIIa,
an air-entraining agent is ground into the
mix.
 Types II(MH) and II(MH)a have a
similar composition as types II and IIa,
but with a mild heat.
Safety issues
Bags of cement routinely have health and
safety warnings printed on them, because not
only is cement highly alkaline, but the setting
process is also exothermic. As a result, wet
cement is strongly caustic, and can easily cause
severe skin burns if not promptly washed off
with water. Similarly, dry cement powder in
contact with mucous membranes can cause
severe eye or respiratory irritation. The reaction
of cement dust with moisture in the sinuses and
lungs can also cause a chemical burn, as well as
headaches, fatigue, and lung cancer.
ADMIXTURES
ADMIXTURES
Admixtures are natural or manufactured
chemicals which are added to the concrete
before or during mixing.
WHY USE ADMIXTURES?
• Admixtures are used to give special
properties to fresh or hardened concrete.
• Admixtures are used to overcome
difficult construction situations.
2 Classification of Admixtures
• Chemical Admixtures
• Mineral Admixtures
Chemical Admixture
Chemical admixtures are the ingredients in
concrete other than Portland cement, water,
and aggregate that are added to the mix
immediately before or during mixing.
It reduces the cost of construction, modify
properties of hardened concrete, ensure quality
of concrete during
mixing/transporting/placing/curing, and
overcome certain emergencies during concrete
operations.
5types of chemical Admixture
• Water-reducing admixtures
• Superplasticizers
• Retarding admixtures
• Accelerating admixtures
• Air entraining admixture
Water-reducing admixtures
• Reduces the required water content for a
concrete mixture by about 5 to 10
percent.
• It increases concretes strength without
further cement addition.
• Concrete having greater workability be
made without the need for more water.
Superplasticizers
(also known as high-range water reducers)
 • Reduces water content by 12 to 30  Water Permeability test
percent  Rapid Chloride Ion Penetration Test
• The effect only last for 30 to 60 minutes,  Water Absorption Test
depending on the brand and dosage  Initial Surface Absorption Test
rate.
1. Slump test - This is to determine the workability of
Retarding admixtures
concrete in terms of slump test.
• Delay or extend the setting time of
cement without effecting the strength
Types of Slump
development
 True Slump: The concrete mass after the test
• Retarders keep concrete workable during when slumps evenly all around without
placement and delay the initial set of
disintegration is called the true slump.
concrete.
 Shear Slump: When one-half of the concrete
• Durability increases mass slide down the other is called the shear
Accelerating admixtures slump. This type of slump is obtained in a lean
concrete mix.
• Increase the rate of early strength  Collapse Slump: When the sample is collapsed
development
due to adding excessive water, it is known as
• Useful for modifying the properties of collapse slump.
concrete in cold weather  Zero Slump: For very stiff or dry mixes it does
• Quicker setting time not show any changes of the slump after
removing the slump cone.
• Useful for emergency repair work

Air Entraining Admixtures 2. Compressive strength test - The durability of the

concrete is measured by breaking cylindrical or cube
• Used to improve workability concrete specimens in a compression-testing machine.
• Increased in durability Compressive strength is calculated from the failure
load divided by the cross-sectional area resisting the
• Better resistance to frost action and
reduction in bleeding load and the units are reported in units of pound-
force per square inch (psi) or megapascals (Mpa).
Mineral admixtures
Minimum of 4,500 psi as per ASTM C 496.
-Mineral admixtures are finely divided
materials which are added to the concrete
The table below shows the compressive strength
relatively large amounts, usually of the order of gained by concrete after 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days with
20 to 100 percent by weight or Portland respect to the grade of concrete we use.
cement.
Age Strength per cent
Commonly used mineral admixtures
1 day 16%
• Fly Ash
3 days 40%
• Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
(GGBFS)
7 days 65%
• Silica Fume
14 days 90%
• Rice Husk Ash

• Metakaolin 28 days 99%

• Surkhi 3. Water permeability test - It determines the

resistance of concrete against water under hydrostatic
pressure. This test is with the accordance of the
 TEST of CONCRETE German Standard DIN 1048 at 28 days age.The more
 Slump test
 Compressive strength test
depth of water penetration, the less is the durability bars or other devices that transfer the weight of
of concrete. vehicles across the slabs.
Continuously Reinforced Concrete
4. Rapid Chloride ion penetration test - It is a
Pavements
standard test method for electrical indication of
concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration.The Are constructed with reinforcing steel
test shall be done in accordance with ASTM C1202-97. to hold cracks together tightly.
Transverse cracks are expected in the
5. Water Absorption test - The evaluation of water
slab, usually at intervals of 1.5 ft to 6ft
absorption of concrete as a measure for resistance
(0.5 to 1.8 m), so the reinforcing steel is
against carbonation and chloride migration.
Dry(oven) → Weigh → Immerse in water → Weigh again placed prior to the placement of
concrete.
The increase in weight as a percentage of original
Concrete Overlays
weight is expressed as its absorption (in percent)
Is a thin color concrete cement based
6. Initial Surface Absorption Test - This test specified products that go over existing concrete for
in BS 1881 part 5 originally developed as a laboratory repair or decorative reasons. Overlays can be
method of measuring the porosity of concrete. The
applied as thin as a feather finish up to in most
test consists of the measurement of water flow into
cases 3/4″ depending on the desired finish.
the surface area. The contact area is defined by a
Bonded Concrete Overlays
plastic cell sealed onto the surface..
These are thin (typically 2 in. to 6 in.
thick), and may be placed directly on an
underlying asphalt, concrete, or
composite pavement that is still structurally
sound.
Unbonded Concrete Overlays
CONCRETE PAVEMENT May be used to rehabilitate existing
Slab of concrete made from cement, asphalt, concrete, or composite
aggregate, sand, and water. pavements. They are typically 4 in. to 11 in.
thick and are placed on a stable base to
Jointed Concrete Pavements serve as a new full-depth pavement section.
(Doweled or Undoweled)
The most commonly used Precast Pavements
concrete pavements for highways, airports, and These are typically used for constructing
many streets and roads. or repairing a concrete pavement surface
where casting and curing of panels are
done in advance.
Next Generation Concrete Surface
In response to noise issues on urban
highways and the public’s demand for
quieter urban roadways, ACPA led a
large-scale initiative involving industry
The most common type of jointed and academia, which developed and tested a
pavements are jointed plain concrete unique surface texture that can be used
pavements (JPCP’s), which do not contain any for either new or existing concrete
steel reinforcement, but may include dowel pavements.
Roller-Compacted Concrete
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) is a
stiff, zero slump, strong concrete mixture
that is typically placed with high-density
paving equipment.
Concrete Pavement Restoration
Concrete pavement restoration (CPR)
is a term that applies to restoring a
concrete pavement’s ride quality and/or
surface texture.
Full-Depth Reclamation
It is a technique in which hot-mixed
asphalt (HMA) material from the existing
pavement is removed, combined with
portland cement, and used to create a
new and improved base. The FDR base is
then topped with a new concrete surface or
HMA wearing course to provide a strong,
uniform base or subbase.
Cement-Treated Base
It is a mixture of aggregate material
and/or granular soils combined with
engineered amounts of portland cement and
water that hardens after compaction and curing
to stabilize a variety of soils, which in
turn, creates a stronger, stiffer, and more
durable paving material.
Recycled Concrete Aggregates
These are aggregates produced from the
recycling of existing concrete. Existing
concrete is removed, processed into
appropriate aggregate sizes, and reused
in various pavement applications.
LABORATORY CONCRETE MIXTURE
PROPORTIONING
Concrete is a mixture of five components:
• Coarse aggregate
• Fine aggregate
• Water
• Portland cement.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. For strength requirements, select the water
to cement ratio by weight.
2. Before mixing concrete, be sure that the
mixer has been "buttered" with a mixture of
cement, sand, and water.
3. Divide your water into two buckets, one with
about 3/4 of the water. Put about half the
coarse aggregate and the 3/4-bucket of water.
4. Start the mixer.
5. Add about half the fine aggregate.
6. Carefully add all the cement with the mixer
running. Try not to make a lot of dust!
7. Mix until all the cement is blended in.
8. Add the rest of the coarse and fine
aggregate.
9. Mix for a while.
10. Add enough water from the final quarter of
the water to produce a workable mix.
11. Mix for three minutes, followed by a three-
minute rest, followed by a two-minute final
mixing.
12. Perform a slump test using the procedure
given below. If results are satisfactory, skip to
the next step.
SLUM TEST
1.To perform the test, you need a slump cone
and a tamping rod. The slump conea (fig. 3.1),
12 in. in height, with a base opening 6 in. Both
the top and bottom openings are perpendicular
to the vertical axis of the cone.
2. Cylindrical plastic molds are used to cast the
concrete specimens. The molds should be filled
in three approximately equal layers. Each layer
should be ridded (poked with a bullet nosed
steel rod) 25 times to eliminate unwanted air
bubbles. The top of the molds should be struck
off with the rod and then with a wooden float.
3. Once the specimens have been struck off, the
outside of the molds should be cleaned as well
as the mixer and tools. Fresh concrete is a lot Where:
easier to clean than when it has set. f´c = compressive strength (in psi)
4. The cylinders should now be placed in the lab P= maximum load (in pounds)
fog room for curing. After 24 hours a member of A= cross-sectional area of specimen (in inches)
your group must strip off the mold and carefully The known and measured quantities are:
mark your specimen with your group number. • Original cross-sectional area of
5. If the slump is less than required, return the the specimen--------Ao
concrete to the mixer, add the remaining water, • Applied load at various
and mix for one minute. Perform a second points------------F
slump test. If results are satisfactory, go on to • Original height of the
step 10. cylinder-----------Lo
6. If the slump is still less than required, return • Original diameter of
the concrete to the mixer, add additional water, cylinder------------Do
as well as additional Portland cement to • Maximum compressive stress-----------f'c
maintain the desired water/cement ratio (Wt. of
PC added = Wt. of water added/WC ratio), and 2) Provide written definitions for all results
mix for one minute. calculated, from the aggregate, mix and
Continue taking slump tests and adding water strength labs.
and cement until the desired slump is obtained. 3) Compare, using percent difference, the
13. Record the final slump. design compressive strength with actual results.
14. Record the actual weight of water and 4) Will your concrete mix work for the designs
cement used project you chose?
15. Cast 6 cylinders 5) The effect of water on the mixture before and
COMPRESSION TEST after setting
1. Prepare the testing machine by cleaning 6) How does aggregate affect the mixture?
the bearing plates and, if needed, 7) Draw the stress-strain curves for concrete
cleaning and lubricating cylinders have a shape similar to those shown
in Fig. X, where f'c is the ultimate compression
stress. (Note: Several factors influence the
magnitude of f'c including moisture content of
cylinders, speed of tests and size of cylinders,
usually 6" diameter by 12" long, Discus with
COMPRESSION TEST PROCEDURE
your classmates how the shape of the sample
The compressive strength of concrete is
also influences strength test results.)
one of the factors, which controls the loads,
which may be applied to a concrete structure.
Therefore, for every significant structure it is
important to check the compressive strength
from a representative number of concrete
cylinders cast from the same batches of
concrete used to form the structure.
Report Requirements
1) Calculate the compressive strength of the
concrete using the following formula: