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(AERO0032-1)
Lecture 1
Introduction – Equations of motion
T. Andrianne
2015-2016
Introduction
• Aeroelasticity = study of the interaction of inertial,
structural and aerodynamic forces
• Applications on aircrafts, buildings, surface vehicles etc.
Inertial Forces
Collar’s triangle
Structural Forces Aerodynamic Forces
Static Aeroelasticity
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Why is it important?
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Static Divergence
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Flutter experiment:
Winglet under fuselage of a F-16. Slow Mach number increase.
à Prediction of the flutter Mach number from subcritical test data and to stop
the test before flutter occurs.
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Vortex-induced vibrations
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Limit Cycle Oscillations
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Even more LCOs
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Many more LCOs
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In real applications
Even on very expensive kits
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A bit of history
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More history
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Increasing airspeed
• Aircraft flight speeds increased significantly during the
20s and 30s.
• A number of high-speed racing aircraft suffered from
flutter problems
Curtiss R-6
Verville-Sperry R-3
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US flutter experiences in the 1930s
Fairchild F-24:
Wing-aileron and
Boeing YB-9A: Rudder-
tail flutter
fuselage LCO
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F-117 crash
• Crash during an airshow in Maryland in 1997
• Four fasteners that connected the elevon actuator
to the wing structure were missing.
• Reduction of the actuator-elevon stiffness, leading
to elevon-wing flutter
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Aeroelastic investigations
How to avoid these phenomena?
à Wind tunnel testing:
Aeroelastic scaling
à Complete aircraft (prototype) testing:
à Ground Vibration Testing :
Complete modal analysis of aircraft structure
à Flight Flutter Testing :
Demonstrate that flight envelope is flutter free
à Aeroelastic Design:
Computing critical airspeeds of Divergence,
Flutter, Control Reversal
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Wind Tunnel Testing
Dynamic
Aeroelasticity
Damping ratio
Mass ratio 20
Wind Tunnel Testing
Un-respected similarity laws
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Wind Tunnel Testing
Un-respected similarity laws
à Blockage effect
à Cost
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Wind Tunnel Testing
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Wind Tunnel Testing
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Wind Tunnel Testing
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Ground Vibration Testing
GVT of F-35 aircraft
GVT of A340
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Flight Flutter Testing
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Pitch Plunge Airfoil
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Content of the course
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Structural Model
Use the total energy conservation
xc
dy
dx
h
α
xf
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Kinetic Energy
where
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Potential Energy
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Equations of motion
Equations of motion are obtained by inserting the
expression for the total energy into Lagrange’s
equation
or,
where Q is a vector of external forces
Note: no damping term is included at this stage
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Aerodynamic model
c/4
l
mxf h
α
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Incompressible, Unsteady Aerodynamics
Pitching airfoil-
Low frequency
Pitching airfoil-
High frequency
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Wake examples (Plunge)
Plunging airfoil-
Low amplitude
Plunging airfoil-
High amplitude
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Quasi-steady aerodynamics
= Simplest possible modeling consists of ignoring the
effect of the wake
−(xf − x)α̇
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Quasi-steady aerodynamics
à Effect of the pitch rate = changing the flow
angle at each chord-wise location:
– Free stream airspeed is still U
– Free stream angle is
−(xf − x)α̇
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Quasi-steady aerodynamics
Effect of the plunge rate ?
Assuming
à Plunge rate change the total angle of attack:
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(h is defined positive downwards)
Lift coefficient
From thin airfoil theory, cl = 2π (A0+A1/2)
where
… à
= total circulatory lift acting on the airfoil
(lift created by the vorticity distribution)
There is another type of lift acting on it (presented later)
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Moment coefficient
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Added Mass
where
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Full aeroelastic equations of motion
( A + ρ B !!
) (
q + C + ρUD !
) (
q + E + ρU 2
F) q = 0
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Pitch-plunge equations of motion
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Aerodynamic Coupling (1)
• Apply an external moment M at the flexural axis
• The static equilibrium equations become
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Aerodynamic Coupling (2)
• This phenomenon is called aerodynamic coupling:
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Aerodynamic Coupling (3)
• If we apply a force F on the flexural axis
• The static EOM becomes
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