Road traffic accident reduction through limited public road utilization limitation

program using i-Journey Management System

Siti Aisyah1, L. Meily Kurniawidjaja2

1
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas

Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

2
Master degree student at Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public

Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

Correspondence author: Siti Aisyah, email: siti.aisyah86@ui.ac.id

ABSTRACT

PT X is currently operating about 5.100 vehicles, driven by 5.800 professional drivers with 70
million miles driven in average each year, to support day to day operation trips from the fleet
base to work site. In the last three years, 51% of PT X’s motor vehicle crash (MVC) was
occurred in public road. This study aimed to find out a policy/program as an intervention to
reduce MVC that occurred in the public road. The study method was consist of two stages. The
first is by survey to identify major determinants and the second is Quacy-Experiment. As a
result, the survey identified that the major determinants were uncontrolled public road and
traffic hazard and high exposure driving in public road. To interfere these major determinants
from causing MVC in public road, HSE team has established a public road utilization limitation
program by enhancing assessment of necessity to public road trip through journey management
policy with two approaches, vehicle and driver exception and journey plan escalated approval.
Both approaches were supported using an “air traffic controller” fleet management web based
application, called i-Journey Management System (i-JMS). This application aimed to limit
vehicle trips in public road by registering all permitted vehicles and drivers, selecting field road
as route alternative, real time monitoring to make sure compliance to the policy, and exception
management through intervention to driver. This is aligned with the Forth Industrial Revolution
concept on digitalization. PT X successfully managed to reduce massive driving activities in
public road (20% miles driven reduction) and achieved zero major motor vehicle crash by 2018
end of year compare to five cases in last year. The study concluded that the implementation of
public road utilization limitation program using i-JMS significantly contributes to the major
MVC reduction and thus improve motor vehicle safety performance in overall.

Keyword: Motor vehicle crash, public road, policy, i-Journey Management System, web based
application
1. INTRODUCTION

Road traffic accidents have been a leading cause of mortality for many years, more than

1.2 million people die each year on the world’s road. Most of these deaths are in low- and middle-

income countries where rapid economic growth has been accompanied by increased motorization

and road traffic accident. As well as being a public health problem, road traffic accidents are a

development issue: low- and middle- income countries lose approximately 3% of GDP as a result

of road traffic crashes (1).

In 2016, Indonesia experienced 106,644 road traffic accidents cases or increased by 7%

compare to 2015. One of the provinces contributing the largest to the number of road traffic

accidents in Indonesia is Riau Province with the number of traffic accident as many as 1,339

cases in 2016. From 1,339 cases of road traffic accident that occurred in Riau province, Siak

Regency was ranked on 5th with 131 road traffic accidents and most of the cases were occurred

I Minas Public Road (2).

PT. X is a an oil and gas company that has been operating in Riau Province for

approximately 70 years. PT. X’s operation in Dumai, Duri, Minas and Rumbai areas.

According to other research, Oil and Gas Mining Company is one of the companies that having

high land transportation activities (3). High frequency of land transportation activities means

increasing exposure to road traffic accident. As a company, an accident is the most worrying

thing because losses due to accidents include losses to victims and other losses, such as material

and non-material (4).

In order to support high land transportation activities, PT. X was having around 5,109

vehicles with 5,877 drivers who have driving certificates or licences that issued by PT. X with

accumulated mileage of around 112 miles driven million per year. Based on PT.X’s Motor
Vehicle Safety (MVS) performance in 2017, there were 39 cases were reported as road traffic

accident, where 51% of them was occurred in public road, especially in Minas Public Road.

In the beginning 2015 year, PT. X has implemented the Journey Management Plan. The

purpose of the program is to ensure compliance to Journey Planning and implementation

execution are in ultimate to arrive safely. However, the Journey plan was created only as a

checklist without proper assessment that resulted in low quality and ineffective. Supervisor

also could not verify whether the driver is following or deviating from the journey plan and no

tool in place to real-time monitor the driver safety behaviour (over speed, harsh acceleration

and declaration). It was less effective due actual road classification, condition, and hazard

information were not incorporated into the journey plan. Both driver and supervisor had limited

access to obtain those valid and updated information. Road hazard assessment was carried out,

but it was only used by individual team.

As an effort to provide state of the art journey management both in planning and

execution, PT. X developed a local IT Tool as one stop solution called as integrated-Journey

Management System (i-JMS) for improving existing the journey plan. This digitalization

system strengthened Motor Vehicle Safety (MVS) safeguards and controls by transforming

administrative and individual safeguards into one comprehensive engineering safeguard and

enhancing control in journey planning and driving behaviour safety, this aligned with the Forth

Industrial Revolution concept on digitalization.

The study aimed to find out a policy or program to reduce PT.X’s number of fatal and

major motor vehicle crashes in public road through i-Journey Management System. The public

road risk exposure will be described by identifying major determinants of road risk exposure.
2. METHODOLOGY

The research method was consist of two stages. The first stage is by conducting the

survey. The survey are consisted of reviewing public road miles driven and number of public

road’s motor vehicle crash, identifying number of public road regular trip and observing road

and traffic hazard in public road and field road to identify major determinant of public road

risk exposure. Based on survey’s result data analysis in first section and prior to find out a

public road trip policy, the second section of survey is by reviewing drivers that regularly use

public road trip to seek need of public road and its opportunity to reroute public road trip into

field trip. The second stage is Quacy-Experiment by showing comparison before and after the

implementation of program or policy.

3. RESULT

Number of vehicles and miles driven

To support day to day operation PT. X was having 5,100 vehicles as shown on table 1 as below.

Table 1. Number of vehicle

Vehicle type Total Percentage
Small bus 258 5.0%
Large bus 13 0.3%
Dump truck 358 7.0%
Crane mounted truck 330 6.5%
Vacum truck 90 1.8%
Prime mover 117 2.3%
other truck 242 4.7%
Crane 49 1.0%
Rig 53 1.0%
Heavy Equipment 418 8.2%
Light vehicle 3181 62.3%

The majority of vehicles are about 3,000 light vehicles, 350 dump trucks, 300 cranes-mounted

truck (FOCO), 400 heavy equipment, and 250 small-medium buses.

In 2017, PT. X has experienced 39 total MVC cases, 51% of the MVC cases were occurred in

public road. The type of vehicle involved to MVC cases are described on table 4.

Table 2. Vehicle involved to MVC Cases

Vehicle type Total Percentage
Heavy Vehicle 10 25%
Medium vehicle 4 10%
Light Vehicle 25 65%

All vehicles are driven by drivers that have licence which issued by PT. X HSSE Management.

The driver is categorized into two type as described on table 3 below.

Table 3. Number of driver

Driver criteria Total
High exposure driver (>2500km/month 366
Causal driver (<2,500km/month) 5,506

The main risks factors for road traffic accident

Movement of people and goods on the roads is necessary for social, economic and political

reasons, but this need to travel leads to a risk of road traffic accident in public road. It may not

be possible in practice to completely eliminate all risk to how people use different parts of the

transport system, how and why they use them, and at what times, but it is possible to reduce

exposure to the risk of severe injury and to minimize its intensity and consequence.

From the observation, it is apparent that the main risks factors for road traffic accident

in public road as below description:

1. Public road’s traffic diversity that triggered by economic factors such as level of

economic development and social deprivation

2. Public driver behaviour that triggered by demographic factors such as age and sex

3. Land-use planning practices which influence length of trip and mode of travel
 4. Road condition such as defect in road design, layout and maintenance, which can also

behaviour by road users

5. Inadequate visibility because of environmental factors (making it hard to detect vehicles

and other road users

6. Mixture of high-speed motorized traffic with vulnerable road users

7. Insufficient attention to integration of road function with decisions about speed limit,

road layout and design

8. Inappropriate and excessive speed

9. Fatigue

10. Traveling in darkness

11. Vehicle factors such as braking, handling and maintenance

12. Poor eyesight of road users

Growth in number of motor vehicles

One of the main factors contributing to the increase road crash accident is the growing

number of motor vehicles. The problem is not just the growth in numbers and increase in

exposure to risk but in fact there are no facilities for pedestrians and cyclists for walking and

cycling that increased exposure to the risk of road traffic accident.

Public Road Trip Policy

As the result, the exposure to road injury risk can be decreased by strategies that

includes: reducing the volume of motor vehicle traffic in public road by providing efficient

route where the shortest or quickest routes coincide with the safest routes, placing restrictions

on motor vehicle users, on vehicles, or on the road infrastructure.

Based on the strategies, to interfere above those major determinants from causing MVC

in public road, HSE team of PT.X has established a public road utilization limitation program
by enhancing assessment of necessity to public road trip through journey management planning

with two approaches; Vehicle and Driver exception and Journey Plan Escalated Approval by

using i-Journey Management System.

Exception and Escalated Approval

Vehicle and Driver Exception program is intended to limit work-related vehicle trips in

public road which was applied by registering all permitted vehicle and drivers that having

regularly work-related trip necessary in public road into i-Journey Management System (i-

JMS). The system will control by real-time monitoring to make sure compliances to the policy.

Journey Management Plan with Escalated Approval is applied for non-regular work related

trip.

There are 311 vehicles which having exception have been approved and registered in i-

Journey (38% from vehicle normally used public road). The result showed, after two months

program deployed, kilometer driven in minas public road has decreased about 20% from total

kilometers driven in Minas area.

Other vehicle :
escalated
approval, 508,
62%
Approved vehicle
exception, 311, 38% n*= 819

Figure 1. Number of Vehicle exception for public road trip

500
400 Minas Public road KM driven
Thousands
KM driven

300 358 346 Minas Field road KM driven

200 246
100
94 87 97
0 63 20
Aug.18 Sep.18 Oct.18 Nov.18

Figure 2. Minas public road & field road KM driven after program deployment
The result also showed that number of MVC cases has decreased from previous year with zero

fatal and serious MVC cases in public road in 2018 year after implementation public road

utilization limitation program. It was also triggered by increasing awareness to avoid public

road in journey planning, that was impacted of the system’s ability to monitor and control

driver behaviour through alarm’s system.

1.27
100 1.5
MVC cases

41 0.80

MVC Rate
0.70 1
50 0.517
31 0.5
57 21 16
30 18 16
0 0
2015 2016 2017 2018

Public road MVC Chevron road MVC Cumulative MVC Rate

Figure 3. Comparison Number of public road MVC to field road MVC

4. DISCUSSION

Road traffic fatalities and injuries are to a great extent, preventable, since the risk of

incurring injury in an accident is largely predictable and many countermeasures, proven to be

effective, exist. The most effective way to reduce fatalities and injuries would be through an

integrated approach involving close collaboration of many sectors. Progress is being made in

many parts of the world where multisectoral strategic plans are leading to incremental

reductions in the number of road accidental fatalities and injuries (5). Such strategies focus on

four key factors that contribute to the risk of occurrence of a road accident – exposure,

behavioral factors, road environment, and vehicle factors.

Public road utilization limitation program as an intervention strategies which aimed to

reduce public road risk exposure. Risk in road traffic arises out of a need to trip – to have access

to work. Therefore, there is a need to reduce for long-distance trip in public road or to seek
opportunity to reroute public road trip into field road trip for drivers that regularly use public

road for work related trip.

The high number of PT. X’s MVC in public road is also due to get aggravated due to

uncontrolled public driver behaviours such as the way people drive, cycle, or walk on the road,

are the most common source of road injuries and fatalities. Factors such as age and experience

of driver, alcohol and drug use, fatigue, acute psychological stress, and enforcement of traffic

laws are the key determinants of accident and fatality risk in public road. Hence, PT. X

management decided to strengthen safeguards and controls by transforming administrative and

individual safeguards into one comprehensive engineering safeguard and enhancing control in

journey planning and driving behaviour safety through i-Journey Management System.

i-JMS is made capable through deviation alarm and fleet management features. Alarm

feature is intended to alert i-Journey operator for any deviation occurred and take further action.

These alarm include journey deviation, over speed, over acceleration, over deceleration, engine

idle time (>10 minutes), excessive driving hours, Features to support fleet operations

management are: smart journey selection plan, patrol compliance and patrol area perimeter,

safe following distance alarm, driver behavior management and road & bridge utilization

analysis.

Implementation public road limitation utilization policy through i-JMS process has

reduced vehicle trips in public road and selected field route as road alternative. Some previous

research showed land-use planning practices and “smart growth” land-use policies –

development of high density, compact buildings with easily accessible services and amenities

– can serve to lessen the exposure risk of road users (6).

i-Journey registers exception, selects Minas field road as alternative route, provides deviation

alarm for trip without exception or escalated approval, and real-time monitors vehicle trip from

iJMS Fleet Control Room (FCR).

Journey Management Plan diagram flow with Exception and Escalated Approval

Process

Figure 4. i-JMS workflow

Public road utilization limitation program implementation should be supported by

leader and employee. Leader has accountability to review and challenge necessity of each

public road trip and always consider alternative to eliminate the unnecessary public road trip

as many as possible. If a work-related public trip is deemed necessary and cannot be avoided

or altered, Leader should determine the type of public road and obtain appropriate approval:
 1. Regular trip (typically 3 to 5 trips a week) shall have exception. Driver should fill out

Exception Request Form, thus get reviewing from HES Operation Leaders, and obtain

final written approval from High Level Leader or Executive leader.

2. Non Regular trip shall obtain escalated approval at minimum from Team

Manager/Manager. Thus approval can be in form of email or wet signature from

approver (offline from i-Journey). For emergency response trip requiring travelling in

public road, approval is allowed through verbal or text message, and relevant i-Journey

FCR should be informed before commencing the trip.

3. Submit Journey Management Plan (JMP) with approved exception or escalated

approval evidence, to respective i-Journey Fleet Control Room (FCR). I-Journey

operator will further register the JMP and perform vehicle surveillance to ensure the

trips comply with journey plan

5. CONCLUSION

To summarize, the implementation of public road utilization limitation program with

two approaches, Vehicle and Driver exception and Escalated Approval, using i-JMS

significantly contributes to the major motor vehilce crash reduction and thus improve motor

vehicle safety performance in overall.

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