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INTRODUCTION TO LAW

(SYLLABUS)

Definition of Terms

1. Law
a. Natural Law
1. Physical Law
2. Moral Law
3. Divine Law
b. Positive Law
1. Public Law
i. Constitutional Law
ii. Administrative Law
iii. International Law
iv. Criminal Law
2. Private Law
i. Substantive Law
ii. Procedural Law

2. Source of Law

3. Classifications of Law
1. As to Nature
i. Penal
ii. Remedial
iii. Labor
iv. Tax
b. As to Application
i. Mandatory
ii. Directory
iii. Prospective
iv. Retroactive
c. As to Duration
i. Permanent
ii. Temporary

4. Types of Legislation
a. Bills
b. Joint Resolution
c. Concurrent Resolution
d. Simple Resolution

CASE: Arroyo v De Venecia (277 SCRA 268, 1997)


CASE: Astorga v Villegas (56 SCRA 714, 1974)

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5. Parts of Statute
a. Title
b. Preamble
c. Enacting Clause
d. Body
e. Proviso
f. Interpretative Clause
g. Effectivity Clause

6. Ordinance Power of the President


a. Executive Order
b. Administrative Order
c. Presidential Order
d. Presidential Proclamation
e. Memorandum Order
f. Memorandum Circular
g. General Order

CASE: Ople v Torres, GR 127685,July 23, 1998

I. POLITICAL LAW
a. Structure Of The Government
b. Power And Function Of The Government
i. LEGISLATIVE
1. Article VI, Section 1, 1987 Constiuttion
2. Legislative Enactment Process
3. Concept of Bicameral Conference Committee
4. Phil. Judges Association v. Secretary Prado
5. Non-Legislative Functions of the Congress
6. Congressional Oversight Power of the Congress
a. Categories:
i. Legislative Scrutiny
ii. Legislative Investigation
1. Inquiry in aid of Legislation
2. Question Hour
iii. Legislative Supervision
ii. EXECUTIVE
1. Powers of the Chief Executive
2. Article VII, Section 16 to 23
iii. JUDICIARY
1. Judicial Power
a. Traditional Concept
b. Expanded Concept
c. Political Question Doctrine
2. Judicial Review
a. Matibag v. Benipayo

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II. LABOR LAW
a. Labor Standards Law
b. Labor Relations Law
c. Employer-Employee Relationship
i. Elements
d. Minimum Wage Rate
e. Service Incentive Leave Pay
f. Thirteenth Month Pay
g. Job Contractive v. Labor-only Contracting
i. Elements
h. Security of Tenure
i. Regular Employments
j. Probationary Employment
k. Termination of Employment
i. Just cause
ii. Authorized causes

III. CIVIL LAW


a. Civil Code of the Philippines, Articles 1 to 36
b. Effectivity of Laws
c. Ignorance of Law v. Mistake of Fact
d. Waiver of Right
e. Doctrine of Stare Decisis
f. Doctrine of Renvoi
g. Transmission Theory
h. Abuse of Right
i. Contra Bonus Mores
j. Damnum Absque Injuria
k. Cases will be given during class

IV. TAXATION LAW


a. Power of Taxation
b. Constitutional Basis of Taxation
c. Constitutional Limitation
d. Doctrine of Equitable Recoupment
e. Doctrine of Double Taxation
f. Taxable Income
g. Classification of Income Taxpayers
h. Kinds of Income Tax
i. Income tax Liabilities of Taxpayers
j. Estate Tax
k. Donor’s Tax
l. Value Added Tax

V. MERCANTILE LAW
a. Negotiable Instrument
i. Characteristics

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ii. Requisites of Negotiability
iii. Promissory Note and Check
b. Contract of Insurance
i. Characteristics
ii. Classes of Insurance
iii. Parties to Insurance
iv. Insurable Interest
v. Double Insurance
vi. Incontestability Clause
c. Common Carrier
i. Common carrier v. private carrier
ii. Diligence required of common carriers
iii. Presumption of Negligence
iv. Doctrine of Last Clear Chance
d. Corporation
i. Doctrine of Piercing the Veil of Corporate Fiction
ii. De jure corporation
iii. De facto corporation
iv. Personal liability of directors
v. Doctrine of apparent authority
vi. Doctrine of corporate opportunity
vii. Trust fund doctrine

VI. CRIMINAL LAW


a. Constitutional Power of the Congress to enact penal law found in the
Bill of Rights
b. Ex post facto rule
c. Characteristics of Criminal Law
d. Equipoise Rule
e. Classification of crimes
i. As to commission
ii. As to stage of execution
iii. As to gravity
iv. As to nature
f. Felony
g. How is felony committed
h. Mistake of Fact
i. Aberratio Ictus
j. Error in personae
k. Praeter intentionem
l. Impossible crime
m. Nulllum crimen nulla poena sine lege
n. Circumstances affecting criminal liability
i. Justifying, Mitigating, aggravating circumstances
o. Entrapment
p. Buy-bust
q. Instigation
r. Who are criminally liable

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s. Penalties
i. Range of penalties
ii. Classification
iii. Subsidiary
iv. Civil interdiction
v. Extinction of criminal liability

VII. REMEDIAL LAW


a. Procedural Law v. Substantive Law
b. Retroactive Application of Procedural Law: Fresh-Period Rule
c. Neypes Doctrine
d. Power to Promulgate Rules of Procedure
e. Court v. Judge
f. Court of Law v. Court of Equity
g. Different Courts in the Philippine
h. Constitutional
i. Statutory
j. Tribal Courts
k. Kinds of Actions and their Distinctions
l. Coverage/Application of Rules of Court and its exemption/suppletory
application
m. Concept of Liberal Construction of the Rules
n. Power of Supreme Court to Suspend its Own Rules: Grounds
o. Rule Making Power of the Supreme Court
p. Power of the Congress to Enact Laws Affecting the Jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court
q. Jurisdiction
i. Kinds
ii. Doctrine of Primary Jurisdiction
iii. Doctrine of Adherence to Jurisdiction
iv. Doctrine of Judicial Stability or Non-Interference
v. Doctrine of Hierarchy of Courts
r. Venue
s. Evidence
t. Rule on admissibility
u. Special Proceedings
i. Under the Rules of Court
ii. Settlement of the Estate
1. Jurisdiction
2. Venue
3. Kinds of Settlement
iii. Writ of Habeas Corpus
iv. Writ of Amparo
v. Writ of Habeas Data

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