CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE (CIC)

Principle of Electrical Engineering (ELP 111)

By: Eng. Magda Youssef Mohamed

Sheet (6): Grounding Systems - With Model answer

Question (1): What is the objective of a grounding system?

1. To provide safety to personnel during normal and fault conditions by limiting step.
2. To assure correct operation of electrical/electronic devices.
3. To prevent damage to electrical/electronic apparatus.
4. To dissipate lightning strokes.
5. To stabilize voltage during transient conditions.
6. To divert stray RF energy from sensitive audio, video, control, and computer equipment.

Question (2): What are the three main types of grounding?

1. EQUIPMENT GROUNDING (SAFETY)
2. SYSTEM GROUNDING
3. LIGHTNING/SURGE GROUNDING

Question (3): What is Step potential?

 “Step potential” is the voltage between the feet of a person standing near an
 energized grounded object.
 A person could be at risk of injury during a fault simply by standing near the
grounding point.

Question (4): What is Touch potential?

 “Touch potential” is the voltage between the energized object and the feet of a person
 in contact with the object.
 It is equal to the difference in voltage between the energized object and a point some
distance away.

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Question (5): What are the methods of decreasing ground resistance?
 Decreasing the ground resistance of a grounding system in high resistivity soil is often
 a formidable task.
 Recently, some new methods have been proposed to decrease ground resistance.

Question (6): Define chemical rods.

  Chemical rods are electrodes with holes along their length, filled with mineral salts.
 The specially formulated mineral salts are evenly distributed along the entire length of
 the electrode.
  The rod absorbs moisture from both air and soil.
 Continuous conditioning of a large area insures an ultra-low-resistance ground which
is more effective than a conventional electrode.

Question (7): State the disadvantages of chemical rods.

  Chemicals concentrated around electrodes will cause corrosion
  Chemicals leach through the soil and dissipate
  Scheduled replacement may be required
 May be prohibited because they may contaminate the water table

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 CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE (CIC)

Principle of Electrical Engineering (ELP 111)

By: Eng. Magda Youssef Mohamed

Sheet (7): Transmission Lines - With Model answer

Question (1): What are the types of Supports?

  Wooden Poles
  Reinforced Concrete Poles
  Steel Poles
 Lattice Structure Steel Towers

Question (2): State the advantages and disadvantages of Lattice Structure Steel Towers
1. Advantages:
  The most commonly used in high voltage
  Top ratio of durability, weight
  The longest-lived time
  Ease of installation and assembly.
 Bear high mechanical forces

2. Disadvantages:
  It should be painted from time to time
 Need concrete foundations - High transport costs.

Question (3): What are different types of towers?

1- Suspension Tower
2- Tension Tower
3- Angle Tower
4- End Tower

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Question (4): What are the reasons of Sag of Transmission Lines?
  Sag of T.L depends on:
  Conductor weight.
  Span length.
  Tension in the conductor, T.
  Weather conditions (wind, ice).
 Temperature.