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The energy equation
Dr Tim Gough: t.gough@bradford.ac.uk
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
General information
• Lab groups now assigned
• Timetable up to week 6 published
• Is there anyone not yet on the list?
Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6
Tuesday 14.00 - 17.00 01 October 2013 08 October 2013 15 October 2013 22 October 2013
Friday 14.00 - 17.00 04 October 2013 11 October 2013 18 October 2013 25 October 2013
Dr Tim Gough
ENG 2038 M 2 J1 2 J2
Fluid Mechanics 2
Chesham Building C.01.14
18 18 18
• Can anyone not see Blackboard yet?
• Please see me at interval and I’ll sort this out.
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Lecture 2 recap
• Streamlines etc
• Flow classifications
• Viscous and inviscid flows
• Discharge and mean velocity
• Flow continuity
• Flow continuity problems
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Lecture 2 recap
Flow Classifications
• Conditions in a body of fluid can vary from point to point and, at any
given point, can vary from one moment of time to the next.
• Flow is described as uniform if the velocity at a given instant is the
same in magnitude and direction at every point in the fluid.
• If, at a given instant, the velocity changes from point to point, the flow
is described as non‐uniform.
• A steady flow is one in which the velocity, pressure and cross‐section of
the stream may vary from point to point but do not vary with time.
• If, at any given point, conditions do change with time, the flow is
described as unsteady.
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Lecture 2 recap
Inviscid and viscous flows
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Lecture 2 recap
Discharge and mean velocity
V r
V
r r
R
a) Laminar flow b) Turbulent flow
In many problems we simply assume a constant velocity equal to the mean
velocity to give:
/
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Lecture 2 recap
Mass continuity
• For a streamtube (no fluid crosses boundary):
2
1
Area = A2
Area = A1 Velocity = V2
Velocity = V1 Density = 2
Density = 1
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Lecture 2 recap
Examples
Example 1 ‐ Branched pipes
Example 2 – Porous walls
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Lecture 2 recap
Examples
Example 3 – Surge tank
Example 4 – Turbojet engine
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
The energy equation
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Mechanical energy of a flowing fluid
• Element of fluid will possess
Potential Energy (PE) due to its
height, z, above the datum.
• It possesses Kinetic Energy (KE)
B
B’
due to its velocity, v.
A
z A’ • For an element of weight, mg.
mg
Datum level • Potential energy = mgz
Cross‐sectional • Potential energy per unit weight = z
area A
• Kinetic energy =
• Kinetic energy per unit weight =
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Mechanical energy of a flowing fluid
• A steadily flowing stream of fluid
B can also do work because of its
B’ pressure.
A
• At any given cross‐section the
z A’
mg pressure generates a force and,
Datum level as this cross‐section moves
Cross‐sectional
forward work will be done.
area A
• If the pressure at a cross‐section AB is p and the area of the cross‐
section is A then:
Force exerted on AB = pA
• After a weight mg of fluid has flowed along the streamtube, section
AB will have moved to A’B’:
Volume passing AB = mg/g = m/
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Mechanical energy of a flowing fluid
• Therefore:
B
Distance AA’ = m/A
B’
A And work done = force x distance AA’
z A’
mg
= pA x m/A
Datum level
Cross‐sectional Work done per unit weight = p/g
area A
• The term p/g is known as the flow work or the pressure energy.
• This can be viewed as a potential energy in transit.
Bernoulli
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Mechanical energy of a flowing fluid
• Each of these terms has the unit of a length, or head and are often
referred to as the pressure head p/g, the velocity head v2/2g, the
potential head, z and the total head, H.
• Between any two points, on a streamline, we can write these as:
• That is:
Total energy per unit weight at 1 = Total energy per unit weight at 2
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Mechanical energy of a flowing fluid
• For the flow of a single fluid undergoing no density changes (i.e. no
compressibility and no chemical reaction) we can simplify further to:
Bernoulli
• The term is known as the pressure head and has dimensions of
metres.
• The term is known as the velocity head and also has dimensions of
metres.
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Bernoulli's theorem
• So looking at points 1 and 2 for this water flow (known as a Venturi
meter).
• Q ‐ If fluid height at point 1 is 100mm and at point 2 it is 20mm and
the velocity at point 1 is 2.5 m/s.
• What is the velocity at point 2???
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Bernoulli's theorem
p1 = gh1 p2 = gh2
1 1
2 2
1
2
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Bernoulli's theorem
V1 = 2.5m/s
h1 = 0.1m
h2 = 0.02m
g = 9.81m/s2
. /
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Benoulli’s principle
High pressure, Low pressure,
low speed high speed
Accelerating flow Decelerating
flow
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Bernoulli's theorem – Fluids 1 lab revision
• Bernoulli can be used to take flowrate
measurements in the field.
• In the Fluids 1 laboratory you performed
measurements of flowrate using two
techniques:
a) Thin plate weir and Thin plate weir
b) Venturi meter.
• Both of these techniques use Bernoulli’s
principle to measure volumetric flowrate
(or discharge).
• Both have no moving parts so are pretty
much ‘failsafe’.
Venturi meter
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Bernoulli's theorem – Venturi meter
• So we use Bernoulli’s principle – which is
simply another method of stating that
‘energy is conserved’.
• A Venturi meter is simply a pipe with a
gradually converging section, with a
narrow ‘throat’ followed by a gradually
diverging section.
Venturi meter
• The energy per unit weight of a fluid is called the ‘specific energy’ and
has units of Joules / Newtons.
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Bernoulli's theorem – Venturi meter
• Assuming conservation of energy and no density changes:
Bernoulli
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Bernoulli's theorem – Venturi meter
• Now we know that piezometers (the tubes!) measure static pressure
difference through a head of fluid, h, at each location so:
Where H is difference between heads at 1 and 2
• And by mass continuity we can say:
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Bernoulli's theorem – Venturi meter
3
• Substituting 2 into 1:
• And then 3 into this:
• Gives:
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Bernoulli's theorem – Venturi meter
• Rearranging for v2:
• Since :
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Bernoulli's theorem – Venturi meter
• Now this assumes no energy losses, and we discovered that this was
not truly accurate.
• We had to introduce the coefficient of discharge Cd (which you
calculated).
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Bernoulli's theorem – Venturi meter
• So why did we have to introduce Cd?
• Where did the other energy go?
• Dissipated into heat and sound due to friction at the walls and the
viscosity of the fluid.
• Thus we always get energy loss through flows, either due to friction or
other ‘head losses’ due to fittings, enlargements, contractions, bends,
valves etc etc.
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Energy equation
• In formulating this we assume that no energy has been supplied to, or
taken away, from the fluid between points 1 and 2.
• However, energy could be supplied by introducing a pump, or energy
could be lost by doing work against friction or in a machine such as a
turbine. This we can expand Bernoulli’s equation further:
• This is a form of the steady flow energy equation.
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Energy equation
Initial energy Energy supplied
A
Pump Final energy
Energy loss
Energy loss
B
• So we accept that we lose energy to heat , sound etc as we flow
through a system.
• We will be analysing this and quantifying these losses over the next
few weeks.
• Clearly we can also put energy into the system (if necessary) through
the use of, for example, a pump or a fan.
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Energy equation example
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Energy equation example
A fire engine pump develops a head of 50 m, i.e. it increases the energy per unit weight of
water passing through it by 50 N m N‐1. The pump draws water from a sump at A
(atmospheric pressure) through a 150 mm diameter pipe in which there is a loss of energy
per unit weight due to friction of varying with the mean velocity u1 in the pipe.
The water is discharged through a 75 mm nozzle at C, 30 m above the pump, at the end of
a 100 mm diameter delivery pipe in which there is a loss of energy per unit weight of
. Calculate a) the velocity of the jet issuing from the nozzle at C and b) the
pressure in the suction pipe at the inlet to the pump at B.
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Energy equation example
All energies are per unit weight
pC = 0 (atmospheric), z3 = 30 + 2 = 32 m
Loss in inlet pipe Energy supplied by pump = 50 m
Loss in discharge pipe
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Energy equation example
Loss in inlet pipe
Energy supplied by pump = 50 m
Loss in discharge pipe
Rearranging: Eqn. 1
From continuity of flow equation:
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Energy equation example
Substituting into equation 1:
Eqn. 1
.
. /
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2
Energy equation example
b) the pressure in the suction pipe
at the inlet to the pump at B.
Apply Bernoulli between A and B:
. .
. .
. .
Thus:
. . N/m2 below atmospheric pressure
ENG2038M – Fluid Mechanics 2