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UNDERSTAND THE DEFINITIONS USED IN

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS • Every hypothesis-testing situation begins with the statement of a

TESTING ____________.
• A hypothesis is a tentative, testable ____________ to a scientific question.
• A hypothesis is supposition or proposed _______________ made on the basis of
TRADITIONAL METHOD
limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

• A ______________ ________________ is a is a conjecture about a

population parameter. This conjecture may or may not be true.

UNDERSTAND THE DEFINITIONS USED IN
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• State a hypothesis for the following research questions.
• Who is the best point guard in the National Basketball Association (NBA)?
• What franchise sells the best chicken tenders?
• What factors influence habits of study in high school students?
1. STATE THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
• The _______________ hypothesis, symbolized by 𝐻" , is a statistical hypothesis that
states that there is no difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that there
is no difference between two parameters.
• The _______________ hypothesis, symbolized by 𝐻# , is a statistical hypothesis that
states the existence of a difference between a parameter and a specific value, or states
that there is a difference between two parameters.
• Sidenote: Although the definitions of null and alternative hypotheses given here use the word
parameter, these definitions can be extended to include other terms such as distributions and
randomness.

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1. STATE THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
SITUATION A
• A medical researcher is interested in finding out whether a new medication will have any
undesirable side effects. The researcher is particularly concerned with the pulse rate of
the patients who take the medication. Will the pulse rate increase, decrease, or remain
unchanged after a patient takes the medication?
• Since the researcher knows that the mean pulse rate for the population under study is
82 beats per minute, the hypotheses for this situation are ______________ and
______________.
• The 𝐻" specifies that the mean will remain unchanged, and the 𝐻# states that it will be
different. This test is called a two-tailed test, since the possible side effects of the
medicine could be to raise or lower the pulse rate.
1. STATE THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
SITUATION B
• A chemist invents an additive to increase the life of an automobile battery.
• If the mean lifetime of the automobile battery without the additive is 36
months, then her hypotheses are ______________ and
______________.
• In this situation, the chemist is interested only in increasing the lifetime of
the batteries. That’s why the hypotheses are like that. This test is called
right-tailed, since the interest is in an increase only.

1. STATE THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS 1. STATE THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
SITUATION C SUMMARY

• A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by using a special type of

insulation in houses.
• If the average of the monthly heating bills is $78, her hypotheses about
heating costs with the use of insulation are______________ and
______________.
• This test is a left-tailed test, since the contractor is interested only in
lowering heating costs.

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1. STATE THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS 1. STATE THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS TESTING COMMON PHRASES YOU DO SOME EXAMPLES
a) A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use vitamin pills, the birth
weight of the babies will increase. The average birth weight of the
population is 8.6 pounds.
b) An engineer hypothesizes that the mean number of defects can be
decreased in a manufacturing process of compact disks by using robots
instead of humans for certain tasks. The mean number of defective disks
per 1000 is 18.
c) A psychologist feels that playing soft music during a test will change the
results of the test. The psychologist is not sure whether the grades will
be higher or lower. In the past, the mean of the scores was 73.

2. DESIGN THE STUDY 2. DESIGN THE STUDY

SELECT THE CORRECT STATISTICAL TEST POSIBLE OUTCOMES OF HYPOTHESIS TEST
• A ____________ ___________ uses the data obtained from a sample
to make a decision about whether the null hypothesis should be rejected.
A  ______  error  occurs  if  you  reject  
• The numerical value obtained from a statistical test is called the _______ the  null  hypothesis  when  it  is  true.
_________.
A  ______  error  occurs  if  you  do  not  
reject  the  null  hypothesis  when  it  is  
false.

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2. DESIGN THE STUDY
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
• The only way to prove anything statistically is to use the entire population,
which, in most cases, is not possible.
• The decision, then, is made on the basis of probabilities. That is, when
there is a large difference between the mean obtained from the sample
and the hypothesized mean, the null hypothesis is probably not true.
• The question is, How large a difference is necessary to
• reject the null hypothesis?
• Here is where the level of significance is used.
2. DESIGN THE STUDY
CRITICAL VALUES
• The ____________ ____________ separates the critical region from
the noncritical region. The symbol for critical value is C.V.
• The ____________ ____________ (also known as the rejection
region) is the range of values of the test value that indicates that there is a
significant difference and that the null hypothesis should be rejected.
• The ____________ ____________ (also known as the nonrejection
region) is the range of values of the test value that indicates that the
difference was probably due to chance and that the null hypothesis should
not be rejected.
12/28/17
2. DESIGN THE STUDY
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
• The level of _____________ is the maximum probability of committing a
type I error. This probability is symbolized by 𝛼 (greek letter, alpha).
• Statisticians generally agree on using three arbitrary significance levels:
• _______
• _______
• _______
• That is, if the null hypothesis is rejected, the probability of a type I error
will be 10%, 5%, or 1%, depending on which level of significance is used.
2. DESIGN THE STUDY
CRITICAL VALUES
• The critical value can be on the right side of the mean or on the left side
of the mean for a one-tailed test. Its location depends on the inequality
sign of the alternative hypothesis.
• For example, in situation B, where the chemist is interested in increasing
the average lifetime of automobile batteries, 𝐻": 𝜇 = 36 and 𝐻#: 𝜇 > 36.
The null hypothesis will be rejected only when the sample mean is
significantly greater than 36.
• Hence, the critical value must be on the right side of the mean.
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2. DESIGN THE STUDY 2. DESIGN THE STUDY

FIND THE CRITICAL VALUES FOR Z TESTS FIND THE CRITICAL VALUES FOR Z TESTS
SITUATION B

SITUATION B
2. DESIGN THE STUDY 2. DESIGN THE STUDY
FIND THE CRITICAL VALUES FOR Z TESTS FIND THE CRITICAL VALUES FOR Z TESTS
SITUATION C

SITUATION A

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2. DESIGN THE STUDY

CHEAT SHEET: FIND THE CRITICAL VALUES FOR Z TESTS

FOR THE COMMON LEVELS OF SIGNIFICANCES

2. DESIGN THE STUDY THE NEXT THREE STEPS

PRACTICE FINDING CRITICAL VALUES

• Using Table E Appendix C, find the critical value(s) for each situation and 1) State the hypotheses. Be sure to state both the null and the alternative hypotheses.

draw the appropriate figure, showing the critical region. 2) Design the study. This step includes selecting the correct statistical test, choosing a
level of significance, and formulating a plan to carry out the study. The plan should
a) A left-tailed test with 𝛼 = 0.10 include information such as the definition of the population, the way the sample will be
b) A two-tailed test with 𝛼 = 0.02   selected, and the methods that will be used to collect the data.
3) Conduct the study and collect the data.
c) A right-tailed test with 𝛼 = 0.005
4) Evaluate the data. The data should be tabulated in this step, and the statistical test
should be conducted. Finally, decide whether to reject or not reject the null hypothesis.
5) Summarize the results.

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LESSON SUMMARY LET’S PRACTICE ONE MORE TIME

• The Incredible Edible Egg company recently found that eating eggs
does not increase a person’s blood serum cholesterol. Five hundred
subjects participated in a study that lasted for 2 years. The
participants were randomly assigned to either a no-egg group or a
moderate-egg group. The blood serum cholesterol levels were
checked at the beginning and at the end of the study. Overall, the
groups’ levels were not significantly different. The company reminds
us that eating eggs is healthy if done in moderation. Many of the
previous studies relating eggs and high blood serum cholesterol
jumped to improper conclusions.

LET’S PRACTICE ONE MORE TIME

1) The study was prompted by claims that linked foods high in cholesterol to high blood serum
cholesterol.
2) The population under study is people in general.

3) A sample of 500 subjects was collected.

4) The hypothesis was that eating eggs did not increase blood serum cholesterol.
5) Blood serum cholesterol levels were collected.

6) Most likely but we are not told which test.

7) The conclusion was that eating a moderate amount of eggs will not significantly increase blood
serum cholesterol level.

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REMEMBER ME?

Z TEST FOR A MEAN

• The __________ _____________is the statistic (such as the mean) that is computed
TEST MEANS WHEN 𝜎 IS KNOWN, USING THE Z TEST from the sample data. T
• The __________ _____________ is the parameter (such as the mean) that you would
expect to obtain if the null hypothesis were true—in other words, the hypothesized
value.
• The denominator is the __________ _____________ of the statistic being tested (in
this case, the standard error of the mean).

Z TEST DON’T FORGET THE FIVE STEPS

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LEARNING BY DOING LEARNING BY DOING

• A researcher reports that the average salary of assistant professors is more than • A researcher reports that the average salary of assistant professors is more than
$42,000. A sample of 30 assistant professors has a mean salary of $43,260. At 𝛼 = 0.0 5, $42,000. A sample of 30 assistant professors has a mean salary of $43,260. At 𝛼 = 0.0 5,
test the claim that assistant professors earn more than $42,000 per year. The standard test the claim that assistant professors earn more than $42,000 per year. The standard
deviation of the population is $5230. deviation of the population is $5230.

LEARNING BY DOING LEARNING BY DOING

• A researcher reports that the average salary of assistant professors is more than • A researcher reports that the average salary of assistant professors is more than
$42,000. A sample of 30 assistant professors has a mean salary of $43,260. At 𝛼 = 0.0 5, $42,000. A sample of 30 assistant professors has a mean salary of $43,260. At 𝛼 = 0.0 5,
test the claim that assistant professors earn more than $42,000 per year. The standard test the claim that assistant professors earn more than $42,000 per year. The standard
deviation of the population is $5230. deviation of the population is $5230.

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LEARNING BY DOING LEARNING BY DOING

• A researcher reports that the average salary of assistant professors is more than
$42,000. A sample of 30 assistant professors has a mean salary of $43,260. At 𝛼 = 0.0 5,
test the claim that assistant professors earn more than $42,000 per year. The standard
deviation of the population is $5230.

LEARNING BY DOING LEARNING BY DOING: ONE MORE

• A researcher reports that the average salary of assistant professors is more than
$42,000. A sample of 30 assistant professors has a mean salary of $43,260. At 𝛼 = 0.0 5,
test the claim that assistant professors earn more than $42,000 per year. The standard
deviation of the population is $5230.

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LEARNING BY DOING: ONE MORE LEARNING BY DOING: ONE MORE

COSTS OF MEN’S ATHLETIC SHOES COSTS OF MEN’S ATHLETIC SHOES
• 𝐻( : 𝜇 = $8 0 and 𝐻- : 𝜇 < $8 0 • Make the decision. Since the test value, 1.56, falls in the
critical region, the decision is to reject the null
• Since, 𝛼 = 0.1 0 and the test is a left-tailed test, the critical value is 1.28.
hypothesis.
• Compute the test value. Since the exercise gives raw data, it is necessary to find the
There  is  enough  evidence  to  
mean of the data. Using your graphic calculator or excel, the mean is 75.0 and the support  the  claim  that  the
standard deviation is 19.2. average  cost  of  men’s  athletic  
shoes  is  less  than  $80.

YOU DO NOW!

• The Medical Rehabilitation Education Foundation reports that the average

cost of rehabilitation for stroke victims is $24,672. To see if the average
cost of rehabilitation is different at a particular hospital, a researcher
selects a random sample of 35 stroke victims at the hospital and finds that
the average cost of their rehabilitation is $25,226. The standard deviation
of the population is $3251. At , 𝛼 = 0.01 , can it be concluded that the
average cost of stroke rehabilitation at a particular hospital is different
from $24,672?

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USING THE P-VALUE METHOD LET’S EXPLORE AN EXERCISE

REMEMBER THE Z-SCORE EXERCISES FROM UNIT 3!!!

The  P-­value  (or  probability  value)  is  the  probability  of  getting  a  sample   • A researcher wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and fees at a four-
statistic  (such  as  the  mean)  or  a  more  extreme  sample  statistic  in  the   year public college is greater than $5700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year
direction  of  the  alternative  hypothesis  when  the  null  hypothesis  is  true. public colleges and finds the mean to be $5950. The population standard deviation is
$659. Is there evidence to support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.0 5? Use the P-value method.

When  you  find  the  z-­score  and  look  in  the  table,  the  probability  you  find,  
that’s  the  P-­value!  

Reject  the  null  hypothesis  if  the  value  is  under  the  level  of  significance.  

LET’S EXPLORE AN EXERCISE LET’S EXPLORE AN EXERCISE

• A researcher wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and fees at a four- • A researcher wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and fees at a four-
year public college is greater than $5700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year year public college is greater than $5700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year
public colleges and finds the mean to be $5950. The population standard deviation is public colleges and finds the mean to be $5950. The population standard deviation is
$659. Is there evidence to support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.0 5? Use the P-value method. $659. Is there evidence to support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.0 5? Use the P-value method.

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LET’S EXPLORE AN EXERCISE LET’S EXPLORE AN EXERCISE

• A researcher wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and fees at a four- • A researcher wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and fees at a four-
year public college is greater than $5700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year year public college is greater than $5700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year
public colleges and finds the mean to be $5950. The population standard deviation is public colleges and finds the mean to be $5950. The population standard deviation is
$659. Is there evidence to support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.0 5? Use the P-value method. $659. Is there evidence to support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.0 5? Use the P-value method.

LET’S EXPLORE AN EXERCISE YOU TRY ONE MORE!

• A researcher wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and fees at a four-
• A researcher claims that the average wind speed in a certain
year public college is greater than $5700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year
public colleges and finds the mean to be $5950. The population standard deviation is city is 8 miles per hour. A sample of 32 days has an average
$659. Is there evidence to support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.0 5? Use the P-value method. wind speed of 8.2 miles per hour. The standard deviation of the
population is 0.6 mile per hour. At 𝛼 = 0.05, is there enough
evidence to reject the claim? Use the P-value method.

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P-VALUE DECISION MAKING CHEAT SHEET

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𝑡 TEST FOR A MEAN

TEST MEANS WHEN 𝜎 IS UNKNOWN, USING THE 𝑡 TEST

REMEMBER ME?

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USING THE 𝑡 TABLE

USING THE 𝑡 TABLE

YOU TRY IT!

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USING THE 𝑡 TABLE

YOU TRY IT!

DON’T FORGET THE FIVE STEPS

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LEARNING BY DOING
SCENARIO A
• A medical investigation claims that the average number of infections per week at a
hospital in southwestern Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a mean
number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is there enough evidence
to reject the investigator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?

LEARNING BY DOING

• A medical investigation claims that the average number of infections per week at a
hospital in southwestern Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a mean
number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is there enough evidence
to reject the investigator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?

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LEARNING BY DOING

• A medical investigation claims that the average number of infections per week at a
hospital in southwestern Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a mean
number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is there enough evidence
to reject the investigator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?

LEARNING BY DOING

• A medical investigation claims that the average number of infections per week at a
hospital in southwestern Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a mean
number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is there enough evidence
to reject the investigator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?

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LEARNING BY DOING

• A medical investigation claims that the average number of infections per week at a
hospital in southwestern Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a mean
number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is there enough evidence
to reject the investigator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?

LEARNING BY DOING

• A medical investigation claims that the average number of infections per week at a
hospital in southwestern Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a mean
number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is there enough evidence
to reject the investigator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?

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LEARNING BY DOING
SCENARIO B
• An educator claims that the average salary of substitute teachers in school districts in
Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, is less than $60 per day. A random sample of eight
school districts is selected, and the daily salaries (in dollars) are considered. Is there
enough evidence to support the educator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.10? The sample mean is
$58.88 and the sample standard deviation is 5.08.

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LEARNING BY DOING
SCENARIO B
• An educator claims that the average salary of substitute teachers in school districts in
Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, is less than $60 per day. A random sample of eight
school districts is selected, and the daily salaries (in dollars) are considered. Is there
enough evidence to support the educator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.10? The sample mean is
$58.88 and the sample standard deviation is 5.08.

LEARNING BY DOING
SCENARIO B
• An educator claims that the average salary of substitute teachers in school districts in
Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, is less than $60 per day. A random sample of eight
school districts is selected, and the daily salaries (in dollars) are considered. Is there
enough evidence to support the educator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.10? The sample mean is
$58.88 and the sample standard deviation is 5.08.

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THE FREAKING P-VALUES

YES, I KNOW! J
• The P-values for the t test can be found by using your t-table; however, specific P-values
for t tests cannot be obtained from the table since only selected values of a (for example,
0.01, 0.05) are given.
• To find specific P-values for t tests, you would need another table, which is a pain in
the… neck!

• Since this is not practical, only intervals can be found for P-values. The following
examples show how to use your t-table to determine intervals for P-values for the t
test.

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EXAMPLES FOR OTHER P-VALUES

Example #1

EXAMPLES FOR OTHER P-VALUES

Example #1

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Figure 8-24

EXAMPLES FOR OTHER P-VALUES

Example #2

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EXAMPLES FOR OTHER P-VALUES

Example #2

LEARNING BY DOING
SCENARIO C
• A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater than the
average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 40.6 milliliters per kilogram
(ml/kg) and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is 36.7 ml/kg, is
there enough evidence to support the physician’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?

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LEARNING BY DOING
SCENARIO C
• A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater than the
average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 40.6 milliliters per kilogram
(ml/kg) and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is 36.7 ml/kg, is
there enough evidence to support the physician’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?

LEARNING BY DOING
SCENARIO C
• A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater than the
average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 40.6 milliliters per kilogram
(ml/kg) and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is 36.7 ml/kg, is
there enough evidence to support the physician’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?

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LEARNING BY DOING
SCENARIO C
• A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater than the
average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 40.6 milliliters per kilogram
(ml/kg) and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is 36.7 ml/kg, is
there enough evidence to support the physician’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?

LEARNING BY DOING
SCENARIO C
• A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater than the
average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 40.6 milliliters per kilogram
(ml/kg) and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is 36.7 ml/kg, is
there enough evidence to support the physician’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?

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Students sometimes have difficulty deciding whether to use the z

test or t test. The rules are the same as those pertaining to
confidence intervals.

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DO NOW
• Fill out this survey: http://bit.ly/2ARzQGe
• Find your number in the lists posted in the bulletin boards (back wall and main
entrance). That’s the number of your seat.
USING 𝑝-VALUE FOR
• SILENCE YOUR PHONE and put it in the pocket that has your number in the
bulletin board (back wall).
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• NO EXCEPTIONS and NO PHONES in backpack. You can assume the risk, P-VALUES USING THE 𝑧- AND 𝑡-TEST
but if I see your phone, I will take it and your parents/guardians need to
pick it up in the main office.
• No food or drinks (except water) allowed in my room. Finish your food
outside before you enter my classroom.
• On your desks you will find a copy of an updated syllabus.

Students sometimes have difficulty deciding whether to use the z

test or t test. The rules are the same as those pertaining to USING THE P-VALUE METHOD
confidence intervals.
The 𝑷-value (or probability value) is the probability of getting a sample statistic
(such as the mean) or a more extreme sample statistic in the direction of the
alternative hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.

When you find the 𝑧- or 𝑡-score and look in the table, the probability you find,
that’s the 𝑃-value! However, specific 𝑃-value for 𝑡 tests cannot be obtained from the
table since only selected values of a (for example, 0.01, 0.05) are given.

To find 𝑃-values for 𝑡 tests, only intervals can be found.

Reject the null hypothesis if the value is under the level of significance.

Switch steps 2 and 3 from the 5-step process for hypothesis testing.

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LET’S EXPLORE AN EXERCISE LET’S EXPLORE AN EXERCISE

• A researcher wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and fees at a four- • A researcher wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and fees at a four-
year public college is greater than $5700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year year public college is greater than $5700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year
public colleges and finds the mean to be $5950. The population standard deviation is public colleges and finds the mean to be $5950. The population standard deviation is
$659. Is there evidence to support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.05? Use the P-value method. $659. Is there evidence to support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.05? Use the P-value method.

• Given: Population or Sample Standard Deviation?

LET’S EXPLORE AN EXERCISE LET’S EXPLORE AN EXERCISE

• A researcher wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and fees at a four- • A researcher wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and fees at a four-
year public college is greater than $5700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year year public college is greater than $5700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year
public colleges and finds the mean to be $5950. The population standard deviation is public colleges and finds the mean to be $5950. The population standard deviation is
$659. Is there evidence to support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.05? Use the P-value method. $659. Is there evidence to support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.05? Use the P-value method.

2

LET’S EXPLORE AN EXERCISE
• A researcher wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and fees at a four-
year public college is greater than $5700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year
public colleges and finds the mean to be $5950. The population standard deviation is
$659. Is there evidence to support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.05? Use the P-value method.
1/16/18
YOU TRY ONE!
• A researcher claims that the average wind speed in a certain
city is 8 miles per hour. A sample of 32 days has an average
wind speed of 8.2 miles per hour. The standard deviation of the
population is 0.6 mile per hour. At 𝛼 = 0.05, is there enough
evidence to reject the claim? Use the P-value method.
P-VALUE DECISION MAKING CHEAT SHEET
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LET’S EXPLORE ANOTHER EXERCISE

… BUT FIRST, LET’S SEE HOW TO FIND P-VALUES IN T-TABLES! Figure 8-24

EXAMPLES FOR OTHER P-VALUES NOW, LET’S TRY IT

… BUT FIRST, LET’S SEE HOW TO FIND P-VALUES IN T-TABLES!
• A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater than the
average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 40.6 milliliters per kilogram
(ml/kg) and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is 36.7 ml/kg, is
there enough evidence to support the physician’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05? Use the P-value
method.

• Given: Population or Sample Standard Deviation?

4

NOW, LET’S TRY IT
• A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater than the
average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 40.6 milliliters per kilogram
(ml/kg) and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is 36.7 ml/kg, is
there enough evidence to support the physician’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05? Use the P-value
method.
NOW, LET’S TRY IT
• A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater than the
average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 40.6 milliliters per kilogram
(ml/kg) and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is 36.7 ml/kg, is
there enough evidence to support the physician’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05? Use the P-value
method.
1/16/18
NOW, LET’S TRY IT
• A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater than the
average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 40.6 milliliters per kilogram
(ml/kg) and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is 36.7 ml/kg, is
there enough evidence to support the physician’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05? Use the P-value
method.
NOW, LET’S TRY IT
• A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater than the
average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 40.6 milliliters per kilogram
(ml/kg) and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is 36.7 ml/kg, is
there enough evidence to support the physician’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?
5
 1/16/18

YOU TRY ONE YOU TRY ONE

6
DO NOW

• Find your number in the lists posted in the bulletin boards (back wall
and main entrance). That’s the number of your seat.
• SILENCE YOUR PHONE and put it in the pocket that has your number
in the bulletin board (back wall).
• NO EXCEPTIONS and NO PHONES in backpack. You can assume
the risk, but if I see your phone, I will take it and your
parents/guardians need to pick it up in the main office.
• No food or drinks (except water) allowed in my room. Finish
your food outside before you enter my classroom.
𝑧 TEST FOR A PROPORTION
TEST PROPORTIONS, USING THE Z TEST
Remember this!
INTRO

• Many hypothesis-testing situations involve proportions.

• These data were obtained from The Book of Odds by Michael D. Shook and Robert L.
Shook (New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc.):
• 51% of Americans buy generic products.
• 35% of Americans go out for dinner once a week.

• A hypothesis test involving a population proportion can be considered as a binomial

(𝑝̂ and 𝑞&) experiment when there are only two outcomes and the probability of a
success does not change from trial to trial.
LEARNING BY DOING
Exercise #1
LEARNING BY DOING
Exercise #1
LEARNING BY DOING
Exercise #1
LEARNING BY DOING
Exercise #1
LEARNING BY DOING
Exercise #2
TEST YOURSELF!
Exercise #3
 1/20/18

TAKE NOTES
STATISTICAL
SIGNIFICANCE VS
PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
A QUICK LESSON FOR RELEVANT PURPOSES
https://goo.gl/CE1HTw

HYPOTHESIS TESTING PROBLEM #1

Putting it all together in a Lucky 7 Rumble
• Participation in this review counts as a grade.
• In order to get credit for this activity, each student must turn in their worksheet completed.
• An e-commerce research company claims that 60% or more
• Team A vs Team B. Each team has a captain. graduate students have bought merchandise on-line. A
• The winner team will participate in a drawing for 3 gift cards. consumer group is suspicious of the claim and thinks that the
• Get your materials ready!
• Pencil proportion is lower than 60%. A random sample of 80
• Calculator
• Tables
graduate students show that only 34 students have ever done
• Seven exercises will show up in the screen.You do nothing until I ask the questions related to these so. Is there enough evidence to show that the true proportion
questions.
• I will be calling one member of each team to go to the board and answer my questions.
is lower than 60%?
• If the student does not answer correctly, the other team has a chance to steal the point.

1

PROBLEM #2
• The administrator at your local hospital states that on weekends the
average wait time for emergency room visits is 10 minutes.Your family and
friends have complained on how long they waited to be seen in the ER
over a weekend, so you dispute the administrator's claim.You decide to
test you hypothesis. Over the course of a few weekends you record the
wait time for 40 randomly selected patients. The average wait time for
these 40 patients is 11 minutes with a standard deviation of 3 minutes. Do
you have enough evidence to support your hypothesis that the average ER
wait time exceeds 10 minutes? You opt to conduct the test at 𝛼 = 0.05.
PROBLEM #4
• A farmer is trying out a planting technique that he hopes will
increase the yield on his pea plants. The average number of
pods on one of his pea plants is 145 pods with a standard
deviation of 100 pods. This year, after trying his new planting
technique, he takes a random sample of his plants and finds the
average number of pods to be 147. He wonders whether or
not this is a statistically significant increase. Design a study to
help the farmer in his wondering.
1/20/18
PROBLEM #3
• The high school athletic director is asked if football players are
doing as well academically as the other student athletes. We
know from a previous study that the average GPA for the
student athletes is 3.10. After an initiative to help improve the
GPA of student athletes, the athletic director randomly samples
20 football players and finds that the average GPA of the sample
is 3.18 with a sample standard deviation of 0.54. Is there a
significant improvement? Use a 0.05 significance level.
PROBLEM #5
• It has been reported that the average credit card debt for
college seniors is $3262. The student senate at a large
university feels that their seniors do not have such a high debt,
so it conducts a study of 50 randomly selected seniors and
finds that the average debt is $2995, and the population
standard deviation is $1100. Can we support the student
senate’s claim using the data collected?
2

PROBLEM #6
• The medical Rehabilitation Education Foundation reports that the
average cost of rehabilitation for stroke victims is $24,672. To see if
the average cost of rehab is different at a particular hospital, a
researcher selects a random sample of 35 stroke victims at the hospital
and finds the average cost of their rehab is $25,250. The standard
deviation of the population is $3251. Can it be concluded that the
average cost of stroke rehabilitation at a particular hospital is different
from $24,672? Use the p-value method and let the audience decide on
the level of significance.
1/20/18
PROBLEM #7
• A certain company would like to determine the amount of time
employees waste at work each day. A random sample of 10 of
its employees shows a mean time of 121.80 minutes wasted per
day with a standard deviation of 9.45 minutes per day. Does the
data provide evidence that the mean amount of time wasted by
employees each day is more than 120 minutes? Assume the
population is at least approximately normally distributed. Use
the p-value method and let the audience decide on an alpha.
3
 1/23/18

DO NOW

• Find your number in the lists posted in the bulletin boards (back wall and
main entrance). That’s the number of your seat.
• SILENCE YOUR PHONE and put it in the pocket that has your number in
the bulletin board (back wall).
TYPE 1 AND II ERRORS
• NO EXCEPTIONS and NO PHONES in backpack. You can assume the HOW TO INTERPRET THEM

risk, but if I see your phone, I will take it and your

parents/guardians need to pick it up in the main office.
• No food or drinks (except water) allowed in my room. Finish your
food outside before you enter my classroom.

ERRORS LET’S INTERPRET ERRORS

POSIBLE OUTCOMES OF HYPOTHESIS TEST SCENARIO #1

A  type  I  error  occurs  if  you  reject  

the  null  hypothesis  when  it  is  true.

A  type  II  error  occurs  if  you  do  not  

reject  the  null  hypothesis  when  it  is  
false.

1
 1/23/18

LET’S INTERPRET ERRORS LET’S INTERPRET ERRORS

SCENARIO #1 SCENARIO #2: COST OF SHOES

Explain the impact of a Type I error.

Explain the impact of a Type II error.

LET’S INTERPRET ERRORS LET’S INTERPRET ERRORS

SCENARIO #2: COST OF SHOES SCENARIO #3

Explain the impact of a Type I error.

Explain the impact of a Type II error.

2
 1/23/18

LET’S INTERPRET ERRORS LET’S INTERPRET ERRORS

SCENARIO #4:
SCENARIO #3 AVERAGE SALARY FOR SUBSTITUTE TEACHERS IS LESS THAN $60 PER DAY

Explain the impact of a Type I error.

Explain the impact of a Type II error.

LET’S INTERPRET ERRORS LET’S INTERPRET ERRORS

SCENARIO #4:
AVERAGE SALARY FOR SUBSTITUTE TEACHERS IS LESS THAN $60 PER DAY SCENARIO #5

We  cannot  reject  H .  There  is  not  enough  evidence  in  the  

0

sample  to  conclude  the  mean  salary  is  less  than  $60.

Explain the impact of a Type I error.

Explain the impact of a Type II error.

3
 1/23/18

LET’S INTERPRET ERRORS PERFORMANCE TASK

SCENARIO #5 DO NOW

• Go to https://goo.gl/4w2QkZ • 1-2: Cholesterol is less that 200.

Explain the impact of a Type I error.
Explain the impact of a Type II error.
• Add a worksheet and put your initials. Then, •• 3-4: Systolic is under 125.
copy the original worksheet into yours.
• Play with the data based on the topic/claim
that you were assigned to.
• Perform a hypothesis testing to the claim.
• Write your findings in
https://goo.gl/Uzg32Y
5-6: IQ is over 108.
• 7-8: Sodium is under 139.
• 9-10: Men are smarter.
• 11-12: Women are smarter.
• 13-14: Men are healthier.
• 15-16: Women are healthier.
• 17-18: Exercise make you healthier.
• 19-20: Exercise make you smarter.
• 21-22: Higher ed, higher IQ
• 23-24: No smoking make you healthier.
• 25-26: Married people has higher sodium.
• 27-28: Divorced people has higher cholesterol.