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Notes: This documentation is for version 2 of the TCP Optimizer. Please also see the TCP Optimizer FAQ for answers to
frequently asked questions.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Using the program
3. General Settings
3.1 Connection Speed slider
3.2 Network Adapter selection
3.3 TCP Receive Window
3.4 MTU Discovery
3.5 Black Hole Detect
3.6 Selective ACKs
3.7 Max Duplicate ACKs
3.8 Time to Live
3.9 TCP 1323 Options
4. Advanced settings
4.1 Internet Explorer Optimization
4.2 Host Resolution Priority
4.3 Type/Quality of Service
4.4 DNS Error Caching
4.5 LAN Browsing speedup
4.6 LAN Request Buffer Size
5. Largest MTU
6. BDP
7. Latency
8. Registry
9. Menus
9.1 File Menu
9.2 Preferences Menu
Appendix A - Program Changes
1. Introduction
The TCP Optimizer is a program designed to provide an easy, intuitive interface for tuning TCP and IP related parameters in
the Windows Registry. It takes into account all related RFCs, the Microsoft TCP/IP implementation oddities, verifies all
Registry locations for the same TCP/IP parameters (ICS Sharing, AOL protocol MTU, etc), only ads the necessary Registry
parameters, and overall aids in making the whole "tweaking for speed" experience a breeze. It is downloadable from here:
SG TCP Optimizer.
In the following chapters, you will find short descriptions of all the settings and all aspects of the functionality of the TCP
Optimizer. In addition to this documentation, you can also check the TCP Optimizer FAQ, as well as the SG Tweaking forum.
We'd also appreciate any feedback about the program, please contact the webmaster or post in our forums with any
suggestions for additions or changes to either the program or this documentation.
- Choose your maximum Connection Speed from the slider bar (the maximum available
bandwidth, in kilobits per second)
- Choose your Network Interface, or check to Modify All Network Adapters
- Pick "Optimal settings" from the radio-buttons near the bottom of the program
- Click on the "Apply changes" button and reboot
The Optimizer can do all the rest for you (including a backup of the current registry settings, so you can revert the changes
if you wish). The new version of the program includes a preview of all changes after hitting the "Apply changes" button and
before actually editing the Windows Registry.
You can also use the Optimizer to easily apply custom values, test with different settings, and learn a bit more about
tweaking and TCP/IP in general. We strongly recommend getting familiar with the settings, and learning what aspects of
your connection they affect first. Also, note that some of the program tabs (Largest MTU, BDP, Latency) can be used as a
learning tool without making any changes to the Windows Registry.
The 3 radio buttons at the bottom of the program show the relevant "Current settings" as
set in the Windows Registry, the Optimizer recommended "Optimal settings", or allow for
"Custom settings" for the more advanced user to test with different values.
Please see the following chapters for definitions and detailed descriptions of all options in
the TCP Optimizer.
Note: You should be logged in with an account with administrative privileges to be able to
write to some of the Registry keys and use the program to its full potential.
3. General Settings
This tab contains all the important tweakable TCP/IP parameters.
Connection Speed (in kilobits per second) - you have to choose your maximum available bandwidth here. The Optimizer
will base any "Optimal settings" recommendations on the connection speed you choose in this slider bar. Please note it is
an approximation of your maximum available bandwidth, it does not have to be exact.
Network Adapter selection - you should have a list of all present network interfaces in the system. When you select an
adapter, using this pull-down menu, its IP address will be shown in the lower-right of this section. Note you can also choose
to modify all network adapters at the same time, or tweak without modifying any of their settings.
You also have the option to type a a custom MTU value (that will be used to recommend RWIN). Generally, MTU can safely
be set at 1500, however some types of connections, and some routers use smaller values. It is only necessary to edit the
MTU value in such special cases. For example, the maximum MTU value for Windows XP PPPoE encapsulation is 1480 (even
though other PPPoE implementations can use as high as 1492).
Note: In some rare cases, it is possible that your desired network device is not correctly identified by the Optimizer. That
does not affect the program performance much, and you should simply choose "Modify All Network Adapters" in such cases.
We'd also appreciate you contacting us with the exact device, so we can improve the program.
TCP Receive Window (a.k.a. RWIN) - this buffer is the single most important factor in tweaking your TCP/IP
parameters. A small RWIN value limits your maximum throughput (the server waits for acknowledgements of received
packets), one much larger than needed by your connection can have a negative effect on your connection as well. Here is
some history on RWIN, and all the considerations in choosing an "optimal" value:
Originally, when the TCP protocol was developed, there were only 16 bits in the TCP header reserved for the size of this
buffer, allowing for a maximum value of 2^16 (65535, if you start counting from 0). With faster high-latency networks this
value proved insufficient, and RFC 1323 introduced additional "TCP Options", allowing for larger RWIN values. It is
accomplished by bit shifting, or multiplying the original unscaled RWIN value (up to 65535 bytes) in the TCP header by a
scale factor, power of 2.
The TCP Optimizer recommends an optimal TCP Window value considering all the following
factors:
- Bandwidth * Delay product based on the chosen maximum connection speed and
maximum anticipated latency.
- RWIN (both scaled and unscaled) multiple of MSS, for maximum optimization.
- Proper RFC 1323 scaling for RWIN values larger than 65535.
- largest optimal unscaled RWIN (MSS multiple) used for all RWIN values over 65535.
Black Hole Detect (EnablePMTUBHDetect) - The recommended optimal setting in the TCP Optimizer is "No".
Enabling this setting causes TCP to try to detect black hole routers while doing Path MTU Discovery. A black hole router
does not return ICMP Destination Unreachable messages when it needs to fragment an IP datagram with the Don't
Fragment bit set. TCP depends on receiving these messages to perform Path MTU Discovery. With this feature enabled, TCP
tries to send segments without the Don't Fragment bit set if several retransmissions of a segment go unacknowledged. If
the segment is acknowledged as a result, the MSS is decreased and the Don't Fragment bit is set in future packets on the
connection. Enabling black hole detection increases the maximum number of retransmissions that are performed for a given
segment. Unless you are dealing with a relatively archaic network, or running a server, this setting does not make much
visible difference, and can in fact waste bandwidth if enabled.
TCP 1323 Options (TCP1323Opts) - we recommend having only "Window Scaling" enabled.
This parameter controls RFC 1323 time stamps and window-scaling options. The "Window Scaling" part allows for RWIN
(TCP Window) values over 65535. Timestamps add another 12 bytes to the header of each packet, and are only necessary
in connections with increased packet loss.
4. Advanced Settings
This tab contains additional tweaks, that have a smaller, but still noticeable effect on TCP/IP performance. Generally, the
tweaks on this page are not directly related to throughput. Some of the tweaks in this section of the Optimizer might be
related only to specific aspects of networking, such as Web, or LAN browsing, hostname resolution speed, etc.
Type/Quality of Service
QoS (Quality of Service) and ToS (Type of Service) have to do with support for priority traffic.
QoS is enabled by default in Windows XP, and can limit available bandwidth in order to accommodate high-priority traffic,
when present. The Optimizer only changes the QoS value if it is already present in the registry. It is in the Registry only if
the QoS Packet Scheduler is installed (can be added from the Network Adapter Properties). We recommend having the QoS
Packet Scheduler uninstalled, or/and setting the QoS: NonBestEffortLimit Optimizer setting to 0%.
ToS (Type of Service, RFC 791, RFC 1812) is a field of the IP header, designed to also carry quality of service features,
such as prioritized delivery for IP datagrams. It is not widely used, and it has been redefined and superseded by a newer
standard called Differentiated Services (DiffServ) and defined in RFC 2474 , RFC 2475, RFC 2597, RFC 2598. DiffServ
increases the number of definable priority levels by reallocating bits of an IP packet for priority marking. The TCP Optimizer
allows for ToS/DiffServ editing, although it is an advanced setting, probably beyond the scope of regular residential
broadband tweaking. If you feel comfortable editing this value, you might also want to note possible conflicts with using
some ToS values in a DiffServ environment, as described in RFC 2873.
ToS other than 0 is only available if ToS: DisableUserTOSSetting is present, and set to "0" in the Optimizer. If
enabled, the ToS: DefaultTOSValue can be set to a specific number, (which is probably beyond the scope of this help file,
but is somewhat explained below - feel free to read the related RFCs referenced above for more info). If we must make a
recommendation, here are some good DefaultTOSValue numbers that are valid, and with high precedence in both ToS and
DiffServ environments:
1. DefaultTOSValue = 80 - (010 100 00 binary). This setting should be tried first. It is not very aggressive, but it
takes precedence over regular traffic and asks for low delay. For ToS, you get immediate precedence, low delay.
For DiffServ, you get AF22 - class 2 traffic, medium drop probability.
2. DefaultTOSValue = 136 - (100 010 00 binary). This is a moderately aggressive precedence setting. For ToS, you
get flash override precedence, high throughput. For DiffServ, you get AF41 - class 4 traffic, low drop probability.
3. DefaultTOSValue = 184 - (101 110 00 binary). This is a very aggressive setting, that might introduce some
packet loss - it is usually only recommended for audio/video applications. For ToS, you get critical precedence,
low delay, high throughput. For DiffServ, you get EF - Expedited Forwarding, high priority traffic, but with higher
drop probability.
The tables below explain the ToS and DiffServ values in more detail so you can choose your own numbers
bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Precedence Delay Throughput Reliability Cost MBZ
Note: The field is 8 bits in the IP header, first 3 define precedence, then one each for delay, throughput, reliability, cost and
a checking bit as illustrated by the table above.
DiffServ Field:
bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DSCP (Differentiated Services Codepoint) CU
Class selection is in the first 3 bits, and maps directly to the Currently unused, best kept at 00 for
IP Precedence bits from the ToS table above. backward compatibility with ToS.
000 000
CS0 0 2474 class 0, default (routine)
(00)
001 000
CS1 32 2474 class 1 - similar to the ToS Precedence (priority)
(00)
001 010
AF11 40 2597 AF (Assured Forwarding) class 1 - low drop precedence
(00)
001 100
AF12 48 2597 AF class 1 - medium drop precedence
(00)
001 110
AF13 56 2597 AF class 1 - high drop precedence
(00)
010 000
CS2 64 2474 class 2 - similar to the ToS Precedence (immediate)
(00)
010 010
AF21 72 2597 AF class 2 - low drop precedence
(00)
010 100
AF22 80 2597 AF class 2 - medium drop precedence
(00)
010 110
AF23 88 2597 AF class 2 - high drop precedence
(00)
011 000
CS3 96 2474 class 3 - similar to the ToS Precedence (flash)
(00)
011 010
AF31 104 2597 AF class 3 - low drop precedence
(00)
011 100
AF32 112 2597 AF class 3 - medium drop precedence
(00)
011 110
AF33 120 2597 AF class 3 - high drop precedence
(00)
100 000
CS4 128 2474 class 4 - similar to the ToS Precedence (flash override)
(00)
100 010
AF41 136 2597 AF class 4 - low drop precedence
(00)
100 100
AF42 144 2597 AF class 4 - medium drop precedence
(00)
100 110
AF43 152 2597 AF class 4 - high drop precedence
(00)
101 000
CS5 160 2474 class 5 - similar to the ToS Precedence (critical)
(00)
110 000
CS6 192 2474 class 6 - similar to the ToS Precedence (Internetwork Control)
(00)
111 000
CS7 224 2474 class 7 - similar to the ToS Precedence (Network Control)
(00)
Notes:
- The DiffServ column shows the 8-bit decimal equivalent that should be used in the TCP Optimizer for the
"DefaultTOSValue". The value is obtained by appending two 0s to the 6-bit DiffServ codepoints. Note to set any ToS other
than 0 in the Optimizer, you also need to set "DisableUserTOSSetting" to "0" (non-empty zero value).
- Higher class traffic takes precedence. Values not in the above table can get reset to the default (0), or have the
connection reset.
- Some routers may change, or reset the ToS/DiffServ value to 0 regardless of the setting.
5. Largest MTU
This section aids in finding the largest possible non-fragmented packet between your PC, and a server. You can specify an
URL, click Start, and have the program ping the specified server with different packet sizes, until it finds the largest
possible packet before fragmentation occurs. The largest non-fragmented MTU is important in that it represents the optimal
MTU value on that particular path.
A large MTU value helps in maximizing data vs. header size for a particular data segment. Fragmentation and reassembling
of packets can cause slowdowns, and introduces more header overhead as well. That is why the largest non-fragmented
MTU value for your network connection is a significant factor in tweaking. Once the program finds the largest non-
fragmented packet, it can be plugged in the MTU value in the General Settings tab.
Note that for this to work, it is best to set your MTU value to 1500 temporarily, since the largest non-fragmented MTU us
also bound by the MTU value on your end.
The Bandwidth*Delay Product, or BDP for short determines the amount of data that can be in transit in the network. It is
the product of the available bandwidth and the latency, or RTT.
What does in all mean ? The TCP Window is a buffer that determines how much data can be transferred before the server
waits for acknowledgement. It is in essence bound by the BDP. If the BDP (or RWIN) is lower than the product of the
latency and available bandwidth, we can't fill the line since the client can't send acknowledgements back fast enough. A
transmission can't exceed the (RWIN / latency) value, so RWIN needs to be large enough to fit the
maximum_available_bandwidth x maximum_anticipaded_delay.
7. Latency
This section of the program is simply a tool for testing the latency of your network/internet
connection. You can choose a number of hosts, a number of pings per host, and ICMP
packet size. After clicking start, the tool will consecutively ping all hosts, then provide
maximum and average latency measurements in milliseconds, as well as packet loss
indication (if present).
This tool can be used to effectively estimate the maximum anticipated latency for
BDP/RWIN calculations. In order to do that, we recommend using a larger number of hosts than the default 5, and a larger
packet size (since larger packets tend to have a bit higher latency). Then, as an estimate of your maximum anticipated
latency, rather than using the Maximum RTT, use the average RTT, multiplied by two.
Notes:
• Pinging hosts uses ICMP, rather than TCP. Some routers give very low priority to ICMP traffic, and as a result you
may experience a higher percentage of packet loss.
• Larger packets have a bit higher latency
• RTT varies with time of day, network congestion, etc.
• Some nodes might choose to drop repeated ICMP requests when congested, or ignore them all together.
8. Registry
This section of the Optimizer has been improved to include an actual Registry Editor. It is a direct interface to the Windows
Registry, and only intended for advanced use ! Please only use it carefully, and at your own risk.
Note that the Registry editor only includes TCP/IP, and some related hives of the Windows Registry.
To use it, simply navigate to the appropriate key you wish to edit in the left section of the editor, then work in the right
section, by either choosing a value/key and editing it, or adding a new one. All available actions for the currently active
window/key/value are reachable by right-clicking on them.
9. Menus
The File Pull-down menu contains a number of options for backing up, as well as
exporting and importing all the related TCP Optimizer settings. Those options can be shared between users, they contain
information about empty keys, values to remove/add/edit and all relevant parameters to clone the exact state of the
related settings to another machine, or save them for your own reference later.
The Preferences menu, pictured on the right has two sections. The first one, "Maximum Latency" is a number in
milliseconds, that is used in calculating the optimal RWIN value. It affects all the "Optimal settings" recommendations of
the program, so if you're not sure what it does, leave it at the default 500ms. Basically, the larger this number, the larger
RWIN values the program is going to recommend under "Optimal settings" for the same connection speed, and vice versa.
The second section in the Preferences menu, "Latency tab: hosts to ping" contains a list of URLs, used in the Latency
section of the program for measuring current RTT (round trip time, delay, ping, latency) to multiple hosts.
The Help Menu of The Optimizer simply contains a link to this documentation, as well as the Software License Agreement,
and some general information about the program.
• fixed a 3.x Windows XP bug - only when choosing to "modify all network adapters", two advanced settings
(TcpAckFrequency and TCPDelAckTicks) were set incorrectly.
• Improved International Windows support (reading current netsh settings).
• minor internal improvements
• Improved International Windows support - netsh current settings in the General tab should now be read correctly
for many languages
• minor internal improvements
• changed 64-bit OS handling to avoid 32-bit access issues causing some netsh settings not to remain persistent
after reboot
• changed Direct Cache Access (DCA) and NetDMA (TCPA) handling in Windows 7
• minor internal improvements
• complete rewrite of the General tab to support Windows 7, Vista, and Server 2008 - different look and settings
under Windows 7/Vista vs. XP/2k
• increased connection speed slider to 100+ Mbps
• added an easier method to revert to the Windows default settings per OS version
• added options to reset TCP/IP and Winsock
• Combined Latency and BDP tabs into one, updated Largest MTU algorithm and sites to ping
• various minor improvements
Known issues: when applying some custom settings, you may see an error: "Set global command failed on IPv4 The
parameter is incorrect". The settings are being applied (can be verified by restarting the Optimizer and checking "current"
settings), just the error is incorrectly displayed.
• Under Optimal or Custom mode, when PPPoE is checked, and the MTU is not modified manually, the displayed 1492
MTU is now correctly applied to the Registry.
• If MTU is set to a value outside the valid range, and the user changes current/optimal/custom mode, the value is
now properly reset to 1500.
• The Latency tab will account for, and discard incorrect negative RTT values sometimes returned by servers. Such
values will no longer count towards the min/max/avg calculations.
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Documentation version 2.0.3 Last updated 09.16.2010