日本地熱学会誌 J. Geotherm.

第 31 巻 第 3 号（2009） Res.Soc.Japan
167 頁～176 頁 総 説 Vol.31. No.3(2009)
P.167～P.176

Decades of Indonesian Geothermal Energy Growth

Yayan SOFYAN*, Sachio EHARA**and Yunus DAUD***

(Received 22 January 2009, Accepted 18 June 2009)

Abstract
Indonesia is one of the largest geothermal resource potential countries in the world, with a total energy potential of about
27.5 GWe. Of this energy potential, only 988 MWe or less than 4% was used for electricity generation in 2007. In the first
decade of geothermal electricity generation (1980–1990), only Kamojang Geothermal Field was developed. In the second
decade (1990–2000), geothermal fields producing electricity were Salak Geothermal Field, Darajat Geothermal Field, Dieng
Geothermal Field and Sibayak Geothermal Field. In the early third decade, the power plants were installed in Wayang Windu
Geothermal Field and Lahendong Geothermal Field. Direct use of geothermal energy for agriculture products began in the third
decade.
The acceleration of electricity production from the geothermal potential in the third decade (2000–2010) was planned by
the road map of geothermal development. For rapid promotion of geothermal energy development, the Indonesian geothermal
industry and government need detailed information of the geothermal fields to meet the expected demand.

Keywords: geothermal resources, geothermal field, power generation, direct use, Indonesia

1. Introduction Sumatra, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi and Halmahera. Most

Indonesia lies at the junction of three major plates, the
Australian plate, the Eurasian plate and the Pacific plate, and
possibly also the Philippine Sea plate to the north of Sulawesi
(Fig. 1, Katili, 1975). The intersection of these plates is
responsible for the creation of one of the world's most complex
geological settings. Indonesia has 129 active volcanoes
spreading across the archipelago and there is a large
concentration of high-temperature geothermal systems in
Indonesian volcanoes are part of the Sunda arc, a more than
3,000 km long line of volcanoes extending from northern
Sumatra to the Banda Sea. Using the plate tectonic concept, all
Indonesian active volcanoes can be interpreted as the result of
sub-crustal melting induced by subducted lithosphere plates
(Katili, 1975).
Most of these volcanoes are the result of subduction of the
Australian plate beneath the Eurasian plate. The Banda Sea is

✽✽✽✽
Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
✽✽✽✽
Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
✽✽✽✽
Department of Physics, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Ⓒ The Geothermal Research Society of Japan, 2009

― 167 ―
 110o E 130o E

INDONESIA PHILIPINE PLATE

N
EURASIAN PLATE

SUMATRA

PACIFIC PLATE
0
Su
nd

SULAWESI
a
Ar
c

JAVA JAVA SEA

10o S
Arc
Banda
INDIAN OCEAN - AUSTRALIAN PLATE

Legend :
Active Volcano Trench Fault Moving direction of plate

Fig. 1 Indonesia plate boundaries (Katili, 1975)

located in the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago near a Exploration of geothermal resources in Indonesia with the
triple junction area between three major plates, namely the objective of generating electricity was first proposed in the
Eurasian, Pacific and Australian plates (Hinschberger et al., early 20th century by The Dutch Colonial Geological Survey.
2001). This sequence of volcanoes is part of the volcanic belt In 1926, three initial shallow test wells (66 m, 123 m and 128
in the ring of fire. m deep) were drilled at Kawah Kamojang, West Java. One
Geothermal resources are closely related with volcanic well produced only steam and two wells produced a two-phase
areas. Geothermal resources in Indonesia are mainly mixture of steam and hot water. Since Indonesia gained
distributed along the Indonesian volcanic belt; however, some independence, the Indonesian government has been
are in nonvolcanic environments. responsible for all exploration involved in the compilation of
Reporting of Indonesian geothermal resources started an inventory of geothermal resources.
over 150 years ago. In 1854, Junghuhn studied active
volcanoes and large thermal areas in Java and from around 2. Geothermal potential of Indonesia
1900, the Dutch Colonial Geological Survey mapped most of Table 1 Power plant capacity by energy type in 2004
the Indonesian Quaternary volcanoes and their fumaroles and (Atmojo, 2006).
solfatara fields (Hochstein and Sudarman, 2008). The
Indonesian government made a more complete inventory in Power Plant
1972 with technical assistance from Italy, Japan, New Zealand Energy type Capacity %
and the USA (Fauzi et al., 2000). To date, geological, (MWe)
geochemical and geophysical surveys have been conducted by Oil 16,201 45.5
the Indonesian government, universities and industries to Gas 6,361 17.9
discover and clarify geothermal resources in Indonesia. By Coal 7,460 21.0
2007, 256 geothermal areas with a total energy potential of
Hydro 4,200 11.8
about 27.5 GWe were inventoried. 203 areas or about 80% of
Geothermal 807 2.3
256 areas are associated with volcanic environments and the
remaining 53 areas are non volcanic geothermal areas such as Biomass 445 1.3
those in the larger part of Sulawesi, West Kalimantan, Bangka Other 98 0.3
Belitung and Papua (Geological Agency, 2007). Total 35,572 100.0

― 168 ―
 Geothermal energy is a small but important source of
electric power generation in Indonesia. By 2008, the electricity
generated from geothermal resources accounted for
approximately US$0.44 billion (1) per year in Indonesia and the
total geothermal potential in Indonesia is equivalent to more
than 8 billion barrels of oil. The geothermal areas of Indonesia
comprise 163 areas (63.7%) in the stage of preliminary survey,
78 areas (30.5%) having been surveyed in detail with or
without bore hole temperature investigation, 8 areas (3.1%) in
the stage of exploration drilling or being ready to develop, and
7 areas (2.7%) having installed geothermal power plants
(Geological Agency, 2007).
Indonesia possesses a variety of energy resources.
Primary energy which is consumed in Indonesia is composed
of oil, gas, coal, hydro, geothermal, biomass and other
renewable energy. Electricity generation from geothermal
sources is still less than other energy generations. In 2004,
about 2.3% of total power generation capacity in Indonesia or
807 MWe was supplied by geothermal power plants (Table 1)
(Atmojo, 2006). In 2007, the geothermal energy contribution
to electricity increased to 988 MWe. Indonesian energy
planners are pushing for greater utilization of renewable and
indigenous energy such as geothermal energy. Indonesia
intends to increase the contribution of geothermal energy to the
national energy supply to about 4% by 2025.
The Indonesian government passed the act 27/2003 to
assist geothermal utilization. The act concerns the regulated
use of geothermal energy found in preliminary surveying,
exploration, and exploitation for the generation of electricity.
The act gives legal certainty for geothermal enterprises and
establishes rules and regulations.
Geothermal potential distribution
Areas of geothermal potential in Indonesia are distributed
in three main regions across 26 provinces. There are large
numbers of geothermal areas in Sumatra, Java and eastern
Indonesia (Table 2).
a. Sumatra
There are 84 geothermal areas on the island of Sumatra
distributed across nine provinces (Table 2). Geothermal energy
in Sumatra accounts for about half of the total geothermal
energy in Indonesia.
North Sumatra is the richest province in geothermal
energy and also the most densely populated area on the island.
The Sibayak Geothermal Field (SiGF) is located in this
(1) Estimated on the basis of Indonesia electricity installed about 1000 MW, 85%
capacity factor and electricity selling price 6 US cent/kWh.
― 169 ―
province and generates about 12 MWe. Future geothermal
development in Sumatra will take place in the Ulubelu, Sarula,
Hululais and Sungai Penuh Geothermal Fields.
b. Java
There are 71 geothermal areas across five provinces in
Java (Table 2), the most densely populated island in Indonesia.
Geothermal energy on Java Island accounts for about 34% of
the total geothermal energy in Indonesia.
The province of West Java has 40 geothermal areas and is
the best prospect for geothermal power production in
Indonesia. More than half the geothermal areas in Java are in
West Java. West Java is the most developed area for
geothermal energy production in Indonesia. By 2008, more
than 1000 MWe had been generated on Java Island.
c. Eastern Indonesia and Kalimantan
There are 101 geothermal areas in eastern Indonesia and
Kalimantan, specifically in Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi,
west Kalimantan, Papua and Maluku (Table 2). Geothermal
energy accounts for about 17% of the total geothermal energy
in Indonesia.
East Nusa Tenggara is the richest province of geothermal
energy in eastern Indonesia but it is still undeveloped.
Geothermal development in eastern Indonesia is still focused
in the province of North Sulawesi. The Lahendong
Geothermal Field (LGF) is located in this province and 60
MWe has been installed. Future geothermal development of
electricity generation in eastern Indonesia will be conducted in
Tompaso and Mataloko Geothermal Fields.
3. Decades of geothermal use in Indonesia
Geothermal energy in Indonesia is mostly used for
electricity generation and only a small portion is directly used.
Electricity was generated geothermally on a large scale from
the early 1980s. Seven geothermal fields presently generate
electricity. Five geothermal fields are in Java, one in Sumatra
and one in North Sulawesi (Fig. 2).
Geothermal development in Indonesia also correlates
with electricity demand and population of the area. Java has
high geothermal potential, a large population and strong
electricity demand.
First Decade (1980–1990)
The Kamojang Geothermal Field (KGF) was the first
geothermal area subject to exploration for the purpose of
electricity generation. Pertamina began exploration in this area
in 1974 to complete data from the Dutch Colonial Geological
Survey.
The KGF in the Garut region of West Java, about 40 km
 Table 2 Distribution of geothermal resources (Geological Agency, 2007).

Number of Resource (MWe) Reserve (MWe) Installed*

No Province
Area (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (MWe)
Speculative Hypothetic Possible Probable Proven

SUMATRA

1 Nangro Aceh Darusalam 17 630 398 282 0 0 0

2 North Sumatra 16 1500 170 1627 0 39 12
3 West Sumatra 16 825 73 758 0 0 0
4 Riau 1 25 259 0 0 0 0
5 Jambi 8 375 259 358 15 40 0
6 Bengkulu 4 450 223 600 0 0 0
7 Bangka Belitung 3 75 0 0 0 0 0
8 South Sumatra 6 725 392 794 0 0 0
9 Lampung 13 925 838 1082 0 20 0
JAVA
1 Banten 5 450 100 285 0 0 0
2 West Java 40 1500 784 1297 488 1557 946
3 Central Java 14 275 342 614 115 280 60
4 Yogyakarta 1
5 East Java 11 250 295 774 0 0 0
EAST INDONESIAAND KALIMANTAN
1 Bali 5 300 0 226 0 0 0
2 West Nusa Tenggara 3 250 0 0 0 0 0
3 East Nusa Tenggara 19 290 353 609 0 14 0
4 North Sulawesi 5 25 125 540 110 65 60
5 Gorontalo 2 25 0 15 0 0 0
6 Central Sulawesi 15 275 0 106 0 0 0
7 South Sulawesi 16 325 0 49 0 0 0
8 South East Sulawesi 13 250 0 51 0 0 0
9 North Maluku 9 150 117 42 0 0 0
10 Maluku 9 125 0 100 0 0 0
11 Papua 2 50 0 0 0 0 0
12 West Kalimantan 3 50 0 0 0 0 0

INDONESIA 256 TOTAL POTENTIAL = 27,800 MWe 1078

from the city of Bandung, is a typical vapor-dominated system
with a reservoir depth of about 600 to 2000 m from the surface.
The Kamojang geothermal system resulted from the complex
interaction between active volcanoes and tectonic processes
and is influenced by two important faults named the Kendang
fault and Citepus fault (Sudarman et al., 1995; Kamah et al.,
2005). The area of the KGF is about 21 km2 and the
temperature is about 245°C at the top of the reservoir. The first
electrical power at Kamojang was generated in 1978 when a
small (monoblok 250 kWe), free exhaust-type turbine was
installed and then the design of the first large-scale geothermal
power plant was completed in 1979 (Hochstein and Sudarman,
2008). Pertamina installed this power plant in 1982 as
Kamojang unit 1 with a capacity of 30 MWe. Also in 1982,
geothermal development was expedited by government
regulations allowing partnerships between the private sector

― 170 ―

INDONESIA
Sibayak Geothermal Field
Lahendong Geothermal Field
0
SUMATERA
SULAWESI
Kamojang Geothermal Field
Salak Geothermal Field JAVA BALI
10o S
Darajat Geothermal Field
Dieng Geothermal Field
Wayang windu Geothermal Field
Fig. 2 Locations of geothermal fields in Indonesia.
and Pertamina as a national company.
From 1982 to 1987, Pertamina drilled 31 wells in an area
of 14 km2 supplying 1050 tons/hour of steam. Pertamina and
the state electric power company (PLN) built Kamojang power
plant units 1, 2 and 3 to generate 140 MWe (Fauzi et al., 2005).
In this first decade, only the KGF produced geothermal
electricity in Indonesia.
Second Decade (1990–2000)
The first private development contracts were signed in
1982–1984, but initial development retarded. In 1994,
Darajat Geothermal Field (DGF) and Salak Geothermal Field
(SGF) began generating power under international private
sectors (Amoseas of Indonesia Inc. and Unocal Geothermal of
Indonesia, next to Chevron Company). In 1995, Pertamina
independently developed 2 MWe geothermal power at Sibayak
in North Sumatra. Between 1994 and 1997, contracts were
signed between seven private geothermal companies and
Pertamina for joint operation in 10 geothermal areas (Fauzi et
al., 2005). These contracts resulted in geothermal development
in Salak (SGF), Darajat (DGF) and Wayang Windu
Geothermal Fields (WGF) in West Java and Dieng Geothermal
Field (DiGF) in Central Java. By the end of the second decade,
677 MWe of geothermal power had been installed in the five
geothermal fields.
a. DGF
The DGF is located about 60 km southeast of Bandung,
― 171 ―
130o E
N
EAST NUSA TENGGARA
LEGEND:
Geothermal Field
Priority 1: High geothermal potential
and high population (Java island)
Priority 2: High geothermal potential
and medium population (Sumatera island,
Bali, North Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara)
West Java, and near the KGF. The geothermal reservoir of the
DGF is similar structure to that of the neighboring KGF
(Hochstein and Sudarman, 2008) and is a vapor-dominated
system with a temperature of about 245°C. Exploration began
in August 1976. The first deep well (DRJ-1) was drilled to 760
m depth. The second well (DRJ-2) was also drilled to 760 m
and was completed in May 1977 (Hochstein and Sudarman,
2008). The DGF’s reservoir was the second vapor-dominated
system discovered in Indonesia. In 1978, Pertamina drilled a
third well to 1520 m depth. By 1980, the DGF was ready for
development.
The first unit was installed in this area in 1994 with 55
MWe capacity and was operated by Amoseas and PLN. In
1999–2000, Darajat unit 2 was installed with a capacity of 90
MWe.
b. SGF
The SGF is located about 70 km south of Jakarta in West
Java and the reservoir is a liquid-dominated system with
temperature ranging from 240 to 310°C (Soeparjadi et al.,
1998; Slamet, 2000). Exploration drilling began in February
1983 in the Awibengkok field (an area of the SGF). The first
well (AW-1) was drilled to 1370 m depth. By 1985, eight deep
wells were drilled in the Awibengkok area and three deep wells
in the Kawah Ratu area, on the western side of Gunung Salak.
From these explorations, the Gunung Salak area was identified
as a very good prospect for having large geothermal energy
potential.
In 1994, the SGF began generating electricity. Unocal and
PLN built Salak unit 1 and unit 2 to supply 110 MWe and they
operated until 1997. They then built Salak unit 3 with a
capacity of 55 MWe. In 1997, Unocal continued the project by
building Salak unit 4, 5 and 6, with each unit having a capacity
of 55 MWe. The SGF produced about 330 MWe geothermal
electricity in the second decade.
c. SiGF
Geothermal development in the SiGF and DiGF began in
the second decade. The SiGF is about 50 km southwest of
Medan, North Sumatra. The reservoir of SiGF is a
liquid-dominated system with a temperature of 240 to 275°C.
The first deep exploration well, SBY-1, was drilled to
1500 m depth in 1992. 2 MWe power plants were installed in
1995 and operated by Pertamina to supply the electricity to the
local power grid.
d. DiGF
The DiGF is 60 km southwest of Semarang, Central Java.
Exploration of the DiGF in 1928 led to the discovery of a
solfatara field. In 1977, the first well (DNG-1) was drilled to a
depth of 1900 m and it was followed by a second well
(DNG-2) completed in 1979. The geothermal reservoir system
is dominated by two-phase conditions with a temperature of
280 to 330°C (Fauzi et al., 2005).
By 1994, 24 wells had been drilled to depths between
1750 and 2500 m in an area of about 5 km2 (Hochstein and
Sudarman, 2008). In 1998, Dieng unit 1 was operated to
supply 60 MWe.
Third Decade (2000–2010)
In the third decade so far, two new geothermal plants in
the WGF and LGF were built to supply electricity. The total
installed capacity in 2007 in seven geothermal fields is 988
MWe or about 50% of the proven reserve (Table 2) and still
less than 4% of the total geothermal energy potential. In 2009
there will be 1078 MWe (include the on going project) supply
to the national electricity grid.
a. WGF
The WGF is located 40 km south of Bandung, West Java.
The reservoir system has temperatures ranging from 250 to
280°C. The first deep exploration well (WWD-1) was drilled
at the beginning of 1991 to a depth of 1600 m and encountered
a temperature of 280°C at the bottom. The reservoir system in
the WGF might host a vapour dominated reservoir (Hochstein
and Sudarman, 2008).
In 1999, a power plant was completed in the WGF and
the plant operation was commenced in 2000. About 110 MWe
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is supplied by Wayang Windu unit 1 in the third decade.
b. LGF
The LGF is located 40 km south of Manado, North
Sulawesi. The reservoir system is liquid-dominated, with
relatively high temperatures ranging from 260 to 330°C. The
first deep exploration well (LHD-1) was drilled in 1983 to
about 2200 m. In 1983–1986, five more deep wells were
completed.
In 2001, commercial operation of the LGF began
supplying 20 MWe from Lahendong unit 1. In 2004–2008,
Pertamina developed new units of 20 MWe as Lahendong unit
2 and 3. In this decade, 60 MWe has been supplied from the
three units.
c. Other Geothermal Fields
In this decade, there have been electricity capacity
increases in the SGF and DGF. The electricity capacity in the
SGF has increased 47 MWe to 337 MWe and that in the DGF
has increased 4 MWe to 259 MWe by three power plant units.
The electricity capacity of the geothermal power plants in
Indonesia at the end of 2007 was 988 MWe. This electricity
was produced by the SGF (377 MWe), the KGF (140 MWe),
the DGF (259 MWe), the WGF (110 MWe), the DiGF (60
MWe), the LGF (40 MWe) and the SiGF (2 MWe).
In 2008, new power plants project include Kamojang unit
4 with 60 MWe capacity, Sibayak unit 2 with 10 MWe
capacity and Lahendong unit 3 with 20 MWe capacity. This
added capacity project will increase geothermal power
generation in the third decade to 1078 MWe (include on going
project). New geothermal generators will be installed soon in
Wayang Windu unit 2 to give a capacity of 110 MWe and other
geothermal areas in Sumatra such as Ulubelu, Lumut Balai,
Sarula and Hululais and also Tompaso in North Sulawesi.
Summary (1980–2008)
Geothermal use for electricity generation in Indonesia
from 1983 to 2008 increased by an average 43.6 MWe/year
(Fig. 3). The total geothermal capacity of installed plants in
Indonesia is given in Table 3.
The development of geothermal use for electricity
generation in Indonesia has different growth trends in each
decade. In the first decade, the growth rate is about 25
MWe/year. In the second decade, the growth of geothermal use
from 1994 to 2000 was about 84 MWe/year. After 2005, the
increase rate in geothermal use was about 74 MWe/year (Fig.
4).
Direct use
Geothermal application relates not only to electricity but
also direct use, which has many forms. Some examples of
direct use are industrial applications such as food processing, The research was successful and such use is now planned on a
refrigeration plants, space heating, greenhouses, aquaculture commercial scale. Research presently continues for the design
ponds, and heat pools. Direct use application can use low of a geothermal dryer for beans and grains (Sumotarto, 2007).
temperatures in processing. In the geothermal fields that have In 2007, the direct use of geothermal energy in the LGF began
been developed in Indonesia such as those of KGF, DGF, for the processing of sugar. The direct use of geothermal
DiGF, SGF, WGF, LGF and SiGF, there is a large amount of resources in Indonesia will be increasingly attractive in the
waste geothermal fluid that is usually re-injected into the future.
reservoir. The heat contained in the fluids could be extracted to
supply to heating or drying equipment for the sterilization of 4. Future development
growing media, to dry agricultural and husbandry products and The Indonesian government has created an ambitious
to fulfill other direct utilizations (Sumotarto, 2007). road map to improve access to electricity and increase the
In 2000, the total capacity of direct use in Indonesia for national power supply. The national energy policy declares that
bathing and swimming was 7.3 MWth with an annual energy renewable energy (not including energy from large hydro
use 42.6 TJ/yr, and it is assumed that this level was maintained power projects) should optimistically account for about 5% of
for the previous five years (Lund and Freeston, 2000). Studies the energy generation by 2025 with an electrification ratio of
of the use of geothermal fluid at the KGF for sterilizing the 90% to be achieved in the same year. Geothermal energy will
growing medium used in mushroom cultivation began in 1999. become more important in the future and its development
needs to be accelerated. The Indonesian government has a
geothermal development plan called the Road Map of
Geothermal Development. The road map sets goals for a
substantial increase in the use of geothermal energy, with the
goal of 6000 MWe using geothermal energy by the year 2020
and 9500 MWe by 2025.
To reach the capacity targets, the government has formed
strategies such as negotiating steam and electricity prices,
royalties for local governments and taxes. However, many
factors need consideration for locating new areas of
geothermal development such as resource potential,
Fig. 3 Geothermal development in Indonesia.
infrastructure development, electricity demands of the local
Third decade
area, environment and other factors.
There are many important factors that influence decisions
1000
Installed (MW) regarding the development of geothermal resources: the
900 capacity of a potential geothermal resource (speculative,
800
hypothetical, possible, probable or proven), reservoir depth,
reservoir type, pressure, temperature, permeability and other
700 Second decade
factors that have financial effects. The first priority is having
600 good potential, which includes having a shallow reservoir,
500
vapor-dominated system, high reservoir pressure and
temperature and good permeability.
400
Infrastructure development in a geothermal field is
300
expensive in a remote area. Some geothermal prospective
200
First decade
areas in Indonesia are found in isolated areas and there are no
good roads connecting to the area. Transportation
100
infrastructure in Java is better than that in Sumatra and eastern
0
1980 1990 2000
2007
2010 Indonesia.
Year Geothermal energy is renewable and indigenous energy.
Fig. 4 Decades of installed capacity of geothermal power plants. The development of geothermal power plants must account for

― 173 ―
Table 3 Total geothermal capacity installed in Indonesia (Fauzi et al, 2000., Fauzi et al 2005., Geological Agency, 2007;
Media News 2008).

Year Field Name Production (MWe) Total

1982 Kamojang Kamojang unit 1 30 30
1987 Kamojang Kamojang unit 2 55 85
1987 Kamojang Kamojang unit 3 55 140
1994 Darajat Darajat unit 1 55 195
1994 Salak Salak unit 1 55 250
1994 Salak Salak unit 2 55 305
1995 Sibayak Sibayak unit 1 2 307
1997 Salak Salak unit 3 55 362
1997 Salak Salak unit 4 55 417
1997 Salak Salak unit 5 55 472
1997 Salak Salak unit 6 55 527
1998 Dieng Dieng unit 1 60 587
1999 Darajat Darajat unit 2 90 677
2000 Wayang Windu Wayang W unit 1 110 787
2001 Lahendong Lahendong unit 1 20 807
Salak added capacity 1,2,3,4,5,6 (to 377 MWe) 47 854
2007 Darajat Darajat unit 3 110 964
Darajat added capacity 1,2,3 (to 259 MWe) 4 968
2007 Lahendong Lahendong unit 2 20 988
ONGOING PROJECT
2008 Kamojang Kamojang unit 4 60 1048
2008 Sibayak Sibayak unit 2 10 1058
2009 Lahendong Lahendong unit 3 20 1078
NEXT
Wayang windu Wayang W unit 2 110 1188
Ulubelu Ulubelu unit 1, 2 110 1298
Lahendong Lahendong unit 4,5,6 60 1358
Kamojang Kamojang unit 5 60 1418
Lumut balai Lumut balai unit 1 110 1528
Sarula Sarula unit 1, 2, 3 330 1858
Hululais Hululais unit 1,2 110 1968
Tompaso Tompaso unit 1 60 2028
Others: Cibuni, Patuha, Sungai
penuh, etc.

― 174 ―
the market distribution. Statistics of electricity demand in each
province in Indonesia are affected by people density or number
of households and industrial growth. In 2006, the average
growth of electricity demand in Indonesia was about 7.5% per
year and 1% economic growth requires 1.5% growth in
electricity consumption (PEUI, 2006). From 1990 to 1997,
population growth in Indonesia was more than 2 million
people per year (Fig. 5). Sumatra has 49% of the Indonesian
geothermal resource but only 26% of the population. Java has
34% of the geothermal resource but 59% of the population.
Eastern Indonesia has 17% of the geothermal resource and
15% of the population (Table 4). The high priority of the
geothermal power development is to supply electricity to areas
which have a dense population and good industry.
The geothermal power developments in Indonesia
consider the environmental and land use aspects. The
government also issues an ordinance (Indonesia forestry law
no. 41/1999) to avoid conflict with forestry areas. The
conflict occurs due to nature of geothermal resources locating
in high elevation in national parks. Environmental factors such
as the locations of forestry areas, national parks and sacred
places must be accounted for in Indonesian geothermal
development.
Fig. 5 Increasing Indonesian population (PEUI, 2006).
Table 4 Distribution of geothermal areas and population in
the three main regions of Indonesia.
Number of Geothermal Capacity of
Population
Region geothermal resources
(%)**
areas (%)*
Sumatra 84 49 26
1006 MWe
Java 71 34 59
East
101 17 15
Indonesia
*Total Indonesia geothermal resource is 27.5 GW.
**Total Indonesian population in 2005 is 220.923 million people.
5. Conclusion
The Indonesian geothermal inventory of 2007 states that
there are 256 geothermal areas and about 27.5 GWe potential
capacity in Indonesia. Geothermal energy as part of the
national energy mix generated about US$0.44 billion and 988
MWe in 2007. Indonesia has a target to increase the national
energy supply from geothermal energy by about 4% of the
energy generation by 2025.
The KGF was developed in the first decade of geothermal
electricity generation in Indonesia. In the second decade,
power plants were installed in the SGF, DGF, DiGF and SiGF.
Power plants in WGF and LGF began generating electricity in
the early third decade. In the next stage of geothermal projects,
additional plants will be developed in the geothermal fields of
Kamojang, Sibayak, Lahendong and Wayang Windu and new
geothermal power plants will be developed in other fields
soon.
The Indonesian road map of geothermal development sets
goals for a substantial increase in the use of geothermal
electricity to 6000 MWe by 2020 and 9500 MWe by 2025.
Many factors need consideration for locating new areas of
geothermal development such as resource potential,
infrastructure development, electricity demands of the local
area, environment and other factors. According to these factors,
the geothermal development will meet national electricity
demand. Development of the direct use of geothermal energy
for agriculture has begun in the KGF and LGF in the third
decade.
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plants
12 MWe Bali Geothermal Workshop, 1-29.
(1.1%) Hinschberger, F., Malod, J.A., Dyment, J., Honthaas, C., Rehault, J.P.
and Burhanuddin, S. (2001) Magnetic lineations constraints for
(93.3%)
the back-arc opening of the late neogene south Banda Basin
60 MWe
(eastern Indonesia), Tectonophysics, 333, 47-59.
(5.6%)
Hochstein, M. P. and Sudarman, S. (2008) History of geothermal
exploration in Indonesia from 1970 to 2000, Geothermics, 37,
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 220-266. 総 説
Kamah M. Y., Dwikorianto, T., Zuhro, A. A., Sunaryo, D. and インドネシアにおける地熱エネルギー成長の 30 年
Hasibuan, A. (2005) The productive feed zones identified based
on spinner data and application in the reservoir potential review ヤヤン ソフヤン・江原幸雄・ユーナス ダウド
of Kamojang geothermal area, Indonesia, Proc. WGC 2005, 1-6. （平成 21 年 1 月 22 日受付、平成 21 年 6 月 18 日受理）
Katili, J.A. (1975) Volcanism and plate tectonics in the Indonesian
Island Arcs, Tectonophysics, 26, 165-188. 概 要
Lund J. W. and Freeston, D. H. (2000) Worldwide direct uses of インドネシアの地熱資源ポテンシャルは、電力換算で約
geothermal energy 2000, Proc. WGC 2000, 1-21. 27.5GWe であり、世界最大である。このうちの 4％にも満たな
PEUI (Research of Energy – University of Indonesia) (2006) い 988MWe が 2007 年までに開発された。インドネシアにおけ
Indonesia energy outlook and statistic 2006, PEUI, 280p. る地熱発電開発の歴史の最初の 10 年間（1980－1990 年）にお
Slamet, U. (2000) Maximizing community benefits and minimizing いては、カモジャン地熱地域のみが開発された。次の 10 年間
environmental impacts in the Awibengkok field, Proc. WGC （1990－2000 年）では、サラク地熱地域、ダラヤット地熱地域、
2000, 689-693. ディエン地熱地域、そしてシバヤク地熱地域で開発が行われた。
Soeparjadi, R., Horton, G.D. and Wendt, B.E. (1998) A review of そして、最近の 10 年間では、ワヤン・ウィンド地熱地域およ
Gunung Salak geothermal expansion project, Proc. Geothermal びラヘンドン地熱地域で地熱発電が始まった。一方、農産物に
Workshop, New Zealand, 153-158. 対する地熱直接利用は最近の 10 年間に始まったばかりである。
Sudarman, S., Boedihardi, M., Pudyastuti, K., and Bardan (1995) 最近の 10 年間における加速度的な地熱発電開発はインドネシ
Kamojang Geothermal Field 10 year experience, Proc. WGC ア政府が作成した地熱ロードマップに支援されたものである。
1995, 1773-1777. 推定される電力需要に応じるべく地熱発電開発を早急に進め
Sumotarto, U. (2007) Design of a geothermal energy drier for beans るためには、インドネシアの地熱産業及び政府は、優先順位を
and grains drying in Kamojang Geothermal Field, Indonesia, つけて、開発可能地点を増やさなければならない。
GHC Bulletin, 28, 13-18.
キーワード：地熱資源、地熱地域、地熱発電、直接利用、イン
ドネシア

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