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LTE Essentials
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Instructor Led Training
Technology for Business UMTS (WCDMA)/HSPA/HSPA+

Cloud Computing for Google Apps..................................... 1 day Exploring UMTS (WCDMA).................................................2 days
The M2M Ecosystem.......................................................... 1 day Exploring HSPA+ (R7, R8 & R9)........................................2 days
Unified Communications and IMS...................................... 1 day Mastering UMTS Core Networks (R99 to R7)...................3 days
IP Convergence for Sales and Marketing.......................... 1 day Mastering UMTS Radio Protocols and Signaling..............4 days
LTE Services for Enterprise Customers (EVDO)................. 1 day Mastering HSPA Protocols and Signaling.........................3 days
LTE Services for Enterprise Customers (UMTS)................ 1 day HSPA+ Protocols and Signaling.........................................2 days
Multi-Carrier HSPA+ (R8 & R9)........................................... 1 day
IMS in UMTS (R8) Networks..............................................3 days
Emerging Trends 3GPP Packet Core Networks (R99 to R8).........................3 days
OFDM and MIMO Fundamentals........................................ 1 day 3GPP Packet Switched Core Networks and Backhaul.....4 days
UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+ Air Interface.....................................3 days
UMTS Transport Network Planning...................................4 days
LTE UMTS/HSPA (WCDMA) RF Design Mentoring...................5 days
The Road to LTE................................................................... 1 day UMTS (WCDMA) RF Optimization Mentoring................. 10 days
LTE Essentials..................................................................... 1 day UMTS/HSPA+ RF Optimization Workshop........................4 days
Mastering LTE.....................................................................2 days
Exploring IPv6 for LTE Networks........................................2 days
Voice and IMS in LTE-EPC Networks.................................3 days WiMAX
Exploring TD-LTE.................................................................2 days Exploring WiMAX................................................................2 days
Mastering LTE Air Interface...............................................2 days
* Mastering TD-LTE Air Interface..........................................2 days
LTE Protocols and Signaling..............................................3 days 1x & 1xEV-DO
LTE and 1x/1xEV-DO (eHRPD) Interworking.....................2 days 1x and 1xEV-DO Fundamentals........................................2 days
LTE and GSM/UMTS Interworking.....................................2 days
LTE-EPC Networks and Signaling......................................3 days
* LTE-Advanced (R10) Technical Overview..........................2 days GSM and GPRS/EDGE
LTE RF Planning and Design Certification Workshop......5 days GSM Performance Workshop............................................3 days
* TD-LTE RF Planning and Design Certification Workshop.5 days GPRS and EDGE Performance Workshop........................3 days
LTE-EPC Planning and Design Certification Workshop....4 days
Wireless Fundamentals
IP Convergence & IMS Wireless and 3G Basics...................................................... 1 day
IP Convergence Essentials................................................. 1 day Exploring GSM/EGPRS/UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+...................5 days
Ethernet Backhaul Essentials............................................ 1 day
3G Comparative Overview.................................................. 1 day
IP Convergence for Sales and Marketing.........................3 days
Exploring Wireless Landscape and IP Convergence..............2 days
Exploring IPv6...................................................................... 1 day
Exploring MPLS..................................................................2 days Exploring Wireless Technologies and Networks...............5 days
Exploring IMS (R8).............................................................3 days Fundamentals of RF Engineering......................................2 days
Exploring SIP, VoIP and IP Convergence...........................4 days
Exploring Ethernet Backhaul.............................................2 days
Voice and Video over IP Protocols and Technologies.......2 days
* Exploring IP Routing and Ethernet Bridging.....................2 days * New Course
Ethernet Backhaul Planning..............................................3 days
SIP Signaling.......................................................................2 days
* IPv6 Networking Workshop for LTE Networks..................3 days
IP Networking Workshop for 1xEV-DO/LTE.......................4 days
IP Networking Workshop for HSPA/LTE............................4 days
IP Networking Workshop for 4G Backhaul.......................4 days

Self-paced eLearning
Emerging Trends UMTS (WCDMA)/HSPA/HSPA+

Overview of OFDM (e)......................................................2 hours Welcome to UMTS (e).................................................. 1.5 hours
Multiple Antenna Techniques (e)....................................3 hours Overview of UMTS (e).......................................................2 hours
UMTS/WCDMA Air Interface Fundamentals (e).............3 hours
UMTS Signaling (e)...........................................................1 hours
UMTS Mobility (e).............................................................1 hours
LTE HSDPA (R5) (e).................................................................3 hours
Welcome to LTE (e).............................................................1 hour HSUPA (R6) (e)............................................................. 2.5 hours
LTE Overview (e)...............................................................3 hours HSPA+ Overview (R7) (e).................................................4 hours
LTE SAE Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Overview (e)..........3 hours
LTE Air Interface Signaling Overview (e).........................3 hours
* Overview of IPv6 for LTE Networks..................................3 hours
* VoLTE Overview................................................................3 hours 1x & 1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Networks (Rev 0) (e).........................................3 hours
1xEV-DO Networks (Rev A) (e).........................................3 hours
WiMAX
Overview of WiMAX (e).....................................................3 hours
GSM and GPRS/EDGE
Welcome to GSM/GPRS (e)......................................... 1.5 hours
IP Convergence & IMS

Welcome to IP Networking (e).........................................3 hours Wireless Fundamentals
IP Convergence Overview (e)...........................................4 hours Wi-Fi Overview (e).............................................................3 hours
Overview of MPLS (e)................................................... 3.5 hours Welcome to Wireless Networks (e)...................................1 hour
Overview of IMS (e)...................................................... 2.5 hours Overview of 3G Wireless Networks (e)........................ 1.5 hours
Voice and Video over IP (VoIP) Overview (e)...................3 hours
IP Quality of Service (QoS) (e).........................................3 hours
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (e).................................2 hours
Ethernet Backhaul Overview (e)......................................3 hours
* IP Basics (e)........................................................................1 hour
* IP Routing (e)......................................................................1 hour
* QoS in IP Networks (e).......................................................1 hour
* TCP and Transport Layer Protocols (e)..............................1 hour
* Ethernet Basics (e).............................................................1 hour
* Ethernet VLANs (e).............................................................1 hour
* Ethernet Bridging (e)..........................................................1 hour
* Interconnecting IP Networks (e)........................................1 hour
* Welcome to IPv6 (e)...........................................................1 hour
(e) eLearning Course

Table of Contents
Chapter 1
LTE Overview .......................................................................................................................................................1
Trends in the Wireless Industry ...................................................................................................................... 3
4G Wireless Systems ....................................................................................................................................... 8
LTE - Long Term Evolution............................................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 2
LTE-EPC Networks ........................................................................................................................................... 19
LTE System Architecture ............................................................................................................................... 21
E-UTRAN Architecture .................................................................................................................................... 24
EPC Architecture ............................................................................................................................................ 29
Chapter 3
LTE Air Interface .............................................................................................................................................. 39
Principles of OFDM ........................................................................................................................................ 41
Air Interface Features .................................................................................................................................... 48
OFDMA in LTE................................................................................................................................................. 50
Multiple-Antenna Techniques in LTE ............................................................................................................ 55
Chapter 4
LTE Services ..................................................................................................................................................... 63
Drivers of 4G Services ................................................................................................................................... 65
Services in LTE ............................................................................................................................................... 68
Security in LTE................................................................................................................................................ 72
LTE_101 Version 1.9 i

Table of Contents
Chapter 5
Life of an LTE Mobile ....................................................................................................................................... 77
LTE Call Setup ................................................................................................................................................ 79
Traffic Operations .......................................................................................................................................... 87
Handovers ...................................................................................................................................................... 90
Chapter 6
LTE Deployment ............................................................................................................................................... 97
Device Capabilities ........................................................................................................................................ 99
Planning for LTE ........................................................................................................................................... 101
Appendix A
Additional Topics ........................................................................................................................................... 109
LTE and WiMAX: Similarities and Differences ............................................................................................ 111
Interworking with 3GPP ............................................................................................................................... 117
Interworking with 1x/1xEV-DO .................................................................................................................... 119
LTE Performance.......................................................................................................................................... 121
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................ 125
References ..................................................................................................................................................... 129
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1 | LTE Overview
Chapter 1:
LTE Overview
Award Solutions Confidential and Proprietary
1
1 | LTE Overview
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able
to:
• Describe the trends in the wireless industry
• Identify the limitations of 3G technologies
• List the goals and requirements of 4G networks
• List the high-level characteristics of LTE networks
2
1 | LTE Overview
Trends in the Wireless

Industry
3
1 | LTE Overview
Shifts in the Wireless Business

4G
High-speed Data
packet data,
Voice over IP
2G
Higher voice 3G
% Growth
capacity, Low- Voice and high-

speed data speed data, value-
1G added services
Circuit-
switched
voice
Voice
Time
The wireless business is undergoing a major shift from The next generation of networks (so-called 4G) is now
voice-centric to data-centric applications. Studies indicate being defined to meet the requirements arising from this
that data revenue has grown by more than 30 percent per fundamental shift from circuit voice to packet data. The
year, whereas the voice revenue grew by just more than 4 key 4G candidate technologies for mobile wireless
percent. network include the Mobile Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (WiMAX) based on IEEE 802.16e, and
The original wireless communications systems (now called
the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) program.
1G or first generation systems) initially focused solely on
voice services. The arrival of the Internet led to the
addition of data services; however, the primary demand
was still focused on voice services. Second-generation
(2G) cellular systems provided both voice and low-speed
circuit-switched data services, including Global System for
Mobile communications (GSM), IS-136 (TDMA) and IS-95
(CDMA).
To reduce the cost per data bit, 3G cellular systems
started using packet technology in their core networks,
and provided much higher data rates than 2G cellular
systems. Examples of 3G systems include UMTS and
CDMA2000.
4
1 | LTE Overview
3G Wireless Technologies
3G
CDMA2000 (1x) UMTS
WCDMA TD-CDMA
1xEV-DO
HSDPA/HSUPA
(Rev 0/A/B)
Although GSM remains the most widely deployed cellular (HSUPA), which dramatically increase the data rates
technology in the world, 3G systems have been growing available over the radio interface, as high as 14 Mbps
rapidly. Today, there are two separate but comparable in a 5 MHz radio channel.
technology streams for 3G networks.
• CDMA2000 provides an evolution path for 2G CDMA
systems (IS-95). CDMA2000 (also called 1x, since
each call uses a single 1.25 MHz radio channel)
supports data rates up to about 150 kbps, while its
enhanced standard, 1x Evolution - Data Optimized
(1xEV-DO) provides data rates up to 3 Mbps or more.
• UMTS provides an evolution path for GSM/GPRS/
EDGE systems. There are two options defined for
UMTS networks: Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) uses
Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) to allow the
mobile device and the network to talk simultaneously,
while Time Division CDMA (TD-CDMA) uses Time
Division Duplexing (TDD) to reduce the amount of
radio spectrum required by the network.
Recent enhancements to the 3GPP standards
introduced High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access
5
1 | LTE Overview
3G Challenges
Data rates are too low for high-
bandwidth services like video
Delays and latencies are too high for

real-time services like voice
3G networks are not optimized for IP-

based multimedia services
Despite the success and performance of these 3G This consolidation into a single packet-based
networks, the demands of the marketplace continue to infrastructure requires the networks to be optimized for IP
evolve, and wireless technology must continue to evolve and multimedia services, rather than circuit-oriented
with it. services.
New value-added services (particularly video) require data
rates far beyond what 3G networks can provide. Rates
greater than 100 Mbps are now expected, more than an
order of magnitude greater than what 3G can deliver.
In addition, there is a desire to migrate the circuit voice
services onto the packet data infrastructure in order to
reduce the costs associated with maintaining two very
different core networks. This means that the wireless
networks must be able to handle Voice over IP (VoIP)
services efficiently, with minimal delay and latency. 3G
radio technologies were not designed with these
requirements in mind.
Finally, the migration of services into call servers and IP-
based interfaces will allow applications to be integrated
and provide a richer experience for the end user.
6
1 | LTE Overview
4G Solutions
Advanced radio technologies (OFDM,
multiple antenna techniques)
All-IP core networks for seamless

mobility and VoIP
Advanced services and mobile

broadband wireless
In order to overcome the limitations of current 3G

technologies, a number of new approaches have been
defined to create the next generation of wireless solutions.
• New radio technologies, such as Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-
antenna techniques, enable more information to be
transmitted over the air to more users than ever
before.
• The transition from circuit-oriented networks to
packet-oriented systems based on IP allow operators
to deploy cost-effective networks that support
seamless mobility across access technologies. Voice
can now be packetized (VoIP), providing high-quality
voice conversations over the same infrastructure as
data services.
• New integrated, multimedia services are now
possible, combining voice, video, email, gaming and
other applications in ways never before imagined.
7
1 | LTE Overview
4G Wireless Systems
8
1 | LTE Overview
Wish List for 4G Networks

A. Peak data rates
1. > 100 Mbps (downlink)
2. > 50 Mbps (uplink) 

B. Latency
1. < 10 ms (radio network)
2. < 50 ms (end-to-end) 

C. General goals
1. Better spectral efficiency

2. Lower costs
3. Interworking with 3G and 
other 4G systems

Fourth generation (4G) systems do not yet have a formal • Better Efficiency: Radio spectrum is costly, so 4G
definition. Nonetheless, industry players have agreed on a systems must be able to deliver more bits of data
number of requirements and goals to guide their efforts. over a given amount of spectrum. At the same time,
network expenses must come down, both in terms of
• Higher Data Rates: 4G systems are expected to
equipment costs (CAPEX) and ongoing operational
provide at least an order of magnitude improvement
costs (OPEX). In addition, in order to make the
in peak data rates, greater than 100 Mbps on the
transition to 4G easier for existing 3G operators, 4G
downlink and 50 Mbps on the uplink. In contrast,
systems must provide solutions to interwork 3G and
UMTS HSPA networks have peak rates of 14 Mbps
4G networks.
and 5.76 Mbps, respectively.
• Shorter Delay (Latency): Latency is also a concern,
especially with the move toward packetized voice
(VoIP). The design of 4G networks is expected to
introduce delays of no more than 10 ms across the
radio access and 50 ms across the entire network.
9
1 | LTE Overview
Radio Technology Evolution

1G 2G
TDMA, some CDMA
FDMA
• Digital radio
• Analog radio
• Low speed packet
• Voice services
data
4G 3G
OFDMA CDMA
• Very high speed • High speed packet
packet data data
• Multiple antennas • Broadcast/
• VoIP multicast
Not surprisingly, the radio interface technology has a speed packet data (greater than 2 Mbps), as well as
significant impact on the capabilities of the network, since broadcast/multicast capabilities. Additional
it is the weakest link in the chain. enhancements to these air interfaces provided further
improvements to the data rates, to 3 Mbps for 1xEV-DO
The original mobile wireless technologies used Frequency
and 14 Mbps for HSPA.
Division Multiple Access (FDMA) to support multiple users.
These systems were very similar to commercial FM radio All 4G systems currently underway use Orthogonal
stations and supported only analog voice calls. Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), a variation
of the original FDMA technique that allows for significantly
Toward the end of the 1980s and into the early 1990s,
greater spectral efficiency and data rates. OFDMA
digital air interfaces were introduced as part of second
systems lend themselves to advanced multiple-antenna
generation of networks. These digital air interfaces were
techniques that can boost data rates even higher and are
generally based on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA),
inherently packet-oriented, leading to the use of VoIP to
where the available narrowband frequencies were further
deliver voice services.
divided into time slots, each of which could support one
voice call and low-rate packet data services. TDMA-based
technologies included IS-136, GSM, GPRS and EDGE. The
2G era also saw the introduction of the first Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA) system, IS-95.
All 3G systems are based on CDMA technology, which
provides superior voice performance in a mobile
environment. The two major 3G systems are CDMA2000
and UMTS. 3G networks offer voice services and higher-
10
1 | LTE Overview
Network Architecture Evolution
1G/2G
Circuit
RAN PSTN
Core
Circuit
PSTN
Core
2.5G/3G
RAN
Packet Internet
Core
PSTN
4G
RAN Packet Internet

Core
Evolved BS
The capabilities of the radio interface dictate the design of

the access and core networks. 1G and 2G networks were
circuit-oriented to handle voice services, using centralized
controllers within the Radio Access Networks (RANs) to
manage the radio resources and switches in the core
network to provide services and connectivity to the outside
world.
With the introduction of packet data to some 2G systems
(sometimes called 2.5G), a parallel packet-oriented
network was added to manage data services and Internet
access; 3G networks also used this architecture. This
second network increased the cost and complexity of the
operator’s network.
In 4G, the goal is to simplify. Radio control has been
decentralized and moved into the base stations
(sometimes called evolved base stations, or eBSs), while
the circuit core network has been eliminated entirely. All
services are now provided through the packet core
network.
11
1 | LTE Overview
4G Networks
Distributed, IP-based IP-oriented, IMS-based
Spectrally efficient access network core network
air interface • Scalable • Scalable
• OFDM • Reduced latency • Low cost
• Multiple antenna
• Rapid service
techniques
deployment
Air Interface Access Network Core Network Service Network
The 4G evolution programs, then, focus on three key Similarly, the transition to an all-IP packet core network
areas: the air interface, the radio access network and the enables the deployment and delivery of packet-oriented
core network. multimedia services, through the use of IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS) servers. This results in lower costs for
On the air interface, the use of Orthogonal Frequency
network operators.
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-antenna
techniques significantly increase the spectral efficiency.
OFDM is a scalable solution, which allows operators to
deploy the same technology in any available bandwidth
from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz. The greater the bandwidth,
the faster the data rates and the higher the capacity of the
system.
In the access network, elimination of the centralized Radio
Network Controller (RNC) allows decisions to be made
locally at the base station. Thus reducing the overall
latency of the network. The use of IP technology
throughout simplifies network design and engineering, this
allows the network to easily scale with traffic growth and
reduces the costs of the network components and links.
12
1 | LTE Overview
Wireless Network Evolution
3GPP
HSDPA/
UMTS LTE
HSUPA
X
3GPP2
1xEV-DO
1x UMB
Rev 0/A/B
WiMAX
802.16 802.16e
Fixed Mobile
WLAN
802.11 802.11 b/g 802.11n
The expected evolutionary paths for each of the current

high-speed wireless data solutions are illustrated here.
Every operator will make their own decision as to the
correct option for their network, based on the capabilities
of the technologies and the associated costs, timing and
other factors.
UMTS operators will most likely proceed to Long Term
Evolution (LTE) as their 4G solution, since the technology
is explicitly designed to provide an easy transition for
them.
1x and 1xEV-DO operators were expected to move to Ultra
Mobile Broadband (UMB), another OFDM-based
technology. However, most operators appear to be moving
to LTE as their preferred solution.
Some operators may choose to deploy 802.16e, Mobile
WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX is an OFDM-based Broadband
Wireless Access (BWA) solution that is similar in many
respects to LTE, despite its very different origins.
Wireless LAN providers are beginning to deploy 802.11n
solutions, which can offer 100+ Mbps in a wireless hot
spot.
13
1 | LTE Overview
LTE – Long Term

Evolution
14
1 | LTE Overview
3GPP Roadmap
HSPA+, Higher-order
Bearer-independent modulation, MIMO
circuit-switched HSUPA, LTE R10
architecture MBMS R9
Circuit voice, R8
HSDPA,
2 Mbps
IMS R7
packet data
R6
R5 LTE Advanced
R4
LTE
R99 Enhancements
For LTE, the evolutionary process has been a while in the broadcast/multicast services (MBMS).
making, and is not likely to end anytime soon. Each 3GPP
• R7 provided further enhancements to HSDPA and
standards release since the original UMTS specification
HSUPA, called HSPA+. Support for higher-order
has continued to add to and expand the capabilities of the
modulation and Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output
network:
(MIMO) antenna systems offered a significant
• Release 99 (R99) defined the original UMTS system, increase in data rates, potentially up to 42 Mbps.
supporting circuit voice services as well as theoretical
• R8 defined the Long Term Evolution (LTE) system,
peak data rates of up to 2 Mbps. Commercial
starting the transition to 4G technology.
systems delivered packet data services of up to 384
kbps. Even as vendors and operators are working to roll out the
first R8-based LTE systems, work is underway on defining
• R4 defined a bearer-independent circuit-switched
additional improvements to LTE. R9 is looking at further
architecture, separating switches into gateways and
LTE enhancements, including support for MBMS and the
controllers, and laying the groundwork for the IP
definition of Home eNBs for improved residential and in-
Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).
building coverage. R10 includes the definition of LTE
• R5 defined High Speed Downlink Packet Access Advanced, offering support for 8x8 MIMO, channel
(HSDPA), which boosted packet data rates to 14 aggregation up to 100 MHz, and relay repeaters. It has
Mbps on the downlink. R5 also completed the design been a long road, but the journey has just begun.
of the IMS.
• R6 increased data rates to more than 5 Mbps on the
uplink with High Speed Uplink Packet Access
(HSUPA), and introduced support for multimedia
15
1 | LTE Overview
Summary
• The wireless industry is rapidly evolving toward an
IP-centric, data-oriented architecture.
– Voice is still the primary application, but packet data is
driving significant growth.
– “All-IP,” packet-based networks offer more advanced,
integrated services.
• Current 3G technologies do not provide the
capacity, quality and throughput needed to support
future applications.
– New radio technologies and network architectures are
needed.
• LTE is one of the 4G wireless systems.
16
1 | LTE Overview
Review Questions
1. What types of services and applications are
driving the transition to 4G?
2. What are the key characteristics of a 4G system?
3. What are the advantages of an “all-IP” network?
4. Which of the following components and networks
will be unchanged in the transition to LTE?
– The mobile device.
– The radio interface.
– The access network.
– The core network.
17
18
2 | LTE-EPC Networks
Chapter 2:
LTE-EPC Networks
19
Objectives
to:
• Explain the architectural goals of LTE
• Describe the E-UTRAN, its components and its
interfaces
• Describe the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), its
components and its interfaces
References:
[1] 3GPP TS 23.402; Architecture Enhancements for
non-3GPP accesses
[2] 3GPP TS 23.401; GPRS enhancements for LTE
access
[3] 3GPP TS 36.300; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
[4] 3GPP TR 23.882; 3GPP System Architecture
Evolution
20
LTE System
Architecture
21
LTE Architecture Goals

High Data Rates
Low Latency
• 100 Mbps (DL)
• < 100 ms (signaling)
• 50 Mbps (UL)
• < 5 ms (data)
Flexible Rollout
• Spectrum, bandwidth and
duplexing flexibility
Low Cost
Enhanced Services • High capacity
• Support for VoIP and real- • All-IP architecture
time applications
• Service differentiation and
rapid service deployment Enhanced Network
• Interworking with 3GPP and
non-3GPP systems
Reduced Complexity (seamless mobility)
• Streamlined network • Load sharing and
architecture redundancy
The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) program has its own based services should be able to be developed and
set of goals and requirements, beyond the basic targets of deployed quickly and cost-effectively.
4G.
• Reduced Complexity: The E-UTRAN is expected to be
• High Data Rates: The desired peak data rate for LTE significantly less complex, reducing the number of
in a 20 MHz radio channel is 100 Mbps on the different nodes and interfaces, and streamlining the
downlink and 50 Mbps on the uplink. air interface channels.
• Low Latency: Latency for signaling messages must be • Enhanced Network: The LTE network must be capable
less than 100 ms, while data should be delivered of interworking seamlessly with other 3GPP (GSM or
over the air within 5 ms. UMTS) and non-3GPP (1x and 1xEV-DO and WiMAX)
networks. The design of the network must permit
• Low Cost: The network architecture will be IP-based
traffic to be distributed across many different nodes,
end-to-end, and must be capable of supporting high
with sufficient redundancy to ensure no single point
data rates for a large number of users.
of failure in the network.
• Flexible Roll-out: The system must have the flexibility
to be deployed in a wide variety of radio bands, taking
advantage of whatever bandwidth is available and
using whichever duplexing scheme is most
appropriate.
• Enhanced Services: The network must support VoIP
and other real-time services with the appropriate
Quality of Service (QoS) characteristics. Also, new IP-
22
LTE System Architecture

EPC
(Evolved Packet Core)
E-UTRA • Simplified architecture
• Downlink: 300 Mbps • IP-based services
• Uplink: 75 Mbps
• OFDM and MIMO
E-UTRAN
• Simplified architecture
• Evolved Node B
eNB
UE E-UTRAN MME EPC
eNB
eNB PDN-GW
S-GW
The LTE system is an all-IP system that can reap the • Evolved Packet Core (EPC): In LTE, the network is a
benefits of IP, such as scalability and low cost. greatly simplified IP-based network, replacing 3G
network components with Mobility Management
In order to meet the required goals, the 3G Partnership
Entities (MMEs) and Serving Gateways (S-GWs) and
Project (3GPP) is responsible for defining the appropriate
Packet Data Network Gateways (P-GWs). The EPC is
LTE standards. 3GPP focuses on three key areas:
connected to both the E-UTRAN and the Internet, and
• Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA): any IP services network. The UE has a logical link with
This air interface is based on an OFDM physical layer the Evolved Packet Core network (EPC) that provides
and uses MIMO techniques to further increase data IP connectivity to the UE. The EPC represents a
rates. LTE supports more than 300 Mbps in the migration from the traditional hierarchical system
downlink to the User Equipment (UE) and more than architecture to a flattened architecture.
75 Mbps in the uplink, using a scalable channel
bandwidth of up to 20 MHz.
• Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN): Unlike the UMTS access network, the E-
UTRAN has only one node - the evolved Node B, or
eNodeB (eNB). The eNB is responsible for the
physical layer operations of OFDM and MIMO, as well
as the scheduling of downlink and uplink resources,
handovers and Radio Resource Management (RRM).
23
E-UTRAN Architecture
24
LTE Radio Network (E-UTRAN)

E-UTRAN
• No centralized controller
(RNC) S1-MME
• eNBs communicate
directly via X2 interface MME
eNB
E-UTRAN
X2
Uu
S1-U
UE S-GW
eNB
Let’s take a look inside the Evolved Universal Terrestrial An eNB is able to communicate with multiple gateways, in
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). The primary difference order to enable load sharing and redundancy. eNBs are
between the E-UTRAN and any other 3G radio network is interconnected by the X2 interface, to coordinate
the absence of a Radio Network Controller (RNC). The E- handovers and data transfers.
UTRAN eNodeB is the only node in the E-UTRAN. The
traditional functionality of the RNC has been moved into
the eNBs.
The E-UTRAN is a pure IP-based network where all kinds of
information exchange is done using IP packets for
transport. The eNBs are connected to the EPC via the S1
interface. The IP network is used to provide a distributed
fully meshed connectivity between eNBs and multiple
gateways within the EPC. This allows for load sharing and
redundancy. The eNBs are interconnected by the X2
interface, to coordinate handovers and data transfers.
The primary difference between a UTRAN and an E-UTRAN
is the absence of an RNC. The functionality of the RNC has
now been moved into the eNBs. The eNBs are connected
to the MME and S-GWs via the S1 interface.
25
eNodeB
Functions
• Radio resource MME S- GW
management
• Header Compression
• Encryption
S1
• BCCH information transfer
• Paging transfer
• Mobility in Active State
X2
• MME selection
X2 X2
eNB
eNB
eNB
The traditional functionalities of the RNCs have been

moved to the eNB. An eNB performs the following
functions:
• Radio Resource Management (RRM) functionalities
like radio bearer control and radio admission control;
• IP header compression and encryption of the user
data stream;
• Uplink/downlink radio resource allocation in both the
uplink and downlink;
• Transfer of paging messages over the air;
• Transfer of broadcast information over the air;
• Selection of the MME when a UE attaches to the
network; and
• Handover management.
The eNBs communicate over the X2 interface. The eNBs
are connected to the MME and the S-GW by the S1
interface. The eNBs and the MME/S-GW have a many-to-
many relationship to support load sharing and redundancy
among the MME/S-GW.
26
X2 Interface
Supports Intra-LTE
Mobility
X2 Interfaces (All-IP)
eNB eNB
X2 Interface Functions
• Multi-cell RRM
• Handover functions
eNB
• Load management
• Tunneling of user packets
The X2 interface is the interface between the eNBs. X2 • S1-UP and X2-UP use the same U-plane protocol to
functionalities are split into control-plane and user-plane minimize protocol processing for the eNB at the time
functionalities. of data forwarding.
The X2 Control Plane:
• Intra-LTE access-system mobility support for the UE.
• Context transfer from the source eNB to the target
eNB.
• Control of user plane tunnels between the source
eNB and the target eNB.
• Handover cancellation.
• Uplink load management.
• SCTP as the transport layer protocol.
The X2 User Plane:
• Tunnels end-user packets between the eNBs.
• Identifies packets with tunnels and packet-loss
management.
• GTP-U over UDP/IP as the transport layer protocol.
27
S1 Interface
Supports Many-to-Many
Relationships
eNB (All-IP) MME
S1 Interfaces
eNB
S1-MME and S1-U
S-GW
eNB
The S1 interface is the interface between the E-UTRAN guaranteed data delivery.
and evolved packet core. S1 functionalities are split into
• One GTP tunnel per radio bearer carries user traffic.
C-plane and U-plane functionalities.
• IP Differentiated Service Code Point (DSCP) marking
The S1 Control Plane:
is supported for QoS per radio bearer.
• Delivering a signaling protocol between the eNB and
the MME.
• Consists of SCTP over IP, and provides guaranteed
data delivery.
• The application signaling protocol is an S1-AP
(Application Protocol).
• EPS bearer set up and release procedures.
• Handover signaling procedure.
• Paging procedure.
• NAS transport procedure.
The S1 User Plane:
• Responsible for delivering user data between the eNB
and the S-GW.
• Consists of GTP-U over UDP/IP and provides non-
28
EPC Architecture
29
Inside the EPC

UE
UE MME Wi-Fi
UE
HSS AAA/AuC
UTRAN GERAN
Non-Trusted
EPC Non-3GPP
P-GW Network
SGSN ePDG
S-GW UE
1xEV-DO
E-UTRAN
Trusted
Operator Non-3GPP
Internet IP Services Network
(IMS)
UE
PSTN
Let’s take a look inside the Evolved Packet Core (EPC).

The entities in the EPC include the Mobility Management
Entity (MME), the Serving Gateway (S-GW), the Packet
Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) and the Evolved
Packet Data Gateway (ePDG). A primary difference
between other 3G core networks and the EPC is that the
EPC is only for packet data services, and there is no
dedicated core network for voice services. Voice is treated
as another service running on a packet data connection.
The EPC is a pure, IP-based network where all kinds of
information exchange is done using IP packets for
transport. The MME/S-GW are nodes/functions that
provide connectivity to the E-UTRAN via the S1 interface.
30
Mobility Management Entity (MME)
P-GW
MME Functions
MME S-GW
• Manage UE Contexts
• Mobility Control
• Security
• Authentication
S1
• Bearer Path Control
X2
X2 X2
eNB eNB
eNB
The functions of the MME are listed below:

• Managing and storing UE contexts,
• Generating temporary identifiers for the Ues,
• Idle-state mobility control,
• Distributing paging messages to eNBs,
• Security control,
• Roaming,
• Authentication, and
• Bearer control.
31
Serving Gateway (S-GW)

P-GW
MME S- GW
S-GW Functions
• Anchor User Plane S1
• Packet Routing and
Forwarding
• Similar to SGSN
• Similar to FA X2
X2 X2
eNB eNB
eNB
There are two gateways in the EPC, one facing toward the
E-UTRAN (the S-GW) and one facing toward the external
packet data network (the P-GW). A UE may connect to only
one S-GW, but it may use multiple P-GWs. The functions of
the S-GW are listed below:
• Anchoring the user plane for inter-eNB handover,
• Anchoring the user plane for inter-3GPP mobility,
• Similar to an SGSN in a pre-LTE 3GPP Network,
anchoring like a GGSN,
• Acting similar to a Foreign Agent (FA) in MIP in a pre-
LTE 3GPP2 network, and
• Packet routing and forwarding.
32
Packet Data Network Gateway
PDN-GW
Functions
MME S-GW
• Similar to GGSN and HA
• Provide PDN Connectivity
• Packet Routing S1
• IP Address Assignment
• Accounting and QoS
• Anchor the User Plane
X2
During Inter-MME/S-GW
Handover and During 3GPP-
X2 X2
to-Non-3GPP Handovers
eNB eNB
eNB
The PDN Gateway (P-GW) is similar to the GGSN in UMTS,

or the HA in MIP. It hosts the following functions:
• Provide connectivity to the PDN and packet routing
for the UE;
• Allocates IP addresses to the UE;
• Accounting and QoS, such as per-user-based packet
filtering, transport-level packet marking based on QoS
parameters, rate enforcement, and charging; and
• Anchoring the user plane for mobility during inter-
MME/S-GW handovers, LTE and Prel-8 3GPP
handovers, and 3GPP and non-3GPP handovers.
33
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

• Master Database:
• Stores user subscription information,
identification, service profile, and location
• Generates security-related information
Authentication
Evolved Packet
Core (EPC)
S6a
HSS
Operator’s
MME IP Services
(e.g., IMS)
Serving
Gateway (S-GW) PDN
Gateway (PDN-GW)
HSS (Home Subscriber Server): The HSS is a user

database that stores subscription-related information to
support other call-control and session-management
entities. It is a storehouse for user identification,
numbering and service profiles. It is mainly involved in
user authentication and authorization. During registration,
the MME talks to the HSS via the S6a interface for user
authentication and ciphering. The HSS generates security
information for mutual authentication and integrity check,
ciphering, and can also provide information about the
user's physical location. We can have one or more than
one HSS in a home network, depending on the number of
mobile subscribers and the equipment capacity.
34
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
ISUP
PSTN
AS SGW
IMS
CSCF MGW
UE (SIP
Server)
E-UTRAN HSS MGCF
EPC
IP
Network
P-GW
MME/S-GW
This architecture gives a feel for the IP Multimedia

Subsystem (IMS). It is the IP-based core/services network
of 3GPP. The IMS allows mobiles operating in packet
mode to establish voice calls using SIP to communicate
the request to the Call Session Control Function (CSCF).
In this case, the voice data is transmitted as packets
throughout the LTE network. The HSS in this case is
simply an IP-based Home Location Register (HLR).
35
Summary
• The LTE network architecture is designed to:
– Simplify the network,
– Enable enhanced services, and
– Provide seamless mobility.
• The E-UTRAN contains only one node, the eNodeB
– Radio Network Controller (RNC) functions have been distributed to
the eNodeBs.
– eNodeBs communicate and collaborate over the X2 interface.
• The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is an all-IP network.
– The Mobility Management Entity (MME) provides signaling and
control functions, while the Serving Gateway (S-GW) handles user
traffic.
– The PDN Gateway (P-GW) provides an interface to services and
external networks.
36
Review Questions
1. How do a user’s packets flow through the E-
UTRAN and EPC?
2. Why is the X2 interface needed?
3. Which node is responsible for:
– Tracking the mobile’s location?
– Assigning IP addresses?
– Allocating radio resources?
4. What is the advantage of allowing an eNodeB to
connect to multiple MMEs?
37
38
3 | LTE Air Interface
Chapter 3:
LTE Air Interface
39
Objectives
to:
• Identify and describe the basic concepts of
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
• Identify the key features of the LTE air interface
• Illustrate how Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access (OFDMA) is defined in LTE
• List the multiple-antenna techniques (MIMO)
used in LTE
References:
[1] 3GPP TS 36.300; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
40
Principles of OFDM
41
Why OFDM?
Scalable Design – Up to 20 MHz
Higher Data
Rates
Time and
Frequency
Domain Support for Smart Reduced
Scheduling Antennas Interference
OFDM has many attractive characteristics. • Higher Data Rates: The more channels a user is
assigned, the more data bits can be sent in a given
• Scalable Design: Scalability allows the radio
amount of time. OFDM has hundreds of channels
technology to utilize a variable bandwidth (up to 20
available for transmission due to the narrowband
MHz) using the same radio access technology. In
nature of each channel. When assigned in large
effect, scalability creates more channels as the
numbers, and in parallel, these channels can achieve
spectrum grows, without requiring modifications in
very high data rates.
the device capability. So, in areas where a lot of
capacity is needed, the operator can allocate more • Support for Smart Antennas: OFDM systems lend
bandwidth and use less bandwidth in areas where the themselves to the use of multiple-antenna techniques
spectrum is not available or the capacity not needed. (“smart antennas”) to further improve performance,
capacity and throughput. In certain situations, the
• Time and Frequency Scheduling: Radio resources can
energy from the radio beams can be focused toward
be allocated across multiple channels (supporting
the user, thus increasing performance. In other
bursts of high data rates), or across multiple
situations, the multiple antennas can be used to send
transmission symbols (efficiently supporting longer
more bits per second by transmitting differently from
sessions for VoIP or other real-time services), or both,
each antenna.
depending on the capabilities of the device and the
requirements of the application.
• Reduced Interference: By design, OFDM channels do
not interfere with one another within a cell; therefore,
a user using one set of channels cannot interfere with
another user using a different set.
42
Multicarrier Principle
Subcarrier Guard Band
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
Slow
Data
Serial-to-Parallel
Converter
Fast
01110011101011110100 Data
As data rates increase over a single radio channel, the coaxial cable with a multi-conductor cable. However, since
symbol modulation rates eventually become too great to MCM is not a very efficient user of bandwidth, it is rarely
handle effectively. Synchronization becomes difficult, and used in radio.
inter-symbol interference (ISI) completely overwhelms the
system. Sometimes, slower is better.
Consider a high-speed data stream of 100 Mbps. If the
data is split into 10 substreams, each substream runs at
1 Mbps, one-tenth of the original data rate. If each one of
these slower data streams modulates its own radio
carrier, the result is 10 narrowband signals instead of one
wideband radio signal. This is called Multicarrier
Modulation (MCM). Each of the narrowband channels is
called a subcarrier.
The fast data stream is converted into a number of
parallel, slower data streams. These slower data streams
are then sent on different subcarriers. In general, guard
bands are required between different subcarriers to
reduce inter-carrier interference (ICI).
MCM is used in many broadband-cable and fiber-optic
transmission schemes. It is a broadband transmission
technique, and is similar to replacing a single high-speed
43
FDM
OFDM
The OFDM Advantage
Saved Bandwidth
The same number of

subcarriers require less
RF bandwidth
No interference between
subcarriers
OFDM employs a similar multicarrier technique, where OFDM allows guard bands to be omitted by (a) separating
data is sent over a large number of channels called the subcarriers making up the OFDM signal by exactly the
subcarriers. However, OFDM also implements some tricks inverse of the modulation rate, (b) ensuring the
to completely remove the guard bands normally required modulation rate is the same on all subcarriers, or (c)
in MCM. Without guard bands, less bandwidth is needed ensuring there is exactly an integer number of radio
to support the same number of subcarriers. carrier cycles during a modulation symbol time.
Guard bands are used to ensure that subcarriers do not
interfere with one another. OFDM eliminates the need for
guard bands by exploiting a property called orthogonality.
Signals are said to be orthogonal if they do not interfere
with each other.
Signals can be orthogonal in several domains, including
time, space and frequency. Signals are orthogonal in the
time domain if they occur on the same frequency, but not
at the same time. For example, high-frequency (3 to 30
MHz) short-wave broadcasters can maintain orthogonality
if they adhere to a worldwide transmission schedule. Two
signals can be sent on the same frequency at the same
time, but remain orthogonal if they are transmitted from
places far away from each other (for example, Los Angeles
and New York).
44
Simplified View of OFDM
Mbps
High-speed
10
Large flow of data flow
water
OFDMA
Many low-
speed data
streams
Many small
100 kbps
100 kbps
100 kbps
100 kbps
100 kbps
streams
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can

be explained using a shower-head analogy. A shower head
receives a large amount of water through a relatively thick
pipeline. It divides the water into numerous parallel
streams. Each stream carries only a small amount of
water, but all of the streams together together carry a
large amount of water.
Similarly, in an OFDM system, a large amount of data is
distributed among multiple narrowband channels, with
each narrowband channel carrying only a small amount of
data. For example, 10 Mbps of data can be delivered to a
user over 100 narrowband channels, with each channel
carrying just 100 kbps.
45
What is OFDMA?
f1000
900 subcarriers
@ 10 kbps each =
f999 9 Mbps
f998
User 3
f102 99 subcarriers @
f101 10 kbps each =
f100
990 kbps
eNB User 2
f3
f2
f1 User 1
1000 10 kbps subcarriers 1 subcarrier =

= 10 Mbps total bandwidth 10 kbps
available
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

allows multiple users to communicate simultaneously over
an OFDM radio channel. In this example, the eNB has
1000 subcarriers, each capable of carrying 10 kbps of
data. The total peak rate of the eNB is therefore 1000 x
10 kbps = 10 Mbps. However, the eNB does not have to
give that entire bandwidth to one user. Instead, subsets
can be allocated, depending on the needs and capabilities
of each user.
User 1 is using a VoIP application, which only requires a
single subcarrier (10 kbps). User 2 is browsing a Web site,
and is assigned 99 subcarriers (990 kbps). User 3 is
viewing a streaming video application and receives the
remaining 900 subcarriers (9 Mbps). All of the users send
and receive data at the same time, without interfering with
one another.
As users come and go, or as their data requirements
change, the eNB can adjust their subcarrier allocations
accordingly, making the maximum use of the available
resources.
46
Scalable OFDMA
Same subcarrier
spacing regardless
of bandwidth
10 MHz = 1024 subcarriers
Same channel 5 MHz = 512 subcarriers

characteristics Same sensitivity to
(symbol duration) time and frequency
errors and multipath
Scalable OFDMA ensures that the definition of a

subcarrier (its frequency spacing, symbol time, etc.)
remains the same regardless of how much radio spectrum
is used by the system. All that changes is the number of
subcarriers available, not the subcarriers themselves.
Scalability simplifies the design of OFDMA systems, by
choosing a particular set of OFDM parameters that
applies to all networks using that system. In this way, the
subcarriers will have the same sensitivity to time,
frequency errors and multipath effects, whether they are
used in a 1.4 MHz system or a 20 MHz system. The signal
processing requirements are therefore identical, allowing
the same chipsets to be used everywhere, which reduces
costs and simplifies design and development.
47
Air Interface Features
48
LTE Air Interface Features

Flexibility to support different Multiple-Antenna Technologies
deployment scenarios to increase coverage, capacity
• Spectrum and throughput
• Bandwidth • Transmit Diversity for better
• Duplexing coverage
• MIMO for higher throughput
Radio Access Technologies to and capacity
support high-speed packet services • Beamforming for better
• OFDMA in the DL for high data rate coverage and capacity
and simpler mobile design
• SC-FDMA in the UL for reduced
power consumption and lower
PAPR
Although all 4G systems use OFDM/OFDMA as their basic • Multiple-Antenna Technology: Multiple-antenna
RF technology, LTE’s implementation provides a number techniques have been around for a long time, but
of unique capabilities. have not yet seen wide-scale deployment. LTE will
include a wide variety of advanced antenna
• Flexibility: LTE is designed to be as flexible as
techniques, including diversity, Single-User MIMO (SU-
possible, to allow operators around the world the
MIMO), Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), Spatial Division
ability to deploy the technology in whatever spectrum
Multiple Access (SDMA) and beamforming.
they have available.
• Radio Access Technology: Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can provide higher data
rates and spectral efficiency over the air interface.
LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access (OFDMA) in the downlink, but uses a variation
of OFDMA, called Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) in the uplink to improve
performance by reducing the Peak-to-Average Power
Ratio (PAPR).
49
OFDMA in LTE
50
LTE Transmission Parameters

Parameters Values
Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Subcarrier spacing 15 kHz
FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
Usable Sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200
Resource Blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100
OFDM symbols per

7 or 6
slot
Modulation BPSK, QPSK (Signaling)
schemes QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (Data)
Some key OFDMA/SC-FDMA transmission parameters are

provided in this table. LTE is a scalable system, so the
subcarrier spacing (15 kHz) is the same, regardless of the
amount of spectrum. A 10 MHz system, for example, has
a total of 1024 subcarriers, out of which 50 resource
blocks (50*12 = 600 subcarriers) are for assignment to
users.
51
Generic Frame Structure
Frame n-1 Frame n Frame n+1 Frame n+2

UE
eNB
10 ms
Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 2 Subframe 9
1 ms
slot 0 slot 1
0.5 ms
The duration of one LTE radio frame is 10 ms. One frame

is divided into 10 subframes of 1 ms each, and each
subframe is divided into two slots of 0.5 ms each.
52
Physical Resource Blocks

slot 0 slot 1
PRB
12 Subcarriers
7 Symbols
In LTE, radio resources are allocated in units of Physical

Resource Blocks (PRBs). Normally, a PRB will contain 12
subcarriers over 7 symbols, for a total of 84 modulation
symbols. If the system is configured to use the longer
Cyclic Prefix in order to protect against excessive
multipath, then the PRB will contain only six symbols.
53
LTE Channels and Signals

Broadcast Channel
Paging Channel
Control Channel
Traffic Channel
Reference Signals
UE
eNB
Random Access Channel
Control Channel
Traffic Channel
Reference Signals
LTE defines a number of channels and signals used to

convey specific information in the uplink and downlink.
• Broadcast Channel: Contains system configuration
and overhead information.
• Paging Channel: Carries paging indications to idle
mobiles.
• Control Channel: Used by the eNB to assign resources
to the UE, control uplink power, request channel
quality reports, and so on.
• Traffic Channel: Carries the actual signaling
messages and user data to the mobiles.
• Reference Signals: Provides known signals that can
be easily detected for system access and
synchronization, and measured for channel
estimation.
• Random Access: Used for initial system access.
54
Multiple-Antenna
Techniques in LTE
55
Multiple-Antenna Benefits
Reduced power
Better overall consumption
signal quality
Lower
interference
Improved spectral
efficiency
Greater range or
Higher capacity or improved coverage
throughput
Multiple-antenna techniques make optimal use of the

available spectrum, improving the quality of the signal
received by the UE (on the downlink) and the eNB (on the
uplink). This improved radio link results in higher
throughput, lower interference, lower power levels and
better coverage.
56
Multiple-Antenna Techniques
Receive Diversity
Multiple-Antenna Techniques Diversity

Transmit Diversity
Single-User MIMO
MIMO/ (SU-MIMO)
Spatial Multiplexing Multi-User MIMO
(MU-MIMO)
Space Division Multiple

Access (SDMA)
Beamforming
Simple Beamforming
(Single TX Layer SU-MIMO)
LTE is designed to support a number of different antenna • Beamforming: Beamforming directs the energy of the
techniques to improve quality, capacity, coverage and radio signal at the specific user, improving the
throughput. strength and range of the signal. Spatial Division
Multiple Access (SDMA) is the most complex
• Diversity: Diversity techniques exploit variations in the
beamforming technique, and is the theoretical
signals sent and received from different antennas to
foundation of MU-MIMO. Simple beamforming can be
improve the robustness and quality of the radio link.
implemented as a special case of SU-MIMO, where a
• Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO): Also known as single transmission layer is sent on each antenna.
spatial multiplexing, MIMO techniques send different
data streams over different antennas simultaneously.
In SU-MIMO (Single-User MIMO), the streams are
destined for the same user, increasing the net data
rate. In MU-MIMO (Multi-User MIMO), the streams are
intended for different users, which can be used to
increase the overall capacity of the cell.
57
Diversity
Transmit Diversity Receive Diversity

• Multiple transmit antennas • Multiple receive antennas
• Use space and time to obtain • Combine multiple copies of the
multiple copies of the signal signal
The two basic forms of diversity are receive diversity and

transmit diversity. In receive diversity, the receiver uses
multiple antennas to retrieve different copies of the same
transmitted signal. These copies are combined together to
produce a better signal than would be possible with a
single antenna. The odds that all copies are faded or
impaired at the same time is quite low. Although receive
diversity requires additional antennas and processing in
the handset, the performance improvement has proven to
be worth the cost.
In transmit diversity, multiple copies of the same signal
are sent from separate transmit antennas and are
received at the other end. Again, the likelihood of all
copies being poor is greatly reduced. The advantage of
this approach, especially for mobile devices, is that the
transmitter bears the burden of the cost of
implementation.
58
Single User MIMO

Transmit diversity provides a
robust radio path
Parallel data streams

to a single user
abcd efgh
abcd
abcdefgh abcdefgh
efgh Higher data rates
Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO) antenna techniques use

multiple transmit antennas to send separate streams of
data in parallel to the mobile device; the same radio
frequencies and slots are used for both streams.
Significant coding and processing is needed on the
receiving side to extract the different streams, but the
result is a significantly higher net data rate. Two transmit
antennas can send twice as much data as one.
59
Multi-User MIMO/SDMA
Users reuse the same radio
resources (frequencies and
slots)
Parallel data streams

to multiple users
abcd
abcd
1234
1234
Higher capacity and
spectral efficiency
Multiple-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems (also known as

Space Division Multiple Access, or SDMA) allow multiple
users separated in space to use the same frequencies
and slots simultaneously. Each user, in effect, has access
to all of the cell’s resources independently of what the
other users are doing, resulting in a significant increase in
spectral efficiency and system capacity. However, MU-
MIMO/SDMA systems are extremely complex and costly to
implement, especially on mobile devices.
60
Summary
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the
fundamental radio technology in all 4G systems. It has:
– Very high spectral efficiency,
– Scalable bandwidth, and
– Support for multiple-antenna techniques.
• The LTE air interface is designed for flexibility in:
– Spectrum,
– Bandwidth, and
– Duplexing schemes.
• LTE supports a wide variety of antenna techniques to improve
performance, including:
– Diversity,
– Single-User MIMO,
– Multiple-User MIMO,
– Beamforming.
61
Review Questions
1. What does it mean to be orthogonal in a radio
channel?
2. What is the value of being flexible in:
– Spectrum
– Bandwidth
3. What is the maximum number of data subcarriers
available in LTE?
4. What are the benefits of multiple-antenna
techniques? What are the drawbacks?
62
4 | LTE Services
Chapter 4:
LTE Services
63
4 | LTE Services
Objectives
to:
• Illustrate the trends in wireless services
• Identify the drivers behind 4G technologies
• List the QoS classes supported in LTE
• Identify the security features provided in LTE
64
4 | LTE Services
Drivers of 4G Services
65
4 | LTE Services
Services Evolution
1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010+
Voice Voice +
low-speed data
(e.g., SMS)
Voice +
high-speed data
(Internet, video,
?
gaming, etc.)
Data Revenue
The diagram depicts the direction of wireless services presenting combined requirements for predictable
from the following perspectives: throughput, latency and jitter.
• Applications: Initial wireless systems provided voice- • Revenue: Voice is still the king - the dominant
centric services, such as the ability to make and application. Voice continues to generate most of the
receive phone calls. After a while, voice and low- revenue for a wireless service provider. However,
speed data services became popular. For example, revenue growth from voice is quite low due to
Short Message Service (SMS) is a low-speed data increased competition and declining price-per-
service where just a few bytes of data are transferred minute. On the other hand, revenue growth from data
over the air. Emerging wireless applications now is very strong and becomes a new growth point.
include a wide variety of services, many of which
Based on these two perspectives, the need for a wireless
require high data rates over the air. For instance,
system that can support a wide range of services is
when a user downloads a streaming video, a news
apparent.
clip or a movie, only a high-speed radio connection
results in a satisfying user experience. Low data rates
are inadequate for a satisfying quality of experience
in such scenarios. Another important consideration is
maintaining the ability to handle voice
communications. In IP-based wireless systems, voice
is no longer carried in a circuit. It is transported in an
IP packet using Voice over IP (VoIP). This necessitates
strict performance control. To summarize,
contemporary applications are multimedia in nature,
66
4 | LTE Services
Drivers of 4G Networks
Chipset and Device
Services
Vendors
Enable Drive
Increasing device Quad-play (voice,
capabilities video, data, mobility)
Users
Encourage
Increased usage at
lower prices
Infrastructure Vendors Network Operators

Challenge
High-speed 4G Demand Higher capacity, lower
networks CAPEX/OPEX
This slide shows the drivers of 4G networks - better user

experiences and low cost.
With the advance of DSP technology, device processing
capabilities become more and more powerful, which can
support high-speed, real-time applications, such as 3D
multi-player online games, and high-resolution online
movies. At the same time, users are getting used to
mobile content anywhere, anytime, and wish to have the
same experience with fixed high-speed Internet.
The increasing amount of mobile usage is welcomed by
wireless operators, but also brings challenges to the
operators’ profitability. Users are expecting much better
services for the same price. Operators need to increase
network capacity and/or throughput to support higher-
speed traffic and lower costs at the same time.
The solution to improve user experience and lower cost is
evolving the current 3G systems into 4G networks. The
building blocks of a 4G network include OFDM, multiple-
antenna techniques, all-IP architecture and the IMS.
67
4 | LTE Services
Services in LTE
68
4 | LTE Services
QoS Classes in LTE

Guaranteed Packet Packet
QCI Priority Application
Bit Rate Delay Loss
5 1 IMS signaling No 100 ms 10-6
1 2 Conversational VoIP Yes 100 ms 10-2
3 3 Real-time gaming Yes 50 ms 10-3
Conversational video
2 4 Yes 150 ms 10-3
(live streaming)
Non-conversational
4 5 Yes 300 ms 10-6
video (buffered)
6 6 Video (buffered) No 300 ms 10-6
Voice, video,
7 7 No 100 ms 10-3
interactive games
TCP applications
8 8 No 300 ms 10-6
(Web, e-mail, FTP)
9 9 Platinum vs. gold users No 300 ms 10-6
LTE defines nine Quality of Service (QoS) classes, each

associated with a priority, specific delay, and packet-loss
values, and whether the service has a guaranteed bit rate.
These characteristics will be used by the Evolved Packet
System (EPS) nodes (the eNB, S-GW, and P-GW) as a
guide in deciding how a particular service data flow is to
be processed.
69
4 | LTE Services
Better User Experience with LTE

Large-scale streaming, downloading and sharing of
video, music and rich multimedia content
Example
Current support LTE support
Services
Rich voice Real-time audio VoIP, high quality video conferencing,
video calls
Web browsing Access to online services Super-fast browsing / uploading
Messaging SMS, MMS Photo messaging, video messaging
Games Downloadable and online Consistent online gaming experience
games across both fixed and mobile
networks
TV/video on Streamed and downloadable Broadcast television services, true
demand video content on-demand television, high quality
video streaming
Although many services are available in 3G networks, LTE

will provide a better user experience, and thus push data
usage in the mobile environment. For example, access to
online services is available in 3G networks now, but LTE
will support super-fast browsing and uploading, and give
users the same experience as in the fixed network. The
same mobile and fixed experience enables the ultimate
seamless mobility.
Reference: “Toward Global Mobile Broadband,” UMTS
Forum, February 2008.
70
4 | LTE Services
How Will LTE Deliver?

Low latency
High data rates • 5 ms: User plane RAN
at high mobility • 100 ms: control plane
• DL: > 100 Mbps dormant to active
• UL: > 50 Mbps transmission
Characteristics
of LTE
Guaranteed
QoS
Low cost
• All-IP • Wide coverage
• OFDM + multiple • Security
antenna solutions
• Spectrum scalability
Better user experience + low cost

LTE is one of the candidates capable of delivering a • Enhanced QoS: Enhanced QoS will enable operators
variety of delay-sensitive and bandwidth-intensive to differentiate services and support more business
services. The main strengths of LTE are (a) a high data models. Enhanced QoS also enables users who are
rate and high-capacity network, (b) low latency, (c) low willing to pay more to get premium services.
cost, (d) QoS guarantees, and (e) wide coverage and
• Wide Coverage and Security: These are other
security.
characteristics contributing to the competency of LTE.
• High Data Rate and High-Capacity Network: LTE is
designed to support a high data rate at high mobility
and high capacity. In the 20 MHz bandwidth, the DL
data rate is more than 100 Mbps and the UL data
rate is more than 50 Mbps. The advanced technology
in air interface and higher capacity in backhaul
enables high capacity for LTE.
• Low Latency: Low latency enables the better support
for real-time applications.
• Low Cost: New air interface technology enables high
spectral efficiency. All-IP based, flat network
architecture enables simplicity and scalability, and
thus lowers the cost for operators. The machine-to-
machine application will bring the terminal scalability
up while lowering the cost for users.
71
4 | LTE Services
Security in LTE
72
4 | LTE Services
LTE Security Features

User Identity and
Mutual Authentication device
and key agreement confidentiality
LTE
Security
Integrity Encryption
Network Domain
Security
When we talk about security in LTE networks, we limit sender and receiver might need to authenticate each
ourselves to the protection of LTE network resources and other for every message to protect themselves
the protection of user identity and information. Protection against a “man-in-the-middle” attack. Authentication
in this case means protection against unauthorized takes care of the threat of impersonation.
access to the system, protection against snooping, and
manipulation of data. In LTE, this relates to the following
security services:
• Encryption is the property of communicating such
that the intended recipient knows what is being sent,
but unauthorized parties do not. This service takes
care of the threat of an eavesdropper snooping for
critical data. Anonymity is a subset of this, and
conceals the origin and destination of a piece of
information while in transit. Anonymity takes care of
the threat of eavesdropping used to analyze traffic
patterns for unauthorized uses.
• Authentication is the property of knowing that the
sender of data is indeed the person he says he is.
When a user first starts a session with an Internet
server, he must first log in. It is important at this
critical time that the user and the server authenticate
each other. In addition, for an ongoing session, the
73
4 | LTE Services
LTE Security Features (continued)

User Identity and
Mutual Authentication device
and key agreement confidentiality
LTE
Security
Integrity Encryption
Network Domain
Security
• Integrity Checking is a service that ensures that data (Globally Unique Temporary Identity) , etc.
in transit from a source to a destination cannot be
• Network Domain Security ensures security over the
altered without detection. Integrity of the message
wireline connection between any two nodes like the
can be checked by sending a checksum of the
eNB and the MME. This includes authentication,
message and comparing it with a recalculated
encryption and integrity protection.
checksum at the receiving end. Integrity checking
guards against the threat of man-in-the-middle
attacks. An integrity service can also guard against
message replay by including a sequence number in
the message. Then, if the message is replayed at a
later time, the receiver will detect that it is stale – this
is often referred to as replay protection.
• User Identity and Device Confidentiality ensures that
the user identity (IMSI) and equipment identity are
not accessible to unauthorized people. Unauthorized
access to the IMSI or IMEI may help track the
movement of a UE, services used by the UE and the
country that the user belongs to. The IMEI is always
transmitted over the air after enabling encryption.
The IMSI is very rarely used in a message. Instead,
every UE is identified by temporary identities like the
C-RNTI (Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identity), GUTI
74
4 | LTE Services
Summary
• 4G networks are designed to enable advanced
packet-oriented services, which in turn drive
customer usage and operator revenues.
• LTE provides a better user experience by improving
or enabling:
– Spectrally efficient Voice over IP (VoIP), and
– Large-scale streaming/downloading/sharing of high
quality music/video/multimedia content.
• LTE security mechanisms protect network
resources, confirm user identities, and validate
signaling messages.
75
4 | LTE Services
Review Questions
1. What will be the ‘killer app’ for LTE
networks?
2. How are the defined QoS classes used to
improve service quality?
3. What security mechanism ensures privacy
of signaling messages and user data?
76
5 | Life of an LTE Mobile
Chapter 5:
Life of an LTE
Mobile
77
Objectives
to:
• Step through the end-to-end call setup in LTE
• List and describe the steps of downlink and
uplink data transmission
• Identify and describe the three steps of the
handover procedure in LTE
References:
[1] 3GPP TS 36.300; (E-UTRA) and (E-UTRAN); Overall
description; Stage 2 (Release 8)
[2] 3GPP TS 36.211; Physical Channels and Modulation
(Release 8)
[3] 3GPP TS 36.212; Multiplexing and channel coding
(Release 8)
[4] 3GPP TS 36.213; Physical layer procedures
(Release 8)
[5] 3GPP TS 23.401; General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access
non-3GPP accesses (Release 8)
[7] 3GPP TR 23.882; Report on Technical Options and
Conclusions (Release 7)
[8] 3GPP TR 25.814; Physical layer aspects for evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) (Release
7)
78
LTE Call Setup
79
LTE Connection Setup

1 UE acquires Network E-UTRAN helps with acquisition
2 UE gets Signaling Connection E-UTRAN recognizes UE
3 UE requests Attach EPC accepts request for Attach
4 UE is Authenticated EPC authenticates UE
5 UE gets IP Connectivity EPC assigns an IP address
6 UE requests a Service EPC grants Service with QoS
Let’s examine the operation of a UE from power-up until it • UE Requests Attach: The UE now uses the
is in traffic state with the network. The following list established signaling connection to connect and
illustrates the various operations of the UE. register with the EPC. This evokes certain reactions
from the EPC like authentication, assignment of an IP
• UE Acquires Network: When the UE first powers up, it
address, granting of a basic bearer path to initiate
enters into a cell search procedure. Cell search is a
services, etc.
method by which the UE acquires frequency and
timing synchronization with the cell and detects the • UE is Authenticated: The EPC now goes through
cell ID. The cell search procedure is accomplished authentication, authorization and security procedures
using synchronization signals followed by cell for the UE by communicating with the HSS and the
identification. With the physical layer cell ID AuC. This validates the UE and ensures only valid
determined, the UE is synchronized with the eNodeB subscribers are allowed onto the LTE network.
in the downlink, and is ready to acquire system
broadcast information. Next, the UE listens to the
broadcast channel to decode broadcast system
information such as the frequency of operation of the
traffic channels, PLMN identities, tracking area
identity, and so on.
• UE Gets Signaling Connection: The first step in ANY
messaging or service is the establishment of a Radio
Resource Control (RRC) signaling connection with the
E-UTRAN.
80
LTE Connection Setup (continued)

1 UE acquires Network E-UTRAN helps with acquisition
2 UE gets Signaling Connection E-UTRAN recognizes UE
3 UE requests Attach EPC accepts request for Attach
4 UE is Authenticated EPC authenticates UE
5 UE gets IP Connectivity EPC assigns an IP address
6 UE requests a Service EPC grants Service with QoS
• UE Gets IP Connectivity: Once the authentication and

authorization procedure is complete, the UE is
assigned an IP address and a default bearer path.
The UE can initiate packet data services using this IP
address (e.g., email).
• UE Requests a Service: At this point, the UE has an
RF connection and an IP address. However, it has not
initiated any service such as VoIP or Internet access.
The UE communicates with the eNB to establish a
service. With the default bearer path, the UE can
request packet services needing high data rates and
a subscribed QoS. Depending on the requested QoS,
the network can assign resources both on the radio
interface and on the core network. Now, any
additional bearer paths are set up through which the
UE can transmit or receive information packets.
81
Step 1: The UE Acquires the Network
Q1: Where am I?
A1: Look for a channel
eNB based on preferred
roaming list and get
the ID of the eNB
Q4: Do I know what UE
the network is
capable of?
A4: Yes … it is an FDD
network with 10 Q2: How is the
MHz wide carrier network
… and I know its sending me
rules … Q3: Which information?
network? A2: Synchronize
A3: Read the network with the
broadcast network and
information acquire timing
After power-on, the UE looks for an LTE network on the The UE may search each carrier in turn (“initial cell
radio channel that is pre-programmed into the UE via a selection”) or make use of stored information to shorten
mechanism such as a preferred roaming list in its USIM the search (“stored information cell selection”).
card. Regardless of the bandwidth option, it acquires the
center frequency of the spectrum. Once it acquires the
center frequency, it extracts timing information (symbol,
slot, sub-frame and frame).
The LTE E-UTRAN system provides two physical signals:
the primary synchronization signal and the secondary
synchronization signal. The role of these two signals is to
help the UE acquire timing synchronization and
identification of a physical layer cell ID. With time
synchronization, the UE now knows the physical layer cell
identity. With the physical layer cell ID determined, the UE
is synchronized with the eNB in the downlink and is ready
to hear the system information broadcast by each eNB on
the broadcast channel to gain access to services.
The UE reads broadcasted cell system information to
identify its PLMN(s). It identifies a selected PLMN and
equivalent PLMNs by initially searching the E-UTRA
frequency bands. For each frequency band, it identifies
the strongest cell.
82
Step 2: UE Gets Signaling Connection

Step 3: UE Sends Attach Request
Here is your temporary ID,
use this for now. Can we establish a
signaling connection?
Step 2
Setup a Signaling Connection
Here is your
eNB temporary ID UE
Step 3
I would like to attach to the
Attach Request network. Please, pass this
request to the EPC network.
The first step in any messaging or service is the

establishment of an RRC connection. This is needed to
invoke a service. In this flow, the UE requests an RRC
connection to perform registration.
With the establishment of the RRC connection, the UE and
eNB recognize each other, and the eNB provides the UE
with radio-network-specific identifiers. Now that they have
a signaling path with each other, they can exchange any
kind of messaging. This allows the UE to send an Attach
request to the eNB to route to the EPC network so it can
start the process of getting authenticated and eventually
get an IP address to start service initiation.
83
Step 4: UE Gets Authenticated

HSS/ Who are you?
AuC This is me…
Who are you?
Step 4 This is me…
Mutual Authentication
EPC
eNB UE
Make sure the network

Mutual
or and UE are valid
Authentication
Prepare for
Key Exchange encryption
The MME, on receiving the Attach request from the UE,

will initiate authentication-related procedures. The MME
registers itself in the HSS as serving the UE. The HSS
confirms the registration of the new MME. Subscription
data authorizing the default IP access bearer is
transferred. Information for policy and charging control of
the default IP access bearer is sent to the MME. The MME
and the UE go through authentication and authorization
procedures based on information provided to the MME
from the HSS/AuC. Only a successful mutual
authentication will allow the progress of the connection to
the next stage.
84
Step 5: UE Gets IP Connectivity
Step 5
IP Connectivity
EPC
UE
Default Bearer Path
eNB
Default Access
Bearer Default Radio Bearer
The IP (IPv4) address is allocated during the default

bearer activation. The P-GW configures the IP layer with
the user’s IP address. The user plane is established and
the default policy and charging rules are applied. The
MME/S-GW provides the evolved RAN with QoS
configurations for the default IP access bearer (e.g., the
upper limits for transmission data rates). LTE supports
IPv4, IPv6 and dual-stack IP (DSMIPv6) addressing for a
single bearer path.
85
Step 6: UE Requests a Service

Evaluate QoS
against available
resources
Service negotiation
EPC on signaling connection
UE
eNB
Access Bearer with QoS Radio Bearer with QoS
All steps … Done!

Use the system to get services…
Let’s Have a GREAT LTE Experience

Once the default bearer path is established, if the user configuration of the scheduler are performed
wants to initiate a new service with a higher QoS, the user according to the translated QoS information.
can request resources. These resources can set up
6. The UE is provided with information about the radio
bearers with different QoS according to the service
configuration necessary for the service and related
requested. The following is a high-level flow:
information to link radio resources with IP or session
1. The UE has a signaling relation established with the flows.
network that uses the default IP access bearer.
7. The MME/S-GW is informed about the successful
2. The MME/S-GW is triggered by a resource request outcome of the resource establishment.
that contains policy/QoS information corresponding
8. The MME reports the outcome of the resource
to the requested service from the P-GW.
establishment together with the negotiated QoS.
3. The MME/S-GW checks the UE's subscription,
So, a new radio bearer and access bearer are established
performs admission control according to the received
with a new QoS, and DL and UL data transmissions can
QoS information and available resources, and applies
commence.
the received policy information.
4. The MME/S-GW initiates the resource establishment
toward the responsible LTE-RAN functions.
5. The responsible LTE-RAN functions perform
admission control. Translation of the received QoS
information into radio QoS information is performed.
The allocation of radio resources and the appropriate
86
Traffic Operations
87
Downlink Traffic Operations
Channel Quality Indicator

1
UE 1
Channel Quality Indicator
UE 2
eNB
Control Information 2
3
Scheduler
Data Transmission
4
Ack/Nack
In LTE, all downlink traffic flows over the Physical Downlink decode it.
Shared Channel (PDSCH). As the name implies, the
4. The UE receives the data and verifies the checksum.
channel is shared by multiple UEs. In order to maximize
If the transmission was received properly, the UE
the effectiveness of the PDSCH, a basic 4-step process is
transmits an ACK to the eNB, indicating that the
used:
transmission can stop. However, if there are errors,
1. Each UE assigned to the PDSCH reports a Channel the UE sends a NACK to request additional
Quality Indicator (CQI) to the eNB, reflecting the UE’s information to resolve the errors.
estimated current radio channel conditions on the
This cycle is repeated continuously for as long as there is
downlink. The eNB stores the CQI reports from all of
data to be sent over the PDSCH.
the UEs and uses the information to determine its
next step.
2. The eNB runs an internal scheduler algorithm to
decide which UE’s data should be transmitted next,
based on its last reported CQI and other factors.
3. The CQI value for the selected user helps determine
the coding and modulation scheme, the amount of
radio resources and the data rate to be used for the
transmission. The user’s data is sent over the PDSCH,
and, in parallel, related control information is sent
over the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
to inform the UE when to expect the data and how to
88
Uplink Traffic Operation

1
Scheduling Request
2
UE Scheduling Grant
3
Buffer Status Report eNodeB
2
4 4
Scheduling Grants Scheduler
5
Data Transmissions
6
Ack/Nacks
This slide provides a high-level picture of a typical eNB- 4. The scheduler algorithm is executed at the eNB. The
controlled scheduled-mode UL-SCH operation. When a UE serving UL-SCH cell typically provides a power
first attaches to a network and has date to send, it needs allocation or scheduling grant to the UE.
to tell the eNB.
5. The UE transmits the data on the UL-SCH/PUSCH
1. The PUCCH is allocated on one resource block in channels.
each of the slots in a subframe. The number of
6. The serving cell makes a determination of the ACK or
resource blocks in a slot used for transmission of the
NACK to be sent on the PDCCH in response to the
PUCCH is set by higher layers. If the UE has
received data on the PUSCH. The PDCCH signals the
something to send. It needs to indicate this to the
HARQ process number, and if it is a transmission or
eNB via a scheduling request.
retransmission. Retransmissions are always
2. The scheduler at the eNB responds with a UL scheduled through the PDCCH.
scheduling grant.
This sequence is repeated for every Transmit Time
Once a UE has been assigned a UL-SCH for uplink data Interval (TTI) cycle as needed. Note that Steps 1 and 2
transmission, the UE follows the following steps: may not be required for each TTI transmission.
3. The UE looks at its buffer status for each logical
channel and sends a Buffer Status Report to the
serving cell. The information includes the logical
channel identity, buffer status and available power
ratio at the UE.
89
Handovers
90
Now, the UE Moves…No Problem!

1. Initial communication
with eNB 1 eNB 3
2. Connection with eNB 1 • Break before make
broken • Hard handover
• No soft handover in LTE
3. Connection with eNB 2
established
2 3
1 eNB 2
eNB 1
UE Movement
eNB 4
The figure shows a break-before-make handover. Initially,

the UE communicates with the serving eNB, eNB 1. The
UE continues to monitor signals from the eNBs in its
neighborhood (called neighbors). There are three
neighbors: eNB 2, eNB 3, and eNB 4. As the UE moves
away from eNB 1, and toward a neighbor eNB 2, it finds
eNB 2 to be a better eNB 1. Now, eNB 2 becomes the
target eNB for a handover. The communication link
between the currently serving eNB, eNB 1, and the UE is
broken, and a new link between the UE and the target
eNB, eNB 2, is established at the end of the handover.
Since the new link is established after the previous link is
broken, this type of handover is called a break-before-
make handover.
91
Handover Preparation
Ongoing call
MME/
EPS Radio Bearer EPS Access Bearer S-GW
1. Measurement Report 2. Handover Decision
UE
X2 Source to target eNB
eNB
3. GTP tunnel
is established
4. Assignment of resources
by Target eNB
Target
eNB
Let’s look at the procedure of the Intra-MME Hard established EPS bearer. Also, the source eNB receives the
Handover, which is executed in three phases: periodic measurement reports. Based on the
measurement reporting, the source eNB decides to
1. Handover Preparation Phase: During this phase,
perform a HO. When the source eNB decides to handover
tunnels are established between the source eNB and
the UE to the target eNB, the source eNB first establishes
the target eNB.
an X2-interface GTP tunnel between itself and the target
2. Handover Execution Phase: During this phase, user eNB. During this phase, the target eNB assigns the
data packets are forwarded from the source eNB to required radio resources to the UE.
the target eNB until the source eNB buffer is empty.
3. Handover Completion Phase: During this phase, the
target eNB initiates a Path Switch procedure to
establish an EPS bearer between the target eNB and
the S-GW for data. The source eNB continues to
forward data to the target eNB.
During the handover preparation phase, the UE takes
measurements of its surrounding environment as
instructed by the E-UTRAN. Based on the requirement set
by the E-UTRAN, the UE may need to send a measurement
report to inform the E-UTRAN for handover consideration.
The call is carried on with the source eNB and serving S-
GW/P-GW. The data packets are carried through the
92
Handover Execution
Ongoing call
MME/
EPS Radio Bearer EPS Access Bearer S-GW
UE Source
X2
eNB
5. Establish EPS radio

bearer from target
eNB 6. Data forwarding
EPS Radio bearer

Target
eNB
With the completion of the handover preparation phase,

the handover execution phase starts. Two critical
procedures are performed during this phase:
1. The source eNB buffer containing unacknowledged
data is forwarded to the buffer at the target eNB. The
new user packets from the S-GW can still be
forwarded through the source eNB during this stage.
2. An EPS radio bearer is established between the UE
and the target eNB based on radio resources
assigned to the UE.
93
Handover Completion
6. Release
9. Data Forwarding
EPS bearers
X X
MME/
EPS Radio Bearer EPS Access Bearer S- GW
X2 Source
eNB
8. Receive Data from
target eNB X
7. Establish EPS access
bearer to Target eNB
EPS Radio Bearer
UE Target
eNB
Finally, the handover completion phase starts with the

establishment of an EPS radio bearer with the target eNB
(completion of the handover execution phase). This phase
involves a path switching procedure. In this process, a
new EPS access bearer from the target eNB to the S-GW
is first established, and then mapped to the existing EPS
radio bearer. Now, the user data packets from the S-GW
are forwarded to the UE through the EPS access bearer
toward the target eNB and the new EPS radio bearer. The
EPS radio and access bearers from the old source eNB
EPS bearer and the X2-interface GTP-U tunnel between
two eNBs are released.
94
Summary
• The steps of an end-to-end LTE call setup include:
– Acquiring the network,
– Requesting a signaling connection,
– Attaching to the network,
– Authenticating the UE,
– Getting IP connectivity, and
– Requesting a service.
• The eNB owns and allocates all radio resources.
– UEs monitor the control channel to see if they are about to
receive data on the downlink.
– UEs must explicitly request resources to transmit data on the
uplink.
• All handovers are hard handovers controlled by the eNBs.
95
Review Questions
1. What is the purpose of mutual
authentication?
2. When does the UE get its IP address?
3. How does the UE know when and where to
look for its data on the downlink?
4. List the key steps of LTE handover
5. Which node makes the decision to hand
over?
96
6 | LTE Deployment
Chapter 6:
LTE Deployment
97
6 | LTE Deployment
Objectives
to:
• Describe the different LTE UE categories
• Identify the planning considerations associated
with deploying LTE
• Predict theoretical LTE performance
References:
non-3GPP accesses
[2] 3GPP TS 23.401; GPRS enhancements for LTE
access
[3] 3GPP TS 36.300; Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
[4] 3GPP TR 23.882; 3GPP System Architecture
Evolution
[5] 3GPP TS 36.306; Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access (E-UTRA) User Equipment (UE) radio
access capabilities
98
6 | LTE Deployment
Device Capabilities
99
6 | LTE Deployment
LTE Device Capabilities

Category Bandwidth MIMO Duplexing Modulation Data Rates (Mbps)
MHz UL DL UL DL
1 5 10
2 Up to QPSK, 25 51
3 2x2* FDD, 16QAM QPSK, 51 100
1.4, 3, 5,
4 H-FDD, 16QAM, 51 150
10, 15, 20
TDD 64QAM
QPSK,
Up to
5 16QAM, 75 300
4x4*
64QAM
Note: Multiple transmit antennas are

supported on the downlink only.
Five different categories of LTE devices have been

defined, similar to HSDPA and HSUPA categories for UMTS
devices. The categories define some of the basic physical
capabilities of the UE. The categories differ primarily in the
peak data rate that each supports, ranging from 5 Mbps
on the uplink and 10 Mbps on the downlink for a Category
1 device, to 75 Mbps on the uplink and 300 Mbps on the
downlink for a Category 5 device.
Currently, all LTE categories support the same values for
system bandwidth, MIMO support and duplexing schemes,
although these are still subject to change. Note that
support for multiple transmit antennas only applies to the
downlink, and that only a Category 5 LTE UE supports
64QAM modulation on the uplink.
100
6 | LTE Deployment
Planning for LTE
101
6 | LTE Deployment
Frequency Planning
Same Partial
frequency/subcarriers frequency/subcarriers
in cell edge
1
2
3
– Frequency reuse of 1/3 – Fractional frequency reuse

– Less interference – eNBs coordinate subcarrier allocation
– Simple radio resource at cell edge to minimize interference
allocation – Higher interference
– Lower spectral efficiency – Complex radio resource allocation
– Higher spectral efficiency
Frequency planning is an important part of wireless neighboring cells and no coordination between BSs is
network planning. In a GSM network, the frequency needed. The drawback is lower spectral efficiency.
planning is complex, and is the key to network
The second option is fractional frequency reuse, where
performance. In networks using CDMA technology, the
the same frequency/subcarriers are used within the cell
frequency reuse is 1 and the frequency planning is simple.
and partial frequency/subcarriers are used in the cell
In OFDM-based systems such as LTE, frequency planning
edge. The frequency reuse factor is a little bit less than 1.
is more complex.
For example, the same 5 MHz bandwidth can be used on
In LTE, the entire system bandwidth is divided into many all three sectors of a site. At the cell edge, the BSs
subcarriers, and a channel consists of many subcarriers. coordinate subcarrier allocation to minimize interference.
With a cell, the subcarriers for MS1 are different from the The benefit of this option is higher spectral efficiency. The
subcarriers for MS2. This is called frequency diversity. In drawback is higher interference and complex radio
the cell edge, MS1 in cell 1 and MS2 in cell2 may have resource allocation.
some common subcarriers, but not all. By coordination
between the neighboring BSs, the interference can be
lowered. This is called interference diversity.
There are two options for frequency planning in LTE. First,
three sectors of a site use different frequency bands. The
frequency reuse factor is 1/3. For example, if the system
is deploying using a 5 MHz bandwidth, a 15 MHz (5X3)
bandwidth will be needed. The benefits of this option is
less interference and simple radio resource allocation.
Different frequencies are used at the cell edge of two
102
6 | LTE Deployment
Multiple-Antenna Planning
Adaptive switching based on
Multiple-Antenna Mode Selection radio condition (share the
Techniques Benefits same set of physical
antennas)
Transmit Increase cell coverage
diversity Transmit diversity
SU-MIMO Increase user throughput/cell
throughput
MU-MIMO Increase number of users/cell
(SDMA) capacity and throughput MIMO
Beamforming Increase cell edge performance
Beamforming
Multiple Antenna Configuration
Number of antennas Tradeoff between performance and cost, tower top space
Number of cables Electronics on top (one cable totally) or on ground (one cable per
antenna)
Multiple antennas are mandatory in LTE deployment and transmitter and receiver electronics are. If the electronics
LTE supports different multiple-antenna techniques and go to the tower-top, only one cable is needed; if the
different antenna configurations. electronics are located on the ground, multiple cables are
needed, one cable for each antenna.
Different multiple-antenna techniques provide different
benefits. Transmit diversity increases cell coverage, SU-
MIMO increases user throughput and cell throughput, MU-
MIMO increases cell capacity and cell throughput, and
beamforming increases cell edge performance. Since
different techniques bring benefits to different scenarios,
it will be a good solution to adaptively switch techniques
based on radio conditions. For example, when an MS
moves near the BS, use MIMO; when an MS locates at the
cell edge, use transmit diversity or beamforming. Transmit
diversity is open-loop and simple to implement, while
beamforming needs feedback on channel conditions and
is complex but with better performance. Note that all the
techniques can share the same physical antennas on the
tower top.
Another thing to decide is how many antennas should be
used. This is a trade-off between performance and cost.
Also, tower-top space is a factor. The number of cables
from the tower-top to the ground depends on where the
103
6 | LTE Deployment
4G Backhaul Challenges
Air Interface Data Rates in 2G/3G/4G Networks
Technology Theoretical Practical
Peak Rate Data Rate
2G GSM 56 kbps 14.4 kbps T1/E1 works
IS-95 115.2 kbps 14.4 kbps
3G UMTS/HSPA 14 Mbps 400~700 kbps
1x EV-DO 3 Mbps 400~800 kbps
4G WiMAX 75-300 Mbps 10 Mbps in DL T1/E1 does
2-3 Mbps in UL not work
LTE 300 Mbps TBD anymore
2G/3G Air Interface Backhaul
4G Air Interface Backhaul
The fast growing wireless data service demands more

bandwidth and higher data rates. This brings in the 4G
networks, which increases air-interface throughput
significantly by using OFDM and multiple-antenna
techniques. At the same time, backhaul capacity becomes
the bottleneck of the network. A backhaul solution is
critical to improved network performance and cost.
The table lists air-interface data rates in 2G, 3G and 4G
networks. For 2G/3G networks, the practical data rate is
10s or 100s of kbps, one or several T1/E1 can support
the backhaul traffic. But for 4G, the theoretical peak data
rate goes up to 300 Mbps. The practical data rate would
be lower, but the traditional T1/E1 is no longer able to
support the requirement with reasonable cost.
104
6 | LTE Deployment
Backhaul Alternatives
1.544 Mbps
T-1
150 Mbps
OC-3 ~ 100 T-1 capacity
600 Mbps
OC-12 ~ 400 T-1 capacity
1 Gbps
GigE ~ 600+ T1 capacity
~ 50-100 T1 capacity
Microwave
Today, in the United States, the vast majority of wireless capacity is mushrooming. Consider the aggregation
backhaul is T1-based. This is largely due to the natural network capacity required to give every home 50 Mbps of
evolution of wireless networks and the nature and volume narrowcast bandwidth. It rapidly turns into terabits in the
of traffic that they support. Commercially available distribution and core network. The aggressive roll-out of
alternatives to T1 service are principally fiber-based. FTTH and FTTP is marching fiber within the proximity of
Microwave radio is also a viable alternative for some most urban and suburban cell sites.
operator and some cell sites. However, as you might
expect, the monthly tariff is much higher for 150 Mbps
capacity than it is for 1.5 Mbps. At the same time, fiber-
based services are available that charge for “capacity that
is used.” In other words, while availability varies by
market, if a cell site is served by an OC3 and the cell only
requires 20 Mbps of capacity, that is all that the wireless
operator pays for. This produces a profitable business
model for both the Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) or fiber
provider and the wireless service provider.
Gigabit Ethernet networks are being deployed in many
metropolitan markets and are being used to support the
ever-expanding requirement for increased capacity at the
edge of the network, i.e., as homes and business are
evolving to Fiber to the Home (FTTH) and Fiber to The
Premise (FTTP)-based access, aggregation network
105
6 | LTE Deployment
LTE Performance - VoIP Capacity

LTE VoIP Capacity Estimate
Deployment Average VoIP Capacity (users/sector)
Scenario DL UL
Case 1 317 241
Case 3 289 123
Assume: (a). VoIP traffic model = Full rate AMR with 50 percent VAF
(b). Outage = 95 percent coverage for 2 percent FER at 50 ms air interface delay bound
(c). System bandwidth = 5MHz
350
317
300 289
250
241 - Assume a homogenous
200
user distribution
150
Case 1 - Case 1: inter-site distance
123
100
Case 3
= 500 m
- Case 3: inter-site distance
50
= 1732 m
0
DL UL
Award Solutions Confidential and Proprietary Source: www.3GPP.org
Voice capacity (the number of simultaneous calls that can

be supported on a radio channel) can be difficult to
estimate, especially with packet-based (VoIP) calls on a
shared channel; the impact of changing radio conditions
and of other services running on the same channel can be
significant. Nonetheless, it’s important to get a feel of how
LTE compares to other technologies when it comes time to
handling voice.
This chart summarizes a simulation study by 3GPP on LTE
VoIP performance on a 5 MHz channel (comparable to a
single UMTS radio channel). Under a variety of
assumptions and conditions, the estimated voice capacity
of the channel ranged between 123 and 241 users. By
way of comparison, a typical UMTS channel may handle
between 60 and 80 users; even with the overheads
associated with packetized voice, LTE is significantly more
efficient than UMTS.
Reference: 3GPP TSG-RAN WG1 #49 - R1-072570:
Performance Evaluation Checkpoint: VoIP Summary.
106
6 | LTE Deployment
Summary
• Device categories identify the physical
characteristics of the UE, including peak data rates
and MIMO support.
• LTE network deployment considerations include:
– Spectrum and bandwidth,
– Use of multiple antennas, and
– Backhaul capacity.
• The simulated LTE performance meets or exceeds
the LTE targets.
107
6 | LTE Deployment
Review Questions
1. Why does LTE define multiple UE
categories?
2. What are the key challenges with deploying
multiple-antenna solutions?
3. Why is backhaul capacity an important
deployment consideration?
108
A | Additional Topics
Appendix A:
Additional Topics
109
Objectives
to:
• Compare features and capabilities of LTE and
WiMAX
• Step through the interworking of LTE with:
• 3GPP (UMTS/HSPA and GSM/GPRS), and
• 3GPP2 (1xEV-DO)
110
LTE and WiMAX:

Similarities and
Differences
111
LTE vs. WiMAX: Similarity
VoIP and High-Speed Data Applications
OFDM Multiple-Antenna All-IP

Techniques Architecture
This slide shows the similarities between LTE and WIMAX.

Both are 4G technologies able to support VoIP and high-
speed data applications. The targeted data rate will be in
100s of Mbps and latency will be less than 10 ms. Both
LTE and WiMAX are based on the same foundation:
OFDM, multiple-antenna techniques, and all-IP
architecture. These similarities make network
convergence and seamless mobility easier.
112
LTE vs. WiMAX: Key Market Differences
LTE Mobile WiMAX
Genesis 3GPP IEEE + WiMAX Forum
Initial deployment in Initial deployment in TDD mode in

Spectrum FDD spectrum 2.3, 2.5 and 3.5 GHz
Time of
Deployment Approximately 2010 2007 and beyond
This table lists the market differences between LTE and

WiMAX.
113
LTE vs. WiMAX: Key Technical

Differences
LTE Mobile WiMAX Comments
SC-FDMA reduces PAPR on
Uplink Tech. SC-FDMA OFDMA uplink, but increases
complexity
Faster framing reduces

Framing 1 ms 5 ms
latency for real-time apps
Trade-off between
Subcarrier robustness against ICI
15 kHz 10.94 kHz
Spacing (higher mobility) and
overhead loss due to CP
Persistent allocation option

Resource Persistent and Non-persistent (valid
is more efficient, reduces
Allocation Non-persistent within one frame)
signaling overhead
SC-FDMA improves cell-edge uplink performance for LTE

by avoiding PAPR. This performance improvement is
achieved at the expense of greater complexity. So, this
leaves us to look at other areas to distinguish the
technologies. Since mobile WiMAX was at its conception
intended for high-speed data, not specifically voice
communications, some areas of LTE are optimized to
provide better performance for VoIP than WiMAX, such as
smaller frame sizes. LTE also targets at very high mobility.
Additionally, since LTE must support compatibility with
earlier 3GPP technologies, it includes inter-radio
technology handover in its inception.
This said, there is very little difference between the
candidate 4G technologies. WiMAX and LTE continue to
learn from each other and will continue to evolve their
respective capabilities. For example, WiMAX Release 1.5
will include features to optimize for VoIP, and will offer
inter-radio access technology handover for several
technologies including Wi-Fi, EV-DO, HSPA, and LTE.
114
Comparing Peak Data and Availability

>100 802.11n
LTE
Speed (Mbps)
WiMAX Mobile
WiMAX
50 Wi-Fi
HSDPA+
1xEV-DO
10 (Rev B)
HSDPA
3 1xEV-DO
2002 2006 2008

Availability
This diagram compares the peak data rate capabilities of rates greater than 100 Mbps. Later, Long Term Evolution
various wireless networks and puts them against the (LTE) will deliver peak data rates in the range of 50 to 100
timeline in terms of their availability. Mbps.
• Around 2002: CDMA2000 1x systems evolved to
support higher data rates of 2.45 Mbps in the
downlink. This uses the channel bandwidth of 1.25
MHz. In those days, Wi-Fi was already popular and
delivering data rates of 11 Mbps in 802.11b and up
to 54 Mbps in 802.11g. However, notice that the
coverage of Wi-Fi is very limited and uses a much
larger bandwidth in the unlicensed spectrum.
• Around 2006: The UMTS evolution of HSDPA offers a
peak data rate of 14 Mbps in the 5 MHz channel
bandwidth. However, the practical data rates are in
the range of 3.6 Mbps. WiMAX, however, offers data
rates in the range of 50 Mbps in the 20 MHz channel
bandwidth.
Moving forward, HSPA+ will provide the peak data rate of
42 Mbps and 1xEV-DO (Rev B) can put multiple 1xEV-DO
carriers together to offer the data rates of 15 * 3 = 45
Mbps in a 20 MHz bandwidth. 802.11n will support data
115
A Comparative View
1xEV-DO HSDPA LTE WiMAX
and HSPA+
Rev A HSUPA Rel 8 802.16e
DL Data Rates (Mbps)

(Theoretical Max)
3.1 14 28-42 Up to 300 75-300
UL Data Rates (Mbps)

(Theoretical Max)
1.8 5.7 11 Up to 75 25-75
Channel Bandwidth 1.25 5 5 Up to 20 Up to 20
Standard Availability 2004 04-05 2007-08 2007-08 2005
LTE and WiMAX data rates are comparable

for similar RF parameters such as bandwidth, number of antenna, etc.
This chart provides a summary of the key aspects of the

4G competitive landscape.
116
Interworking with
3GPP
117
Interworking with 3GPP (Rel-8)

S12 (for direct tunnel)
UTRAN
Rel 8
SGSN
GERAN S4
S3
IP
S5/S8 services
MME S-GW P-GW or
Internet
HSS
EPC
E-UTRAN
This slide shows the interworking architecture between

LTE and Release 8 UTRAN/GERAN. New interfaces - S3,
S4, and S12 - are added in Rel 8 UMTS/GPRS networks.
The Rel 8 SGSN will communicate with the MME over the
S3 interface for handover signaling messages, and
communicate with the S-GW over the S4 for user plane
data traffic. Also, a direct tunnel for data traffic can be
established between the RNC in UMTS and the S-GW in
LTE to reduce delay. Note that the S-GW is the mobility
anchor here, not the P-GW.
118
Interworking with
1x/1xEV-DO
119
LTE-1x/1xEVDO Interworking
Architecture
IP
SWx 3GPP Services
HSS
AAA
S6b
E-UTRAN
MME S-GW P-GW
PCRF
S101 (Pre-Reg/HO S103 (Data S2a Gxa STa

Signaling) forwarding) (MIP) (QoS) (Authentication)
1xEV-DO PDSN
AN
This slide shows the interworking architecture between

LTE and 1x/1xEV-DO. There are five new interfaces
needed. The S101 interface between the MME and 1xEV-
DO sets up a transparent tunnel and carries the pre-
registration and handover signaling messages. The S103
interface enables data forwarding during handover. The
S2a interface between the P-GW and PDSN supports
Mobile IP and carriers user-plane data traffic. The Gxa
interface supports QoS mapping during handover. A new
entity – the 3GPP AAA server - is added in the LTE core
network to act as a broker between the HSS and PDSN.
The STa interface between the AAA server and the PDSN
supports authentication.
120
LTE Performance
121
LTE DL Spectrum Efficiency and User

Throughput
Spectral Efficiency Spectral Efficiency Mean User Thpt Mean User Thpt
(bps/Hz/cell) Case 1 (bps/Hz/cell) case 3 (bps/Hz/user) Case 1 (bps/Hz/user) case 3
3 2.67
0.3 0.27
2.41 0.24
2.5 0.25
1.87 1.85 0.19 0.19
2 1.69
0.2 0.17
1.56 0.16
1.5 0.15
1 0.1
0.53 0.52 0.05 0.05
0.5 0.05
0 0
UTRA baseline SU-MIMO (2x2) SU-MIMO (4x2) SU-MIMO (4x4) UTRA baseline SU-MIMO (2x2) SU-MIMO (4x2) SU-MIMO (4x4)
(1x2) (1x2)
Cell-edge User Thpt Cell-edge User Thpt

(bps/Hz/user) Case 1 (bps/Hz/user) case 3
0.09
0.08
0.08 0.08
- Assume 10 users per cell on
0.07 0.06 average and a homogenous
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.05
user distribution
0.04 - Case 1: inter-site distance =
0.03
0.02
0.02 0.02
500 m
0.01 - Case 3: inter-site distance =
0
UTRA baseline SU-MIMO (2x2) SU-MIMO (4x2) SU-MIMO (4x4)
1732 m
(1x2)
Source: www.3GPP.org
This slide shows the LTE DL spectrum efficiency and user

throughput performance simulation conducted by 3GPP.
The UTRA baseline is given in the first bar on the left. The
other three scenarios are for E-UTRA.
It is noted that increasing the number of antennas
improves spectral efficiency and throughput. The
performance of Case 1 (500 m inter-site distance) is
slightly better than Case 3 (1732 m inter-site distance).
Also, when an MS moves to the cell edge, a throughput
decrease is expected.
122
LTE UL Spectrum Efficiency and User

Throughput
Spectral Efficiency Spectral Efficiency Mean User Thpt Mean User Thpt
(bps/Hz/cell) Case 1 (bps/Hz/cell) case 3 (bps/Hz/user) Case 1 (bps/Hz/user) case 3
1.2 1.103 0.12 0.11
1.038 0.104
1 0.1
0.8 0.735 0.08 0.073

0.681 0.675 0.068 0.067
0.622 0.062
0.6 0.06
0.4 0.332 0.316 0.04 0.033 0.032
0.2 0.02
0 0
UTRA baseline 1x2 1x4 1x2 (MU-MIMO) UTRA baseline 1x2 1x4 1x2 (MU-MIMO)
Cell-edge User Thpt Cell-edge User Thpt

(bps/Hz/user) Case 1 (bps/Hz/user) case 3
0.06
0.052 - Assume 10 users per cell on
0.05
average and a homogenous
0.04 user distribution
0.03 0.024 0.023
- Case 1: inter-site distance =
0.02 500 m
0.009 0.0094 - Case 3: inter-site distance =
0.01
0.0023
0.0044
0.0023 1732 m
0
UTRA baseline 1x2 1x4 1x2 (MU-MIMO)
Source: www.3GPP.org
This slide shows the LTE UL spectrum efficiency and user

throughput performance simulation conducted by 3GPP.
The performance of Case 1 (500 m inter-site distance) is
better than Case 3 (1732 m inter-site distance). The UTRA
baseline is given in the first bar on the left. The other
three scenarios are for E-UTRA.
It is noted that increasing the number of receiving
antennas at the BS from two to four significantly improves
spectral efficiency and throughput. The use of 1x2 MU-
MIMO can increase the cell capacity without impacting the
user throughput too much. But, using 2x2 SU-MIMO does
not improve the user throughput performance.
Also, when an MS moves to the cell edge, the user’s cell
edge throughput is low (as expected). The cell edge data
rate in a large cell (Case 3) is significantly low compared to
that of a small cell (Case 1).
123
Summary
• Similarities among various 4G systems include:
– High data rates and low latency,
– Voice supported by VoIP,
– Use of OFDM and multiple-antenna techniques to
achieve high data rates,
– Flat all-IP architecture and reduced nodes compared to
3G wireless systems, and
– Use of a scalable channel bandwidth up to 20 MHz.
• Differences among various 4G systems include:
– Initial deployments of Mobile WiMAX in TDD mode,
whereas LTE deployments are in FDD mode.
124
Acronyms
1xEV-DO 1x Evolution for Data Optimized

2G Second Generation Wireless Systems
3G Third Generation Wireless Systems
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership Project 2
4G Fourth Generation Wireless Systems
AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
ACK Acknowledge or Acknowledgement
AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate
AN Access Network
AS Access Stratum
AS Application Server
AuC Authentication Center
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
BS Base Station
BTS Base Transceiver Station
BWA Broadband Wireless Access
C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity
CAPEX Capital Expenditure
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CP Cyclic Prefix
CQI Channel Quality Indicator
CSCF Call Session Control Function
DL Downlink
DSCP Differentiated Services Code Point
DSP Digital Signal Processing
E-UTRA Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
eBS evolved Base Station
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
eNB E-UTRAN Node B or Evolved Node B
eNodeB E-UTRAN Node B or Evolved Node B
EPC Evolved Packet Core
ePDG Evolved Packet Data Gateway
EPS Evolved Packet System
EV-DO Evolution for Data Optimized
FA Foreign Agent
FA Frequency Allocation
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
125
Acronyms
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

FER Frame Error Rate
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FM Frequency Modulation
FTP File Transfer Protocol
FTTH Fiber-to-the-Home
FTTP Fiber-to-the-Premise
GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GHz GigaHertz
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GRE Generic Routing Encapsulation
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GUTI Globally Unique Temporary Identity
GW Gateway
H-FDD Half-Frequency Division Duplex
HA Home Agent
HARQ Hybrid ARQ
HLR Home Location Register
HO Handover
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
HSS Home Subscriber Server
HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access
ICI Inter-Carrier Interference
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP Internet Protocol
ISI Inter-Symbol Interference
ISUP ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) Signaling User Part
kbps kilo-bits per second
LAN Local Area Network
LEC Local Exchange Carrier
LTE Long Term Evolution
MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
MCC Mobile Country Code
MCM Multi-Carrier Modulation
126
Acronyms
ME Mobile Equipment
MGCF Media Gateway Control Function
MGW Media Gateway
MHz Mega Hertz
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MIP Mobile IP
MME Mobility Management Entity
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service
MNC Mobile Network Code
MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMO
NACK Negative ACK
NAS Non-Access Stratum
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OPEX Operating Expenditure
P-GW PDN Gateway
PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
PCEF Policy and Charging Enforcement Function
PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PDN Packet Data Network or Public Data Network
PDP Packet Data Protocol
PDP Policy Decision Point
PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
PRB Physical Resource Block
PS-CN Packet Switched Core Network
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QCI QoS Class Identifier
QoS Quality of Service
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RAN Radio Access Network
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Network Controller
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
S-GW Serving Gateway
127
Acronyms
S1-U S1 - User Plane

SC-FDMA Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access
SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SDMA Space (or Spatial) Division Multiple Access
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SGW Signaling Gateway
SIM Subscriber Identity Module
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
SMS Short Message Service
SOFDMA Scalable OFDMA
STK SIM Tool Kit
SU-MIMO Single User MIMO
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TD-CDMA Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TTI Transmission Time Interval
UE User Equipment
UL Uplink
UL-SCH Uplink Shared Channel
UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module
UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VAF Voice Activity Factor
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks
128
References
Standards
1. 3GPP TS 36.211: “Physical Channels and Modulation”
2. 3GPP TS 36.212: “Multiplexing and channel coding”
3. 3GPP TS 36.213: “Physical layer procedures”
4. 3GPP TS 36.300: “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Overall description; stage 2”
5. 3GPP TS 36.306: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) User Equipment (UE) radio access
capabilities”
6. 3GPP TR 25.814: “Physical layer aspects for Evolved UTRA”
7. 3GPP TR 23.882: “3GPP System Architecture Evolution”
8. 3GPP TS 23.401: “System Architecture Evolution: GPRS enhancements for LTE access”
9. 3GPP TS 23.402: “Architecture Enhancements for non-3GPP accesses”
10. 3GPP TR 25.913: “Requirements of Evolved UTRA and Evolved UTRAN”
11. 3GPP TS 23.203: “Policy and charging control architecture”
IEEE Papers
1. Junsung Lim, “Adaptive radio resource management for uplink wireless networks”, Ph.D dissertation,
Polytechnic University.
2. Junsung Lim et al., “Peak-to-average power ratio of SC-FDMA signals with pulse shaping”, IEEE international
symposium on PIMRC, 2006.
3. Hyung G Myung et al., “Single carrier FDMA for uplink wireless transmission”, IEEE vehicular technology
magazine, September 2006.
4. “Toward Global Mobile Broadband,” UMTS Forum, February 2008.
Web Sites
1. Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Homepage – www.3GPP.org
2. European Telecommunications Standards Institute – www.etsi.org
3. UMTS Forum – www.umts-forum.org
4. CDMA Development Group – www.cdg.org
5. 3G and 4G Comparison - www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4GVision&Technologies.htm
6. White paper “Mobile Broadband: The Global Evolution of UMTS/HSPA – 3GPP Release 7 and Beyond” -
www.3gamericas.org/documents/UMTS_Rel7_Beyond_Dec2006.pdf
129

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Technology for Business UMTS (WCDMA)/HSPA/HSPA+

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Emerging Trends UMTS (WCDMA)/HSPA/HSPA+

IP Convergence & IMS

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LTE Overview .......................................................................................................................................................1

Trends in the Wireless Industry ...................................................................................................................... 3

4G Wireless Systems ....................................................................................................................................... 8

LTE - Long Term Evolution............................................................................................................................. 14

LTE-EPC Networks ........................................................................................................................................... 19

LTE System Architecture ............................................................................................................................... 21

E-UTRAN Architecture .................................................................................................................................... 24

EPC Architecture ............................................................................................................................................ 29

LTE Air Interface .............................................................................................................................................. 39

Principles of OFDM ........................................................................................................................................ 41

Air Interface Features .................................................................................................................................... 48

Multiple-Antenna Techniques in LTE ............................................................................................................ 55

LTE Services ..................................................................................................................................................... 63

Drivers of 4G Services ................................................................................................................................... 65

Services in LTE ............................................................................................................................................... 68

LTE_101 Version 1.9 i

Life of an LTE Mobile ....................................................................................................................................... 77

LTE Call Setup ................................................................................................................................................ 79

Traffic Operations .......................................................................................................................................... 87

LTE Deployment ............................................................................................................................................... 97

Device Capabilities ........................................................................................................................................ 99

Planning for LTE ........................................................................................................................................... 101

Additional Topics ........................................................................................................................................... 109

LTE and WiMAX: Similarities and Differences ............................................................................................ 111

Interworking with 3GPP ............................................................................................................................... 117

Interworking with 1x/1xEV-DO .................................................................................................................... 119

LTE Performance.......................................................................................................................................... 121

Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................ 125

References ..................................................................................................................................................... 129

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Trends in the Wireless

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Shifts in the Wireless Business

capacity, Low- Voice and high-

CDMA2000 (1x) UMTS

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Delays and latencies are too high for

3G networks are not optimized for IP-

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All-IP core networks for seamless

Advanced services and mobile

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In order to overcome the limitations of current 3G

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Wish List for 4G Networks

Radio Technology Evolution

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Network Architecture Evolution

RAN Packet Internet

The capabilities of the radio interface dictate the design of

Air Interface Access Network Core Network Service Network

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