ES309

Elements of Electrical Engineering

Lecture #2
Jeffrey Miller, Ph.D.
 Outline
• Chapter 2 Review
 Voltage and Current Sources
• Electrical Source
– Device capable of converting nonelectric energy to electric energy
and vice versa (i.e. discharging battery, generator, motor)
• Ideal voltage source
– Circuit element that maintains a prescribed voltage across its
terminals regardless of the current flowing in those terminals
• Ideal current source
– Circuit element that maintains a prescribed current through its
terminals regardless of the voltage across those terminals

NOTE: Ideal voltage and current sources make it impossible for us to

relate current and voltage to each other. Why?
 Types of Sources
• Independent Source
– Establishes a voltage or current in a circuit
without relying on voltages or currents
elsewhere in the circuit
• Dependent Source (aka Controlled Source)
– Establishes a voltage or current in a circuit
whose value depends on the value of a voltage
or current elsewhere in the circuit
Ideal Independent Sources
Ideal Dependent Sources
 Active vs Passive Elements
• Active Element
– Models a device capable of generating electric
energy
• Passive Element
– Models a physical device that cannot generate
electric energy
– Resistors, inductors, and capacitors
Permissible Interconnection?
Permissible Interconnection?
Permissible Interconnection?
Permissible Interconnection?
Permissible Interconnection?
Permissible Interconnection?
Permissible Interconnection?
Permissible Interconnection?
Permissible Interconnection?
Find the voltage vx required
 Resistance
• Resistance
– Capacity of materials to impede the flow of current or
the flow of electric charge
– Some of this electric energy is converted to thermal
energy and dissipated in the form of heat (toasters,
stoves, irons, space heaters)
– Metals such as copper and aluminum have very small
values of resistance
 Ohm’s Law
• v = iR • v = -iR

Voltage drop across resistor Voltage rise across resistor

 Conductance and Power
• Conductance – measured in Siemens or mho (ohm
backwards), symbolized by an inverted Omega Ω
G=1/R

• Power – measured in Watts

p = vi when v = iR
p = i2 R
p = v2 / R

NOTE: Power will be negative for sources that generate

power and positive for components that dissipate power
Voltage, Current, Power Problem
Voltage, Current, Power Problem
Voltage, Current, Power Problem
Voltage, Current, Power Problem
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Named after Gustav Kirchhoff, who
published a paper in 1848
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law
– The algebraic sum of all the currents at any
node in a circuit equals 0
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
– The algebraic sum of all the voltages around
any closed path in a circuit equals 0
 Signs in Kirchhoff’s Laws
• For Kirchhoff’s Current Law
– If you assign a positive sign to a current leaving
a node, you must assign a negative sign to a
current entering a node, or vice versa
• For Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
– If you assign a positive sign to a voltage rise
across a node, you must assign a negative sign
to a voltage drop across a node, or vice versa
Using Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Laws
Using Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Laws
Using Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Laws
i1 – i0 – 6A = 0
-120V + v0 + v1 = -120V + 10Ω i0 + 50Ω i1 = 0
 Using Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Laws
i1 – i0 – 6A = 0
i1 = 6A + i0

-120V + 10Ω i0 + 50Ω i1 = 0

-120V + 10Ω i0 + 50Ω (6A + i0) = 0
-120V + 10Ω i0 + 300V + 50Ω i0 = 0
180V + 60Ω i0 = 0
60Ω i0 = -180V
i0 = -3A

i1 = 6A + (-3A)
i1 = 3A
 Power in Circuit
P50Ω = (3A)2 * 50Ω = 450W
P10Ω = (-3A)2 * 10Ω = 90W
P120V = -120V i0 = -120V * -3A = 360W
P6A = -v1 * 6A = -(50Ω * 3A) * 6A = -900W

P50Ω + P10Ω + P120V = 900W

P6A = -900W

Therefore, the solution verifies that the power delivered equals the power absorbed.
 Homework
• Chapter 2 homework is now assigned