General Chemistry Outline(Premier).

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BRAINS NMAT REYIEW Premier Edition

GENERAL CHEMISTRY OUTLTNE

I. Introduction
A. Definition of Chemistry
B. Marter
L Kinds of Matter
a. homogeneous and heterogeneous
b. mixtures: coarse, colloidal dispersions and true solutions

II. Nature of Matter

A. Fundamental Laws of Chemical change
B. Stoichiometry
1. atomic mass of atomic wt.
2. atomic mass unit (amu)
3. concept of mole
4, empirical and molecular formulas
5. mass and mole relationships, limiting reagent
III. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
A. Development of the atomic structure
B. The nuclear atomic model
1. nuclear particles: protons and neutrons
2. extranuclear particles: electrons
3. nuclear stability: neutron/proton ratio
C. The quantum mechanical model
1. quantum numbers and atomic orbitals
2. electronic configuration of the elements
a. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
b. Pauli's exclusion principle
c. Hund's multiplicity rule
d. Aufbau principle
e. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism
D. Periodic Table
1. The modern periodic table
2, The differentiating electron in relation to group number: convention for mr and m"
3. Types of Elements: noble gas, representative, transition, inner transition
4. Periodic or recurring properties
Atomic and ionize size, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, metallic and non-
metallic properties, acidity and basicity of oxides, hydroxy compounds, binary acids

IV. Chemical Bonds

A. Electrovalent Bond
1.Lewis or electron dot symbols and formulas
2.Ionic valence or electrovalence (different from oxidation number and formula charge)
B. Covalent Bond
1.Covalent bond: Lewis or electron dot formulas for molecules and polyatomic ions; e;lceptions to
the octet rule
2.Normal and coordinate covalence: formal charge and oxidation number
3.Polar and non-polar bonds; polar and non-polar molecules
4.Multiple bonds: C, O, N
5.Resonance: COr-2, NOz-l, NOa-I, Oa, SOz
6.Bonding Theories
 General Chemistry Owliru(Premier).doc Page 2 of 2

a. Valence Bond Theory

b. Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT)
7. Properties of Covalent Bonds
a. valence shell electron pair repulsion and molecular geometry
b. concept ofhybridization: sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, sp3d2
c. bond angle, bond length, bond energy
8. Transition between ionic and covalent bonding
C. Metallic Bonding: free electron model: band theory

V. Phases of Matter
A. Forces of attraction
B. Gaseous, liquid and solid phases
1. general properties ofgases
a. ideal gas laws: stoichiometry of gases, molecular geometry
b. deviation from ideal behavior: critical conditions of T and P
2. general properties ofsolids
a. amorphous and crystalline forms
b. types of crystalline solids based on lattice units
C. Kinetic Molecular Theory - to explain the ideal gas laws and the general properties of gases, liquids
and solids

VL lntroduction to Thermodynamics
A. E - 1" law of thermodynamics (emphasis on heat as a form of energy), heat work
B. H - Hess law, thermochemical equation
C. S - 2'd law of thermodynamics
D. G - free energy change, spontaneity of reactions

VII. Dispersed States, Solutions

A. Mechanisms of Dissolution
1. solvation process
2. chemical reactions followed by solvation
3. role of entropy in the dissolution process
B. Concentrations
C. Colligative properties of solutions of non-volatile solutes
1. Raoult's Law
2. Molecular Weight Determination
3. Van't Hoff factor
D. Solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes
1. Arrhenius theory of ionization
2. Acids and Bases
a. Theories of acids and bases: Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, lrwis
b. Relative strengths of acids and bases (pH); periodic trends in acidity and binary acids and
oxyacids.

VIII. Nuclear Chemistry

A. Types of nuclear reactions
1. radioactive decay
2. transmutation
3. nuclear fission: binding energy (nuclear force)
4. nuclear fusion
B. Half-life
C. Thermal radioactive pollution
 VALENCE'SIIELL ELECTRON PAIR
SHAPES Of MOLECULES AN.d IONS.PR.EOIETEOfTOM ,ta nortoonding. about cach 61p61 n'ill
REpuLstoN ( vsEffi;?"#oi? Lrr.rrooiu;i]uonoine
-
-piir
.take position, a5 far.d;
;;;";;iut. to minimizc electron rcpulsion s.

ar GeomctrY [raruplcs
No. of Elcctron Pairr I A-mngemcnl of Pair:
rotJ' 8;;i;; LJnc Peir I t'r Mi't' scparation
linear B-A-B -Hg.-Ct HeClz
lincar a?i:9 o
trigonal
planar
t
'?rrl u.A-u
0
';l:il ,Au Yt: SnCt2
a,P) \o NOz.

lclrahcdral -H CHa

I
,0.
*aa ! . .-sEfuf ro u"lo=u
tl(
NH-r

;m ?* rriij.)u. 11re

o
$ii..11,,0, ';ri-, PC15

Sa.-w^ ?
.:tA-O sFa
lJ-,;?o. u/b s
r-shapcd
",eQv' ab3i-, crF3

r,^)u, SfO lClz'

F,

r
octahcdral octahcdral ". !..,e
,
'!{, F;
l7-,, sF5

"J':ift;i- ie squarc u,-9.r'

r'qs^ pyramidal
/l'-u
;H1'':91'. BrFa'
& .,
W!"i
WebHlement$: the periodic table on the world-wide web
http :/lwww.we be le ments. com/
12 3 a 5 6 7 A 910 11 't2 13 14 15 16 17 E
n'|'
hydrogEn
t
H He
lithium Erlnlum ffi ooron carbon nitrogen oxygen neon

3 4 I atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 't0

o
I
.A
Li Be B f., N F Ne
A qatr2l
magnesium
I ...,*:J,mk;9,:.,."", I
D n1n7/Al
sili@n
14 nO 7t7\
phosphorus sulfur
20,1797{6\
argon

11 12 13 14 15 l6 17 18

Na Mg AI Si p 4\
D cl Ar
,A nR(5lll 39.948(1)
polassium calcium scandium Enaglum chromrum manganose ron coball copper zinc gallium gefmanrum acenic selenium brcmine krypton

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3l 32 33 34 35 36

K Ca $c Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As $e qA/l]
Br
7q qod11 \
Kr
3S.O983fi1 nn daala\ & o(Rqtnlt q5 trsrr\ 6R q?a?noaq atrrl
A6 74 0)160(2'l 7A

strcntium yttrium zir6nium molybdenum technetium rumenum mootum palladium edmium indium tin antrmony telludum iodine xenon
rubidium
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh
lo,
Pd Ag cd ln Sn
fia.710(7\
sb Te I Xe
31 2S3(61
17 arrtl a1 ,rlt)\ onE<d/r, 1M l2l1\ 1 21.760(1 ) 1

tungsten menium osmium iridium platinum gors thallium lead radon

6esium barium lutstium namlum Enrarum
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os lr Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po
t
At Rn
t rtT
aiilqt)
r1u 147 aralT\ ta3 a4Itl 186.207(1 190.23t3) 1Ar r1all\ iq5 n7AI2t ,04 )i7 ,{1\ nol
1

gamsEouur "nq?lrl ununpentium ununhexium ununseplaum ununoqtum

fEncium radium BWrOnqum rumeqorqrum dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium mermenum roentgenium ununbium ununtrium
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 r08 109 {10 111 112 113 114 115 116 't17 1't8
'l ;', ,, , .l,'
Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut
trMl
uuq uup Uuh Uuo
tuail
t rlt t art t 7r1 t 70l rra6l

lanthanum pEs@ymur neodymium prometnrum ouropium gadolinium Ierclum n9tmrum erblum thulium ytrerctum

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

Lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm $m Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
1^d 11Ri1\ 140.5O765,t2 1M )Ltl\ Ilrqt 150 a^/?l 15A 92s2tt2 1il q101rl) 1A7 173.054(51
califomium
'50ra\
rcrmum nobelium
actinrum thorium protactinium uranium pulonum arefiqum curium etnsletnum mendelevium
97 98 99 ,t00 10{
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 '102

Ac Th Pa U
231 0358a/2' ,ea nraol/t'
Np Pu Am Cm
lrMT t L1l lrL7t
tsk cf Es Fm Md
rrqa f2(nl
No
Irqqt

turd*dtti*ifth.lB s44{}.odrir@.Etu.rlt*
ffi ddnn-i*hh*dtuid.-Nr.ddu. .d-u.d!,r!.rrLkhrdEthretsrM.ftht E
rihit ibr6*n&'i.),&ihbffiddb-nlise
rsda!tr.qdtu6..rrr.&idn -hd.qdnru*idtubddturd'd'd&bn.lnturrFqEuqLCrbF*5
!dq!d!.r,rrb,a4u,dkhhwffiFetr-rrJar'rbErb!ddr{te*rri}dlfu(x.d")htr6td.atuB.,1&,!.,l!r4.
ceu!'bffi'-oajadh n&rtue.
@;,o.!*J*turtile;irdhhqda d4.f,,t d,b! ie{r!ej4hh&
 C:lDocuments and SettingslownerlMy DocwnentslFRONTDESK BACK-UP 05-19-08\NMAT ^ ' (Dec)lBonding theories (NCrua).docPage I of 4

BONDING THEORIES
Covalent Bonds

VALENCE BOND THEORY

1. Only valence electrons are involved in bond
formation <+LEWIS STRUCTURES
Lewis strucnrres
1. Sumup all valence Example Acceptable Lewis structures
n CO12-
electrons
I"G # val e =4*(3*6)
:6;'c::o.:
u =9""9"9.; ,9;'q..-o.;
1

where n=moles of atom

:Qo rgo :9u--
+2
6=group # IilIil
If > 1 LEWIS STRUCTURE IS PROPESED, the molecule is said to
1.1 For anions-add#e's exhibit RESONANCE
corresponding to the charge
total val e-=24vale"
1.2 For cations-subtract #e's Example 2
corresponding to the charge
STEP 1: SzO:2-
2. Assign the largest or the most
electropositive atom as the
o"q"o + (3*6)+2
# vat e- =(2*6)
central atom
o total#val€=32
3. Assign e- to each atom accdg to STEP 2:
ttre duet/octet rule :o..c::o:
:o: \.,/t ",/"
4. Determine the format charge,
FC, of each atom accdg to the ff :o^"c::o:
... ..
STEP 3:
equation ,0, 0 aba
FC : G -Ue-B FCc: 4-0-4=O 'Y\.sr-.9 \;--Pt
Where 6 = group# FCoo = 6-6-1=-1
Ue-:#unsharede- FCoo = 6-4-2=0 STEP 4:
B = # bonds FCs: 6-4-2=0
FCoo -6-6-l=-l
FCoo = 6-4-2:0
 ctDoMtt, drd s.ninss\ow.\M! DoI@,IIVRONTDESK blCK-UP 05-19-08\NtlAT . . (Dec)tBdtditt th?rn s 0'lchtz)ib.P4s. 2 44

aba
a b a -:!i\- .. -b:-
-.3i.-\S.z

ACCEPTABLB LEWIS STRUCTURE

HC, v/c do tro! cooforE to the simple notioo of localized olbital ovelhp
2.
- Hybddizatioai6 us€d to e)(plaio geomety & the exist€uc€ ofrDoleq es, e.g.,
;hyblidoditalEareprodrc.eaftonanequalumberof stomicorbitalsus€d

single bonds
sp3

multiple bonds
sf,x.
Sp,Ilv,7lz

VSEPR THEORY
MOLECULE VBT VSEPRT

Explains molecular shapes on the basis of e- pair repulsion, i'e', CHa

Nonbondpair - nonbondpair
bond pair repulsions
)nonbondpair - bondpair > bondpair - tt
H:6:11
I
A modified version of VBT
C\
H H'/ -H
H
 C:\Documents and SettingslownerlMy DocumentslFRONTDESK BACK-UP 05-19-08\NMAT t .) (Dec)lBonding theoies (NCruz).docPage 3 of 4

NHs
tt:i.i; H
H
+H+

HzO
H:O:
H D
o\ 3. Frontier orbitals (HOMO & LUMO) are important in determining
reactivity Gtability)
H-- DEF
H

Molecular Orbital Theory Bond order: Bo:1(*or- - Mo. r-)

1. Explains bond length, bond energies, stabilities, magnetic properties 2'
2. LCAO applies
= set of bonding MO's and a set of antibonding MO's Trend: Bond strength fi and becomes shorter as BO t
(MO*) 4. e delocalization applies to systems with neighboring rc e-systems as in
benzene or to atom donors with mobile e-'s as in metals
MOLECULAR SHAPES: The effect of unshared or non-bonding
electrons on bonding pairs METALLIC BOND
1. band theory
2. electron sea model-free e movement w/in the metal

Band Theory
H+

-l
L0
()l
A
I
a2s
E
H. ++.
Energy band

r!l

Li Liz Li -- LiN
 c:t:DocuncNs @vt sadneno\9Nrw Dow'tstFRoNrDE!;K BACK-W 05-19{€\NM,Q . pec)t8eiDg th@rtc! (Ncnd.b.Pag.4 014

Motecules contaidry H afiached to electrotregalive aroEs suc.h ar F,

Cous€queffe of Bo4ditrg & molecular georD€try DIPOLE MOMBNT, F O, N

SToICHIoMETRY 4' Iotric BoDditrS

Solids are cornposed of calions and anions e8, KF
Mole, !- 6.m+1@ particles
5. Covaleut bonding
Molar Drss, M = weicht itr graE6 of I aole of subst&ce Molecules may fordt @tworks, e8, silicates, ,lotropes of C, S, P
For aD atom lhis iE the aromic weigbt
For a dolecUle M = lniMr 6. Metruic botrditrg
Fouad itr met2lic substarcet
MW = msssof I Eotecule itr arnu
= Dumcrir3lly ideftical to M

EF, Eophicd Formla = si[lplest ratio of atorB itr a molecule

MF, Molecul.r Formrla = actral mole trumbe$ of atoms itr a &oksrle,

may be a aultiple of EF

ExaEptres:

%c %H %o %N %S MW
zingerofrc 6E 7.n U,71 194.n
DiEobenzaldehyde 55.63 3.34 31,76 9.n l5l.l2
Aspartafl€ 57,L4 6,16 n.$ 9,52 294.30
AsoricilliA 52.59 5.24 21.89 11.50 8.n 365.41

1)rye6 of hter-particle forc€6 of attraction

l. lrodon forces or induced-dipole

Notr-polrr molecules eg, CIla

2. Dipole-dipole
Polar molecdes eg CIICOCH3

3. H-bonditrg
 S,1,,fhuit AtA -th,b
(ttwW,.,ha" A +Ati
l)
^ ) Ub, /.J+C_rAtoC
J'\'AC ,r,,
ilr,uhly-hA, AD+c, a A 0+ cr=
Lnru o1
l]r{r'1r etrapq.,iJ,i:^
-rlw C MuFi,Pre fvofurlron
L,]w o"i 0onSe,rv o4or, s{ nturs

SOLUTION 6TOICHIfiIIHTRY

CONCENTRATION EXPRESSIONS

Definition Examde Int*preBfion

Mass % grams"***- 54g,ur* + l00gr,u
o/osn,o=f*ffffi-,*
I l*,oo
Itotal weight***" J
Yos*o,=[rffi;;]."'
= 100 *Vag rp

*ol"* *o,, 3n"ur* +55.5n,r.o %n'*u'=[*k*].'*

Mole % | l*roo
mo\e,,,,,,,"
Itotal )
Yon,,.,=[
rtTv
ss's"",' . l*ygo
+ 55.Snn,o
L3n,** J
= I00
*%fl,,s*

,, _ ffiol€s ,ol*"
Molarity, M rvl ,-
Ltot*ion
3ff ruger eolution ' .

'
* = lL**uio*
.?'*r*
 SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
SOLT.ITION STOICHI

CONCENTRATION EXPRESSIONS
Deflnltlon lntdroretation
l}Ogn,o I * too
Mass 7o 54g"oro, +lOOg r,o *rr,, =l 54g,uro,
- +-*W""
loogr,, )

Mole 7o I mole*,*r^*
l*roo
3n,ur* + 55.5nnr,
o/on,,,,,
=lr#.*
-l
", ro
Itotal mole^o,-" )
Yon,,o=lr;*xnl.'oo
= [00 -Y"n
moles"o,* 3fr'uro'
Molarlty, M fu{ - L"ol*ron
3M eugar eolutlon fu{ - lLrrtr,ion

SOLUTION STOTCHIOUETRY

ffiol€s"ot*" 3m suger solution

Uolallty, m sn -
Kgrouru

SOLVED EXAIPLE:
Conddcr r roluilon thrd contelnr 9.71 g of ceffelne ( CrIl, oOrN,) dlesolved in 250-mL H =o .

Pnp ='l.Og I mL
E-fo#. ttrc coircrrntretlon ln mttr ?6, mole ?6, molarlty end motellty.

l6.99grl * za,i+
no. v
 , . .soluTlot{srol6tlloilffnY

@o,o=(zsr*r-#).ffi ,*,
l!-"9
,r,u =[rro,^r*4)* t

{
SOLUflOil STOICHIOTETRY

[xo.r,.S). rc's'
[i.mq8q,"1.f
L'r ) \ix,,,

('s" " #)"1 r.ru,, .,;i.

1 [' :.:: )

ln
fzso.r.]&).
\ nL)
(#;+ftff)
or
nr*o/o = 100- n"66*o/o
 soLUfl oH StOlOHlOtHlrnY

9.7lgcaffeine*
1.0088r r194,
;[ry*.,,,).[s*.0"
ryo.r'"J*

]:.ffi88r *tooo l+ !\'Ysq *zro

nE na

;lsontL-*.ffi
QED
 I

EqUITIBRIUNI EXPRESSIONS
EQUILIBRIUI'4 tXPRL!!iCliS
EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSIONS
Sone
Consider the Process
dA +bB+.'.*rX+yY+. Prccess l,Equilibrium constont Remdrks
Solubility equilibria
' lexnression
From thermodYnamics MoA^1.;y * H70 K; = [Mm+]o[l-]'n (ro << 1
lxl,Iyl/... Homogeneous gaseous Recall, that for gases,
aM'nl + nAa-
^.4 - -RTtn K,o =
JUrnt -Rfln rxfi PV = nRT =
{r-irirl{ a/k) +b8ir;+'
, -- i--li7---lT-
"c
[xirr]'lroli'
l(, = I(,(flI)Ans
Rearrangernent Produces Hydrolysis elfects ,, l,

. Kee = *p[:#l
rA69--l d rX6; t )lip) +' lAoll [Bor] Anr=(r+1t...
-(c+b+.'.)
Nl^+ + H20
n Mn+,hydrol1,sis ".

'r d.l{n+
pH effects arise from

iU(0H.)+rn-1 + H+ Ll h;drolysis of either l,fle+ c

Dx DY = [H+]{M(0H)+, i

From kinetics. equilibrium requires rotg;orward = ratereverse ,, 'Y(g)'Yio IM'*l i i1 or both.

... = lt.r,.rr. ['4lo [B lb "'
YDADD
J o, * o, dlAlo [B)b
t,

Rearrangement produces Hete r og e ne ou s r e o ction s Solids & Hr0 have

Aa- + H20
,H^-o+1+0H-
y _kfo*o,d. _[Xlr[Y]].. aA15t l bB1r1 + ,,=[x*rl-[rrrrl' (onstant concn & do not
"eg kr"rrr* Ul"[Bl''
l,
+ '"",n,* yYki
xX1r1
'
+',0, '
"'
l81,qrJl,(,qiln -
appear in the equilibrium
Remarks:
Equilibriufr is o D'/NAMIC process thst produces s constnnt ratio ol concentrations oJ I i
ronstant exorFssiorl
expreSst0n Co m ple xo ti on equil bri o

M'"++lL+[Mlr]m+
I

i
ln general,
(i.1,q1,1** >> i
ptoducts &\eactonts.
Equilibrium relates both the themodynomic & kinetic ospects of a chemicol process.
NAGU
NACtur tiMAT

NMAT

TQUILIBRiUNI EXPRESSIONS
TQUILIBRIUI,4 i)iPRISSIONS

Protolytic equilibrio
The Lqw o[ Mass Action prevoils as.on equilibriun condition
HA+ H20 r Ht*oq; ti(*,t I(r, & (6 are characteristic ol
each acid {iJl} & base(:8),
respectively.

The H&H equations are

kom Ks1&Kp,

B:* H.0
,,
"!
[an;r][oa.o,]
tBI
Ula,[B].,.. P Bfle{) + 0Hi,o)
ivt;rrvrv'
-r, (n,
Le Chatelie/s Pilnciple arylies.
When stress is applied on systems at equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts in the direction thal
'
relieves the applied stress.

Qvs (
When initial qty's are used, Q must be compared against K to determine the direction of
reaction.
NACrur
MCrur NMNI
NUTu2Oil
t
Protolytic equilibria NMAT Protolytic equilibria NMAT
NACr!z NACruz

[s*1"," =h.[o*[H.I,"
Consider I distilled water
o[r-1,"
L
= h.[.,
H2O + HzO -+ HrO* + OH- Weak Acid {Base) Equilibria
HA+H2O+H3O* +A-
lnit MO 0 *^ =
r- = (1.8 " 10-16b5.56M = 10-14 = [i,o-[oH-] Change -x +x #+l
- 1ogK, = -log[nro.]- f og[oH-] Equilibrium (tt-x) x x M=init concn
pKw=pH+pOH
but in water : [r,o.] = [ot-] Et Calculate the pH of a 0.1M HzS solution.
9K", = 7 'o2
pH = pOH
PK., = 12'89
PK*=2pH=2POn
7=pl{=pOH
EZ Calculate pKe for a 0.1M maleic acid, MH2,soln
So that neutral point is at 7.
, b*-] e acidic solution whose pH isl.53. lgnore the 2nd dissociation.
[r.]
[r-.J . [or-] e basic solution
E3 Calculate [H.] of u g.1y CrHrNH2 solution.

ln a I M HCI solution, there are 2 H* sources: PKt = 3'33

HCI+H2o+Hro*+C1-
HzO+Hzo+HlO*+OH-
By definition, the conjugate pairs are
H2O - H'O. H2O - OH- HCI - C-l-

Also, the 1 M HCI solution conducts electritity

<+[ions] r> [molecules]
<+ HCI must be completely dissociated

laHrO is a better H- acceptor than HCI

Protolytic equilibria NMAT Protolytic equilibria NMAT

NACruz NACruz

l"iydroiysis
Salts dissolve in water forming either acidic or basic T!iraticn
solutions Consider I00 mL 6.91y XHr, wirh
pKr = 7.53 PK* = 11.63.
Vti...nt pH Equilibrium K

SOI- + HrO -r HsO; + oH- K = 0 4.76\ HrX+H++Hx- K"

50 7.53
but from the reaction
100 9.765 Hx-+H2O+HzX+OH- Kw
H5o3 + H2o -+ Soj2- + H3O.
K^
*^=S"+# 150 I I.63 Hx-+H2O+Hto*++X2- K"
I 1.68 X2-+H.o+Hx-+oH- K*
{Hso;] h,o.] 200
Eofl-- K.

* = [r'p;hl l= LpJ6u-l = {, NB:Hx- is amphoteric so that the 2 equilibria

lso; J KA Ka Hx + H2O -+ H2X + oH-
<+ salts of a reaction between a strong acid (base) & a Hx- + HzO -+ HJO- + +x2-
weak base (acid) hydrolyze to give acidic (basic) should be considered simultaneously.
solutions.
Vti!".nt
Buffers DEF a solution that resists drastic changes in
Titration curve A plot of pH vs. ML
pH
Usually a mix of a weak base (acid) and its salt
Buffer concentration DEF [HA] -h ]
ApH
lluff*rcaparlt:t DEF A[; from the titration curve
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'' @ec)lGen Aem Exercises.doc

BRAINS NMAT Review

General Chemistry Exercises

Problern Solving

1. In a coffee-cup calorimeter, 100.0 mL of 1.0 M NaOH and 100.0 mL. HCI are mixed.
Both solutions were originally at 24.6'C. After the reaction, the temperature is 31.3'C.
Assuming all solutions have a density of 1.0 glcm1 and a heat capacity of 4.18 J/"C g, what
is the enthalpy change for the reutralization of HCI by NaOH? Assume that no heat is lost
to its surroundings or the calorimeter.

2. Write the Lewis structure for each molecule or ion and predict its geometry and polarity;
identify the hybrid bonding orbital used by the central atom
A. CIF:
B. XeO:
C. RnClz
D. ClOt
E. ICI+-

3. A solution is prepared by mixing 50.0 g of glucose with 600.0 g of water. What is the
vapor pressure of this solution at25"C?

4. A solution is made by mixing 50.0 g of acetone and 50.0 g of methanol. What is the vapor
pressure of the solution at 25"C? What is the composition of the vapor expressed as a mole
fraction? Assume ideal solution and gas behavior.