2019 Fall

Direct-Current (DC) Circuits

Sung-Hoon Lee
Theory of Electromagnetism

⚫ Lorentz Force

⚫ Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism

Resistors in Series
Resistors in Parallel
Kirchhoff’s Rules

⚫ Kirchhoff’s junction rule : conservation of electric charge

The algebraic sum of currents into any junction is zero.

⚫ Kirchhoff’s loop rule : electrostatic force is conservative (path-independent)

The algebraic sum of the potential difference in any loop must equal zero.
Application of Kirchhoff’s Rules

Junction rule at 𝑎: + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 𝐼3 = 0
Application of Kirchhoff’s Rules

Find 𝐼, 𝑟, and ℰ.

Junction a: −𝐼 + 1 A + 2 A = 0 → 𝐼 = 3 A

Loop (1): 12 𝑉 − 3 A 𝑟 − 1 A 1 Ω = 0 → 𝑟 = 2 Ω

Loop (2): −ℰ − −1 A 1 Ω − 2 A 3 Ω = 0 → ℰ = −5 𝑉

The current direction is opposite to the loop direction.

Power in a battery-charging circuit

This battery is being charged by the 12V battery

A Network Circuit

𝐼1 = 6 A
𝐼2 = 5 A
𝐼3 = −1 A

𝑉 13 V 13
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = = = Ω
𝐼 6 A + 5 A 11

𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎 = −𝐼3 1 Ω = − −1 𝐴 1 Ω = 1 𝑉 → 𝑉𝑏 > 𝑉𝑎
R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

Capacitor initially uncharged Charging the capacitor

𝑞
𝑉𝑏𝑎 = 0 𝑉𝑐𝑏 = 0 𝑉𝑏𝑎 = −𝑖𝑅 𝑉𝑐𝑏 = −
𝐶

𝑞
ℰ − 𝑖𝑅 − = 0
𝐶
R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

ℰ ℰ 𝑄𝑓
𝑖 𝑡=0 = = 𝐼0 𝑖 𝑡=∞ = − =0
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅𝐶
R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

𝑄𝑓 = 𝐶ℰ

𝑑𝑞
slope = = 𝑖(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

ℰ ℰ 𝑄𝑓
𝑖 𝑡=0 = = 𝐼0 𝑖 𝑡=∞ = − =0
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅𝐶
R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

Time constant
(relaxation time)
for RC circuit
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

𝑑𝑖 𝑖
=−
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶

ℰ −𝑡/𝑅𝐶
𝑖= 𝑒
𝑅

𝑑𝑞 ℰ −𝑡/𝑅𝐶
= 𝑒
𝑑𝑡 𝑅

𝑞 = 𝐶ℰ(1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 )

Time constant
(relaxation time)
for RC circuit
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
R-C Circuit: Discharging a Capacitor

Capacitor initially charged Discharging the capacitor

R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor
Charging Energy

𝑞
ℰ = 𝑖𝑅 +
𝐶

Of the power ℰ𝑖 supplied by the batter, part

(𝑖2𝑅) is dissipated in the resistor and part
(𝑖𝑞/𝐶) is stored in the capacitor.

The total energy supplied by the battery during the charging equals the battery
emf ℰ multiplied by the total charge flowed, or ℰ𝑄𝑓 .

The total energy stored in the capacitor is 𝑄𝑓 ℰ/2.

Of the energy supplied by the battery, exactly half is stored in the capacitor,
and the other half is dissipated in the resistor.
어떤 문제에 부딪쳤을 때 그 문제의 근원으로 돌아가서

그 속에 숨어있는 단순하고 근본적인 개념이 무엇인가를

파악하는 것이 힐베르트가 제일 먼저 하는 일이었다.

< 현대수학의 아버지 힐베르트 >

R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

Time constant
(relaxation time)
for RC circuit
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

𝑑𝑖 𝑖
=−
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶
1 1
𝑑𝑖 = − 𝑑𝑡
𝑖 𝑅𝐶
𝑖
1 1 𝑡
න 𝑑𝑖 = − න 𝑑𝑡
𝐼0 𝑖 𝑅𝐶 0

𝑖 1
ln = − 𝑡
𝐼0 𝑅𝐶
𝑖
= 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶
𝐼0
𝑖 = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶
𝑑𝑞
Time constant = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 𝑞 𝑡=0 =0
𝑑𝑡
(relaxation time)
for RC circuit 𝑞 = −𝐼0 𝑅𝐶𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 + 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐼0 𝑅𝐶
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 = 𝐶ℰ = 𝑄𝑓
𝑞 = 𝑄𝑓 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶