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Review Article

Bronchiolitis, Bronchitis, Asthma Exacerbation, Bronchopneumonia, Pneumonia: A Didactic Stepwise


Approach

Author(s): Georgia Malakasioti, Sotiria Psychogiopoulou, Polytimi Panaghiotopoulou-Gartagani,


Athanasios G. Kaditis*.

Journal Name: Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews

Volume 13 , Issue 1 , 2017

DOI : 10.2174/1573398X13666170301162410

Become EABM

Become Reviewer

Graphical Abstract:
Abstract:

Background: The clinical presentation of lower respiratory tract illness in children frequently resembles
more than one disease entities of those described in textbooks. Not uncommonly, terms like
“bronchiolitis”, “bronchitis”, “asthma exacerbation”, “bronchopneumonia” and “pneumonia” are used
interchangeably.

Methods: In this article, a didactic simplified algorithm for the management of the child from the
community presenting with cough and fever is described after systematic review of the literature.

Results: In step 1 of the algorithm, findings from the physical examination are used to localize the
diseased anatomic part(s) of the lower respiratory tract i.e. trachea, bronchi, bronchioles or alveoli. In
step 2, speculations are made regarding the infectious agent most likely affecting the lower respiratory
tract based on the patient's symptoms and past medical history and the known epidemiology of
respiratory disorders. In step 3, the appropriate treatment plan is selected taking under consideration
the affected anatomic part(s) and the speculated pathogen. Finally, in step 4, clinical response is
evaluated and the diagnostic assumptions and treatment strategy are modified accordingly.

Conclusion: When findings from the physical examination are matched with information from the
current and past medical history and the known epidemiology of respiratory disorders, speculations
regarding the most likely etiologic agents can be made and appropriate treatment interventions can be
selected.

Keywords: Bronchiolitis, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, bronchospasm, chest auscultation, chest


percussion, lower respiratory tract infection.

Other

Article Details

VOLUME: 13

ISSUE: 1

Year: 2017
Page: [47 - 53]

Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/1573398X13666170301162410

Price: $58

Article Metrics

PDF: 18

HTML: 4

EPUB: 1

PRC: 1

Special-new-year-discount

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© 2019 Bentham Science Publishers

Search for...

Search in:AllArticleChapterBook

Bentham Science linkedin Bentham Science Facebook Bentham Science Youtube Bentham Science
Twitter Bentham Science Wordpress kudos

Home

Publications

Articles By Disease
Bentham Online

Marketing Opportunities

For Librarians

For Authors & Editors

More

Review Article

Bronchiolitis, Bronchitis, Asthma Exacerbation, Bronchopneumonia, Pneumonia: A Didactic Stepwise


Approach

Author(s): Georgia Malakasioti, Sotiria Psychogiopoulou, Polytimi Panaghiotopoulou-Gartagani,


Athanasios G. Kaditis*.

Journal Name: Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews

Volume 13 , Issue 1 , 2017

DOI : 10.2174/1573398X13666170301162410

Become EABM

Become Reviewer

Graphical Abstract:

Abstract:

Background: The clinical presentation of lower respiratory tract illness in children frequently resembles
more than one disease entities of those described in textbooks. Not uncommonly, terms like
“bronchiolitis”, “bronchitis”, “asthma exacerbation”, “bronchopneumonia” and “pneumonia” are used
interchangeably.

Methods: In this article, a didactic simplified algorithm for the management of the child from the
community presenting with cough and fever is described after systematic review of the literature.
Results: In step 1 of the algorithm, findings from the physical examination are used to localize the
diseased anatomic part(s) of the lower respiratory tract i.e. trachea, bronchi, bronchioles or alveoli. In
step 2, speculations are made regarding the infectious agent most likely affecting the lower respiratory
tract based on the patient's symptoms and past medical history and the known epidemiology of
respiratory disorders. In step 3, the appropriate treatment plan is selected taking under consideration
the affected anatomic part(s) and the speculated pathogen. Finally, in step 4, clinical response is
evaluated and the diagnostic assumptions and treatment strategy are modified accordingly.

Conclusion: When findings from the physical examination are matched with information from the
current and past medical history and the known epidemiology of respiratory disorders, speculations
regarding the most likely etiologic agents can be made and appropriate treatment interventions can be
selected.

Keywords: Bronchiolitis, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, bronchospasm, chest auscultation, chest


percussion, lower respiratory tract infection.

Other

Article Details

VOLUME: 13

ISSUE: 1

Year: 2017

Page: [47 - 53]

Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/1573398X13666170301162410

Price: $58

Article Metrics

PDF: 18
HTML: 4

EPUB: 1

PRC: 1

Special-new-year-discount

Related Article(s)

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Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Editorial: The Diagnosis and Management of Asthma: Are We
Moving in the Right Direction?

Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Solid-Phase and Microwave-Assisted Syntheses of 2,5-


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Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) as Therapeutic
Target for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Current Drug Targets The Airway Neurogenic Inflammation: Clinical and Pharmacological Implications

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Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery S100A8/A9 as a Pro-inflammatory Cytokine in
Obstructive Airway Disease Via the Multi-Ligand Receptor, RAGE

Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology
of A2B Adenosine Receptors

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Protein Phosphatase Inhibition: Structure Based Design. Towards
New Therapeutic Agents

Current Pharmaceutical Design Corticosteroid Design for the Treatment of Asthma: Structural Insights
and the Therapeutic Potential of Soft Corticosteroids

Current Pharmaceutical Design Schistosoma mansoni Antigens as Modulators of the Allergic


Inflammatory Response in Asthma

Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Potential Role of Antibiotics in the Treatment
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© 2019 Bentham Science Publishers

ShareThis Copy and PasteSearchSearch in:AllArticleChapterBook Advanced Search Home Publications


Articles By Disease Bentham Online Marketing Opportunities For Librarians For Authors & Editors More
Review Article Bronchiolitis, Bronchitis, Asthma Exacerbation, Bronchopneumonia, Pneumonia: A
Didactic Stepwise Approach Author(s): Georgia Malakasioti, Sotiria Psychogiopoulou, Polytimi
Panaghiotopoulou-Gartagani, Athanasios G. Kaditis*. Journal Name: Current Respiratory Medicine
Reviews Volume 13 , Issue 1 , 2017 DOI : 10.2174/1573398X13666170301162410 Journal Home
Graphical Abstract: Abstract: Background: The clinical presentation of lower respiratory tract illness in
children frequently resembles more than one disease entities of those described in textbooks. Not
uncommonly, terms like “bronchiolitis”, “bronchitis”, “asthma exacerbation”, “bronchopneumonia” and
“pneumonia” are used interchangeably. Methods: In this article, a didactic simplified algorithm for the
management of the child from the community presenting with cough and fever is described after
systematic review of the literature. Results: In step 1 of the algorithm, findings from the physical
examination are used to localize the diseased anatomic part(s) of the lower respiratory tract i.e. trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles or alveoli. In step 2, speculations are made regarding the infectious agent most
likely affecting the lower respiratory tract based on the patient's symptoms and past medical history and
the known epidemiology of respiratory disorders. In step 3, the appropriate treatment plan is selected
taking under consideration the affected anatomic part(s) and the speculated pathogen. Finally, in step 4,
clinical response is evaluated and the diagnostic assumptions and treatment strategy are modified
accordingly. Conclusion: When findings from the physical examination are matched with information
from the current and past medical history and the known epidemiology of respiratory disorders,
speculations regarding the most likely etiologic agents can be made and appropriate treatment
interventions can be selected. Keywords: Bronchiolitis, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, bronchospasm,
chest auscultation, chest percussion, lower respiratory tract infection. Rights & PermissionsPrintExport
Cite as Other Article Details VOLUME: 13 ISSUE: 1 Year: 2017 Page: [47 - 53] Pages: 7 DOI:
10.2174/1573398X13666170301162410 Price: $58 Article Metrics PDF: 18 HTML: 4 EPUB: 1 PRC: 1
Related Article(s) Sleep and Asthma Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Editorial: The Diagnosis and
Management of Asthma: Are We Moving in the Right Direction? Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews
Solid-Phase and Microwave-Assisted Syntheses of 2,5-Diketopiperazines:Small Molecules with Great
Potential Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) as
Therapeutic Target for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Current Drug Targets The
Airway Neurogenic Inflammation: Clinical and Pharmacological Implications Inflammation & Allergy -
Drug Targets (Discontinued) Nasal Polyposis: An Overview of Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery S100A8/A9 as a Pro-inflammatory Cytokine in
Obstructive Airway Disease Via the Multi-Ligand Receptor, RAGE Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy
Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology of A2B Adenosine Receptors
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Protein Phosphatase Inhibition: Structure Based Design. Towards
New Therapeutic Agents Current Pharmaceutical Design Corticosteroid Design for the Treatment of
Asthma: Structural Insights and the Therapeutic Potential of Soft Corticosteroids Current Pharmaceutical
Design Schistosoma mansoni Antigens as Modulators of the Allergic Inflammatory Response in Asthma
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Potential Role of Antibiotics in the Treatment
of Asthma Current Drug Targets - Inflammation & Allergy Cellular and Subcellular Imaging in Live Mice
Using Fluorescent Proteins Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lyn Regulates Cytotoxicity in
Respiratory Epithelial Cells Challenged by Cigarette Smoke Extracts Current Molecular Medicine Chloride
Channel Expression and Functional Diversity in the Immune Cells of Allergic Diseases Current Molecular
Medicine Matrix Metalloproteinases in Lung Diseases Current Protein & Peptide Science Targeting
Allergic Airway Diseases by siRNA: An Option for the Future? Current Molecular Medicine
Hypersensitivity to Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Current
Pharmaceutical Design Adenosine Receptors As Promising Therapeutic Targets for Drug Development in
Chronic Airway Inflammation Current Drug Targets Mechanisms of Corticosteroid Resistance in Severe
Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Current Pharmaceutical Design © 2019
Bentham Science Publishers SearchSearch in:AllArticleChapterBook Advanced Search Home Publications
Articles By Disease Bentham Online Marketing Opportunities For Librarians For Authors & Editors More
Review Article Bronchiolitis, Bronchitis, Asthma Exacerbation, Bronchopneumonia, Pneumonia: A
Didactic Stepwise Approach Author(s): Georgia Malakasioti, Sotiria Psychogiopoulou, Polytimi
Panaghiotopoulou-Gartagani, Athanasios G. Kaditis*. Journal Name: Current Respiratory Medicine
Reviews Volume 13 , Issue 1 , 2017 DOI : 10.2174/1573398X13666170301162410 Journal Home
Graphical Abstract: Abstract: Background: The clinical presentation of lower respiratory tract illness in
children frequently resembles more than one disease entities of those described in textbooks. Not
uncommonly, terms like “bronchiolitis”, “bronchitis”, “asthma exacerbation”, “bronchopneumonia” and
“pneumonia” are used interchangeably. Methods: In this article, a didactic simplified algorithm for the
management of the child from the community presenting with cough and fever is described after
systematic review of the literature. Results: In step 1 of the algorithm, findings from the physical
examination are used to localize the diseased anatomic part(s) of the lower respiratory tract i.e. trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles or alveoli. In step 2, speculations are made regarding the infectious agent most
likely affecting the lower respiratory tract based on the patient's symptoms and past medical history and
the known epidemiology of respiratory disorders. In step 3, the appropriate treatment plan is selected
taking under consideration the affected anatomic part(s) and the speculated pathogen. Finally, in step 4,
clinical response is evaluated and the diagnostic assumptions and treatment strategy are modified
accordingly. Conclusion: When findings from the physical examination are matched with information
from the current and past medical history and the known epidemiology of respiratory disorders,
speculations regarding the most likely etiologic agents can be made and appropriate treatment
interventions can be selected. Keywords: Bronchiolitis, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, bronchospasm,
chest auscultation, chest percussion, lower respiratory tract infection. Rights & PermissionsPrintExport
Cite as Other Article Details VOLUME: 13 ISSUE: 1 Year: 2017 Page: [47 - 53] Pages: 7 DOI:
10.2174/1573398X13666170301162410 Price: $58 Article Metrics PDF: 18 HTML: 4 EPUB: 1 PRC: 1
Related Article(s) Sleep and Asthma Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Editorial: The Diagnosis and
Management of Asthma: Are We Moving in the Right Direction? Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews
Solid-Phase and Microwave-Assisted Syntheses of 2,5-Diketopiperazines:Small Molecules with Great
Potential Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) as
Therapeutic Target for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Current Drug Targets The
Airway Neurogenic Inflammation: Clinical and Pharmacological Implications Inflammation & Allergy -
Drug Targets (Discontinued) Nasal Polyposis: An Overview of Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery S100A8/A9 as a Pro-inflammatory Cytokine in
Obstructive Airway Disease Via the Multi-Ligand Receptor, RAGE Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy
Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology of A2B Adenosine Receptors
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Protein Phosphatase Inhibition: Structure Based Design. Towards
New Therapeutic Agents Current Pharmaceutical Design Corticosteroid Design for the Treatment of
Asthma: Structural Insights and the Therapeutic Potential of Soft Corticosteroids Current Pharmaceutical
Design Schistosoma mansoni Antigens as Modulators of the Allergic Inflammatory Response in Asthma
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Potential Role of Antibiotics in the Treatment
of Asthma Current Drug Targets - Inflammation & Allergy Cellular and Subcellular Imaging in Live Mice
Using Fluorescent Proteins Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lyn Regulates Cytotoxicity in
Respiratory Epithelial Cells Challenged by Cigarette Smoke Extracts Current Molecular Medicine Chloride
Channel Expression and Functional Diversity in the Immune Cells of Allergic Diseases Current Molecular
Medicine Matrix Metalloproteinases in Lung Diseases Current Protein & Peptide Science Targeting
Allergic Airway Diseases by siRNA: An Option for the Future? Current Molecular Medicine
Hypersensitivity to Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Current
Pharmaceutical Design Adenosine Receptors As Promising Therapeutic Targets for Drug Development in
Chronic Airway Inflammation Current Drug Targets Mechanisms of Corticosteroid Resistance in Severe
Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Current Pharmaceutical Design © 2019
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