Documenti di Didattica
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SUBMITTED BY:
2020
January 2016
Contents
`
List of Tables iv
List of Figuresv
Page ii
7.1.3 Footing Design for Residential Building Block: .............................................................................22
7.2 Typical Footing Design for Building Block (COMBINED FOOTING) .................................................. 22
7.3 Typical Slab Design ........................................................................................................................... 24
7.4 Typical Staircase Design ................................................................................................................... 25
Page iii
List of Tables
Table 1:Typical Structural Member and Components .......................................................................................... 2
Table 12: General and Configuration Information of Residential building Block ........................................... 20
Page iv
List of Figures
p
Page v
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
This report presents the structure analysis and design of Residential Building. The building is Special Reinforced Concrete
Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) type of building. It is designed to meet both strength and serviceability requirements
when subjected to gravity and earthquake loads.
The analysis and design has been based on IS codes & Nepal building code that are in practice in Nepal. This report consists
of the design assumptions, design methodology, design inputs and outputs, and sample design of structural members.
The main objectives of the work were to perform the structural design of the building in
terms of suitability of the structural system, cost effectiveness, efficient use of materials and
other resources, conformance to the acceptable building codes, standards and
established engineering practices, with special emphasis on the effects due to
earthquakes and other applicable demands.
Structural system is developed to achieve the good performance and cost effectiveness
in collaboration with the project architects.
1) Review architectural drawings provided by the client and other related documents as
necessary.
2) Develop structural concepts and the structural system with an objective to achieve
good performance and cost effectiveness.
1) Develop design criteria to be used for the structural design of the building.
2) Create finite element models of the structure with varying complexities and refinements
as suitable to understand the response.
3) Carry out an analysis and design of the structure, progressively using linear-static
techniques.
Page 1
Table 1:Typical Structural Member and Components
The structural design is based primarily on the current Standards of Indian & Nepal codes,
which is prevailingly adopted for the structural design of the buildings in Nepal.
The basic building codes to be referred are listed below which were followed for structural
design, also indicating their area of application.
Table 2:Codes and Standards
Page 2
1.5 Structural Design Methodology
SAP2000 version 21..0 was used for the linear static analysis and design of three-dimensional structures, in which the
spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness of the structure was adequate for the calculation of the significant features of
structures.
The structural elements of reinforced concrete were designed to Limit State Theory, while the structural steel elements
were designed to the Permissible Stress Theory. The major structural elements were automatically designed in the
programmer to IS 456 for reinforced concrete structures elements, while the certain design calculations for those not
properly figured due to the limitation of program were manually carried out in accordance with the relevant latest standards.
According to Nepal Standard NS:105: 1994, the horizontal seismic shear force acting at the
base of the structure, in the direction being considered, shall be :
Vb = Cd*Wt
Where, Cd is basic seismic coefficient.
Cd =C*Z*I*K
The set of equivalent static forces specified above were assumed to act simultaneously at
each level in the direction being considered and were applied through points eccentric
to the centre of rigidity.
T = 0.06 h0.75
Where
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h = Height of building
Base seismic coefficient (c):
To determine the seismic load, it is considered that the country lies in the seismic zone z=0.91
according to NBC-105. The soil is subsoil typeIII. The building is analyzed as moment resisting
frame without consideration of infill wall. Therefore the base seismic coefficient is obtained
by using the following graph of time period vs soil type:
Importance factor(I):
Importance factor for the calculation of seismic is taken as on the following type
Table 3: Importance factor
Zone factore(z):
zone factors for different municipalities and other regions are given in below table and
region
Page 4
Structural performance factor(k):
The minimum permissible value of the structural performance factor, K, and associated
detailing requirements shall be as given in Table 8.2.
The structural type may be different in each of two directions in a building and in that case
the appropriate value for K shall be selected for each direction.
When more than one structural type is used in the structure, for the direction under
consideration, the structural performance factor for the element providing the majority of
the seismic load resistance shall be applied provided that the elements of the other
structural types have the ability to accept the resulting deformations.
Table 4: Structural Performance factor
3 Frame as in 1(a) with masonry infills Must comply with the detailing 21.2
for ductility requirements.
Page 5
ductility or reinforced concrete infill ductility requirements NBC 111-
panels 94.
1) Structural system/concept was developed for each structural system. Used the
basic structural systems described in Table 1.1 as a guideline.
2) Created the finite element model with varying complexity and refinement suitable
for developing understanding the response. Carried out different types of analysis
to determine the response of the building under gravity and lateral loadings.
3) Design the structural components to remain elastic under gravity and earthquake
loads under DBE level earthquake, as appropriate. Linear analysis was conducted
for DBE level earthquake with response reduction factor to determine the response
of the building. Design was carried out in accordance with the relevant provisions
of the latest national building code and Indian standard provisions.
4) If the global building and local component responses meet the acceptance
criteria, structural design drawings was prepared.
Architectural
Design
Step 1: Structural System
Development
Step 2: Modeling and Analysis
Step 6: Preparation of
structural drawings
Page 6
3.2 Concrete
The minimum compressive, used in different types of structural components are shown in
the following table.
Table 5: Compressive Strength of concrete
Minimum yield strength of reinforcing steel to be used in the design is shown in the following
table.
Table 6 :Yield Strength of Reinforcing steel
fy (Nominal) fy (Expected)
Diameter
(MPa) (MPa)
10mm and below 415 456.5
This chapter presents the finite element modeling of the building, including modeling
assumptions of materials, sections, and components properties.
4.2.1 Beams
Frame elements were used in modeling of beams, which includes the effects of bending,
torsion, axial deformation, and shear deformations. Insertion points and end offsets were
applied to account for the finite size of beam and column intersections, if required. The
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end offsets may be made partially or fully rigid based on engineering judgment to model
the stiffening effect that can occur when the ends of an element were embedded in beam
and column intersections.
4.2.3 Columns
Frame elements were used in modeling of columns, which includes the effects of biaxial
bending, torsion, axial deformation, and biaxial shear deformations. Insertion points and
end offsets were applied to account for the finite size of beam and column intersections,
if required. The end offsets may be made partially or fully rigid based on engineering
judgment to model the stiffening effect that can occur when the ends of an element were
embedded in beam and column intersections.
Chapter 5 Loads
5.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the design loads considered in the structural design, including gravity
loads and seismic loads.
Self-weight of the structure was considered as dead load and finishes and partitions were
considered as imposed dead load. Live load was determined in accordance with
occupancy or use. The following loads are in addition to the self-weight of the structure.
The minimum loading requirements were taken from NS 101-1994.
Table 7 : Live Load and Imposed Dead Load
Page 8
Figure 3: parapet load
Page 9
Figure 4:partition load
Page 10
Figure 5:wall load applied on beams
Parameter Value
NS 105:1994
Zone factor, Z 0.91
Importance factor, I 1
Structural performance factor, k 1
Soil type sub soil type III
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5.3.1 Code-based Design
Limit State Method design load combinations used in code-based design are shown in the
following table.(Ref: IS 1893:2002)
Table 9: Limit State Load Combinations used in Code-based Design
1 1.5(DL+LL)
2 1.2(DL+LL±EL)
3 1.5(DL±EL)
4 0.9DL ± 1.5 EL
LL = Live load
EL = Earthquake load
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Location of site = MAHENDRANAGAR
Type of building = Residential
Importance factor (I) = 1
Zone z = 0.92
Performance factor k = 1
NO OF STOREY = 3
Height of building = 9.144 m
As per clause 7.3 of NBC 105 fundamental time period of building is given by
T = 0.316 sec
For this time period and Type III soil Basic seismic coefficient
C = 0.08 [fig 8.1 NBC 105 ]
Design base shear coefficient Cd = 0.0736
The structural components were designed to satisfy the strength and ductility requirements.
Strength capacities for different types of actions considered in the design are summarized
in the table below.
Table 11: Component and Member Design
Page 13
Chapter 6 Structural Design Results
6.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the analysis and design results of the building. The structural
components were designed to resist the elastic demand forces considering R factor using
seismic coefficient analysis method.
Page 14
Figure 7: Shear Force diagram (udcon1)
Page 15
6.2.2 Story Drift
Maximum drift was calculated based on the SMRF structure. The deflection deviation from
SAP2000 uses to obtain the maximum drift for center of diaK6phragm for individual floor.
Drift check(Y-direction)
Storey LoadCase height(m) Absolute Drift(mm) Relative Drift(mm) permissible drift check
Ground EqX 3.048 0 0 12.192 OK
1st EqX 3.048 3.82 3.82 12.192 OK
2nd EqX 3.048 9.57 5.75 12.192 OK
3rd EqX 3.048 12.86 3.29 12.192 OK
Drift check(X-direction)
Storey LoadCase height(m) Absolute Drift(mm) Relative Drift(mm) permissible drift check
Ground EqY 3.048 0 0 12.192 OK
1st EqY 3.048 3.2 3.2 12.192 OK
2nd EqY 3.048 7.91 4.71 12.192 OK
3rd EqY 3.048 10.45 2.54 12.192 OK
6.2.3 Deformation
Maximum deformation of the building for static earthquake load condition for X and Y direction was checked
from SAP2000 model. Deformed value of the structure is tabulated in capture 7. Deflected shape of building in
x-dir and y-dir due to Eqx & Eqy respectively are shown below
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Figure 11:Displacement of 3d model (EqX)
The concrete column was designed using various sections with reference IS 456. The
minimum size of column was designed considering the ductile detailing with reference to
IS 13920. Section input to be provided is as shown in below diagrams
Foundation Design
Foundation was designed as an isolated footing. The dimension of the foundation was
calculated based on 150 kN/m2 soil bearing capacity. The thickness of 350 mm footing
was used for the foundation. The thickness was checked under punching shear and size of
footing was determined considering nominal load transfer mechanism from the column to
foundation below.
7.1.1 Introduction:
This chapter presents the finite element modeling of the building as mansion in chapter 2,
including modeling assumptions of materials, sections, components properties and design
and result of the building
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Figure 12: BEAM COLUMN & foundatin plan
Page 18
Figure 14:3D VIEW OF STRUCTURAL MODEL
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7.1.2 General Information for Building Block:
Table 12: General and Configuration Information of Residential building Block
Geometrical Configuration of
B
Building:
B.1 No. of Block: 1
B.2 No. of Story: 3
B.3 Story Height:
Basements 0
Ground Floor 3.048
Typical 3.048
B.4 No. of column: 10 Ground Floor
B.5 No. of Lift: 0
B.6 No. of staircase: 1 Ground Floor
9.144
B.7 Total height of structure:
Total height for Fundamental time
B.8 9.144
period calculation:
B.9 Height to width ratio of building: 1.78
B.10 Length to width ratio of building: 3.19
C Geological Investigation:
C.1 Soil Investigation Report:
C.2 Soil Investigation Done By:
for
KN/
C.3 Allowable Bearing Capacity: 120 isolated
m2
footing
Structural Analysis and Design
D
Procedure:
Structural Analysis
D.1
Software:(Sap2000V20)
D.2 Structural System: SMRF
D.3 Foundation System: Isolated Foundation
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D.4 Loading Parameters:
As per
NBC
i. Dead Load:
(102:199
4)
As per
NBC
ii. Live Load:
(103:199
4)
iii. Other Load if any
Foundation, Column,
D.5 Concrete Grade Used: 20 Mpa
Beam, Slab
HYSD
D.6 Reinforcement Grade Used: Mpa
500
Reinforcement Grade Used for HYSD
Mpa
shear: 415
Mechanical Properties of other
D.7
construction materials used:
i. Brick 19.2 KN/m3
ii. Steel Section 76.9 KN/m3
iii. Other
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1.2(DL+LL±EQx/y)
1.5(DL±EQx/y)
0.9DL ± 1.5 EQx/y
E. Reinforced Concrete Design
E.1 Concrete Design code Referred: IS456:2000
E.2 Ductile Detailing code Referred: (IS13920:1993)
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Check for Deep Beam:
Span L (ft) 16.87 5.14 m CHECK FOR SHEAR IN CANTILEVER SLAB
Depth D (ft) 3.00 0.91 m V 1220.36 lb
Effective Depth 34 860 mm
L/D 5.62 <2.5 5.4 kn
It is not necessary to go for Deep Beam
Deep Beam Condition Tv 0.01 N/mm2
Span L (ft) 16.87 5.14 m Tc 1.12 N/mm2
Depth D (ft) 3.00 0.91 m
Lever Arm Z (ft) 4.274 1303 mm SHEAR CHECK O.K
2 1.5
Ast (in2) 4.07 2628 mm2
2
Not Deep Beam Condition
Ast (in2) 8.64 5571.84 mm2
Tension Reinforcement:
(a) At Zone Depth of 0.2*D 180 mm
Ast for Deep Beam cndn 6732.67 mm2
So,Provide #4-20+#4-16
Ast for Not Deep Beam cndn 14273.20
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7.3 Typical Slab Design
SLAB DESIGN
Input Calculation Output Date : 13 January 2020
Slab Mark S1 Floor Finish (w sdl) 1.70 kN/m2
Overall Depth (D) 125 mm Live Load (w sl) 2.50 kN/m2
Effective Cover (d') 15 mm Other Loads (w vl) 0.00 kN/m2
Grade of Concrete (fck) 7 Self Weight (w dl) 3.13 kN/m2
Grade of Steel (fy) Total Load (w) 7.33 kN/m2
Clear Span in Shorter Direction (l x) 3.81 m Factored Total Load (w u) 10.99 kN/m2
Clear Span in Longer Direction (l y) 5.14 m Edge Support Condition
Reinforcement Details
Diameter of Bars along Shorter Direction at Mid-span (φ x-mid) 10 mm Diameter of Bars along Shorter Direction at Support (φ x-sup) 10 mm
Diameter of Bars along Longer Direction at Mid-span (φ y-mid) 10 mm Diameter of Bars along Longer Direction at Support (φ y-sup) 10 mm
Spacing for Bars along Shorter Direction at Mid-span (s x-mid) 300 mm Spacing for Bars along Shorter Direction at Support (s x-sup) 300 mm
Provided Spacing for Bars along Shorter Direction at Mid-span 150 mm Provided Spacing for Bars along Shorter Direction at Support 200 mm
Spacing for Bars along Longer Direction at Mid-span (s y-mid) 300 mm Spacing for Bars along Longer Direction at Support (s y-sup) 300 mm
Provided Spacing for Bars along Longer Direction at Mid-span 250 mm Provided Spacing for Bars along Longer Direction at Support 450 mm
DRAW
10 φ @ 200 mm
10 φ @ 150 mm 10 φ @ 200 mm
3.81 m
10 φ @ 250 mm 10 φ @ 450 mm
5.14 m
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7.4 Typical Staircase Design
Staircase Design
Data
Effective Span (l) 3.32 mm m
Riser (R) 150 mm
Thread (T) 250 mm
Waist Slab thickness (t) 125 mm
Clear Cover 15 mm
Effective Depth of Waist Slab (d) 110 mm
Loading
Loads on going Loads on waist slab
Self weight of waist slab 3.64 KN/m Self weight of landing slab 3.13 KN/m
Self weight of steps 1.88 KN/m Live Load 4.00 KN/m
Live Load 4.00 KN/m Floor Finish Load 1.00 KN/m
Floor Finish Load 1.50 KN/m Total Load 8.13 KN/m
Total Load 11.02 KN/m Factored Load 12.19 KN/m
Factored Load 16.53 KN/m
Bending Moment
Calculate Bending Moment using the equation (W*L*L )/8
Bending Moment = 23 KN-m
Reaction
to be used as UDL = 27 KN
60 KN-m
Spacing
Diameter of bar 12ø 16ø
Spacing across x 173 c/c 307 c/c
Spacing
Diameter of bar 8ø 10ø
Spacing across y 335 c/c 524 c/c
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Chapter 8 Summary
8.1 Summary
Structural design was carried out for buildings. Structural system was Special moment
resisting reinforced concrete frame system with in-filled wall. Special moment resisting
frame was analyzed with seismic load from NBC 105:1994 and reinforced concrete
members were designed with IS456. The outputs from both codes were compared. The
reinforced concrete section was taken from bigger value among the values obtained from
the codes. The foundations were designed as isolated footing considering the bearing
capacity of soil 120KN/m2 respectively. The proposed design satisfies the key requirement
of the building codes.
The detail structural drawings of all structural elements, ductile detailing as well as non
structural elements is in separate volume of drawing. The output results were as per analysis
done in SAP2000 V20 which is provided in CD
Page 26
Figure 17:3RD FLOOR REINFORCMENT
Page 27
8.1.2 Column Design Summary
Page 28
Figure 20: grid-C longitudinal reinforcmnt required
Page 29
8.1.4 Slab Design Summary
Table 16: Slab Design summary
Page 30
Appendix B: Sample Design for RC Beam
SAP2000 V20 Concrete Frame Design
IS 456:2000 Beam Section Design
Page 31
APPENDIX C: COLUMN , BEAM CAPACITY RATIO CHECK
C/B ratio
Ratio of flexural capacity of Beam/column is computed to preclude the formation of plastic hinges in
columns for obvious reasons.
Sum of flexural capacities of column at a joint should be 1.2 times the capacities of beam framing
into the joint in particular direction.
When capacity is exceeded, we can increase the size of column, or reduce the size of beam, or play
with reinforcement of members. It has nothing to do with redistribution of moments; If both end of
column will yield, during a seismic event, in a particular story, structure will most probably
collapse. In a frame, that is resisting lateral loads, you cannot take away the ability of beam to
develop negative moment; if you do not provide top reinforcement, it will not be called a moment
resisting frame, and will not resist lateral loads.
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