✗ create regional mechanisms to manage health,
REVIEWER safety, and environmental issues better, and
ASIAN REGIONALISM
• Regionalism is a relatively new aspect of Asia’s
rise. Asia’s economies are increasingly
connected through trade, financial transactions,
direct investment, technology, labor and tourist
flows, and other economic relationships.
• Regional economic cooperation is essential for
addressing these challenges. Asia’s economic
rise is unprecedented. The region is home to
over half the world’s population, produces three
tenths of global output (in terms of purchasing
power), and consistently records the world’s
highest economic growth rates.
• Asian economies are principally connected
through markets— but where markets lead,
governments are following.
• Asian leaders have committed to work together
more closely and have already taken concrete
steps in some areas. The 1997/98 financial
crisis, in particular, was an important catalyst
for this new regionalism and gave rise to a
range of new initiatives
How can regionalism benefit Asia?
✗ link the competitive strengths of its diverse
economies in order to boost their productivity
and sustain the region’s exceptional growth;
✗ connect the region’s capital markets to enhance
financial stability, reduce the cost of capital, and
improve opportunities for sharing risks;
✗ exercise leadership in global decision making to
sustain the open global trade and financial
systems that have supported a half century of
unparalleled economic development;
✗ build connected infrastructure and collaborate
on inclusive development to reduce inequalities
within and across economies and thus to
strengthen support for pro-growth policies; and
✗ create regional mechanisms to manage cross-
border health, safety, and environmental issues
better.
How can Asian regionalism benefit the world?
✗ generate productivity gains, new ideas, and
competition that boost economic growth and
raise incomes across the world;
✗ contribute to the efficiency and stability of
global financial markets by making Asian capital
markets stronger and safer, and by maximizing
the productive use of Asian savings;
✗ diversify sources of global demand, helping to
stabilize the world economy and diminish the
risks posed by global imbalances and downturns
in other major economies;
✗ provide leadership to help sustain open global
trade and financial systems; and
thus contribute to more effective global
solutions of these problems.
Theories of Global Stratification
A. Modernization Theories
✓ Modernization refers to a model of a
progressive transition from a 'pre-modern' or
'traditional' to a 'modern' society. Frames at
looking global stratification on the basis of
technological advancement
✓ Looks at the internal factors of a country
while assuming that with assistance,
"traditional" countries can be brought to
development in the same manner more
developed countries have been. Hence, tension
between tradition and technological change is
the biggest barrier to growth
2 Historical Factors why Western Europe
developed faster than the rest of the
world
1. Columbian Exchange-spread of goods,
technology, education, diseases between
America and Europe after Christopher
Columbus discover America
2. Industrial Revolution- (18th to 19th
century) new technologies allowed countries to
replace human labor with machines and
increase productivity
WALT ROSTOW’S 4 STAGES OF
MODERNIZATION
1. Traditional Stage- societies that are
structured around small, local communities
with production typically being done in family
setting
e.g., Feudal Europe, Chinese Dynasties
2. Take-Off Stage- people begin to use their
individual talents to produce things beyond
necessities. This innovation creates more
markets for trade
3. Drive to Technological Maturity Stage-
nations begin to push for social change along
with economic change, like implementing
schooling and democratic political systems
e.g., bears fruit in the form of population
growth, reductions in absolute poverty levels
and more diverse job opportunities
4. High Mass Consumption Stage- when the
country is big enough that production becomes
more about wants than needs
B. Dependency Theory
✓ Condition in which the development of
nation-states of the South contributed to a
decline in their independence and to an
increase to an economic development of the
countries of the North and having an excessive
reliance to Colonizers.
✓ Argues that liberal trade causes
impoverishment and not economic
improvement
✓ A notion that resources flow from a
"periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states
to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the
latter at the expense of the former. It is a
central contention of dependency theory that
poor states are impoverished and rich ones
enriched by the way poor states are integrated
into the "world system".
✓ In 15OO’s European explores spread
throughout the Americas, Africans, and Asia
claiming lands for Europe. Colonization came
the exploitation of both natural and human and
European countries took control of land and
raw materials to funnel wealth back to the
West. E.g. Spanish-Philippine relations
 ✓ Transatlantic slave/ Atlantic slave trade
(enslaved African people to Americas) followed
a triangular route between Africa, American
and Caribbean and Europe
✗ The global flows of people, capital and ideas are
woven into the daily lived experiences of its
residents

✗ The ideas and values of the metropolis shape

the world.
2 MAIN SUB-THEORIES
✗ Embodies both the good and the bad effects of
A. NORTH AMERICAN NEO MARXIST APPROACH
C. World Systems System globalization.
✓ refers to the inter-regional and transnational
division of labor ✗ The global city transcends boundaries of nation-
states
Wallerstein’s Model
1. CORE- usually recognized as wealthy nations with a
wide variety of resources and is in a favorable
✗ According to Sassen (1991), global cities are
location compared to other states. They have strong characterized by occupational and income
state institutions, powerful military and powerful global polarization, with the highly paid professional
political alliances. E.g., Western Europe, North
class on the one end and providers of low-paid
America, Australasia and Japan
services on the other.
2. SEMI-PERIPHERY- are the industrializing, mostly
capitalist countries which are positioned between the ✗ It means power, sophistication, wealth, and
periphery and core countries. E.g., Argentina, China, influence.
India, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, and Iran

3. PERIPHERY- they have weak state institutions and

✗ The lifestyle and needs of the well-off
are dependent on – according to some, exploited by – professional classes bring into the global city an
more developed countries. These countries are usually army of low-paid workers who deliver personal
behind because of obstacles such as lack of
and labor-intensive services like cleaning, child-
technology, unstable government, and poor education
and health systems. care, delivery, restaurants and eateries,
catering, maintenance, transport, hotels,
domestic help and retail.
Global Media Cultures
✓ English, being the language of colonial powers is
considered the language of power and prestige.
✗ Sassen (2005) introduces global cities as global
And, materialized as the language of global command centers of the world economy.
communication, multinational interaction and
commerce. Cosmopolitanism
✓ US media products are successful worldwide
because they are promoted and marketed by huge ✗ It is the phenomenon most readily associated
media conglomerates.
with the global city.
✓ Hollywood films have greatly influenced global
media culture.
✓ The flow of news and entertainment is a great ✗ Large, diverse cities attract people, material and
factor for rich industrialized nations -states to cultural products from all over the world.
market their products.
✓ According to the United Nations, imbalances do ✗ The idea of cosmopolitanism invokes pleasant
exist in the global flow of media products.
images of travel, exploration, and ‘worldly’
✓ Hip hop music were avenues for cultural
expression of social issues such as poverty, pursuits enjoyed by those who have benefited
oppression, racism, etc. from globalization
✓ Social media networks are included form of cultural
transformation they have supplementary roles in ✗ Everyday life is significantly shaped by
the social change. Symbols and ideologies are
valuable and interpreted in global media cultures commercial culture, retail and shopping as well
because it depicts the ideas and information as cross cultural variety of food, fashion,
coming from the people. entertainment and various other consumables
✓ Media technologies influence the way people
conceive their regional and national identities. and artifacts.
✓ Global Media Education and Global Media serves as
an agent to help to solve development problems ✗ Consumption is costly in resources
because it promotes mixing of the global and local
world and it can really affect the global integration. ✗ Networks and groups rely on geographic
✓ Telenovelas, and KDrama are examples of global proximity

Global Cities are livable cities because:

Global City
✗ They provide jobs that pay an adequate wage
✗ The idea emerged in the social science literature
in the 1980’s, shortly after the concept of ✗ They provide basic services, including safe water
globalization. and adequate sanitation

✗ It has a central place in understanding ✗ They are void of discriminatory practices

contemporary spatial patterns of globalization
✗ People have access to educational opportunities
✗ It is the main physical and geographic and health care
playground of the globalizing forces
✗ People are not at risk of forced eviction
✗ People enjoy security of tenure in affordable
housing

✗ People live in communities that are safe and

environment that are clean

✗ The cities are governed through inclusive local

democratic processes

Japanese Mori Foundation’s Global Power City

Index

It measures the global power of cities

using the combination of six (6) criteria:

✗ Economy

✗ Research and Development

✗ Cultural Interaction

✗ Livability

✗ Environment

✗ Accessibility

Downsides of the Global City

✗ High costs

✗ Alienation

✗ Impersonality

✗ Social isolation

✗ Discrimination against migrants of certain kinds