CHP

373 TUTORIALS: CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER

1. During a plant visit, it was noticed that a 12-m-long section of a 10-cm-diameter
steam pipe is completely exposed to the ambient air. The temperature measurements
indicate that the average temperature of the outer surface of the steam pipe is 75 °C
when the ambient temperature is 5 °C. There are also light winds in the area at 10
km/h. The emissivity of the outer surface of the pipe is 0.8, and the average
temperature of the surfaces surrounding the pipe, including the sky, is estimated to
be 0 °C. Determine the amount of heat lost from the steam during a 10-h-long work
day.

2. A 1.8-m-diameter spherical tank of negligible thickness contains iced water at 0 ºC.
Air at 25 °C flows over the tank with a velocity of 7 m/s. Determine the rate of heat
transfer to the tank and the rate at which ice melts. The heat of fusion of water at 0 °C
is 333.7 kJ/kg.

3. Hot water at 90 °C enters a 15-m section of a cast iron pipe (𝑘 = 52 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃ whose
inner and outer diameters are 4 and 4.6 cm, respectively, at an average velocity of 0.8
m/s. The outer surface of the pipe, whose emissivity is 0.7, is exposed to the cold air
at 10 °C in a basement, with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 15 𝑊 ⁄𝑚, ∙ ℃.
Taking the walls of the basement to be at 10 °C also, determine the rate of heat loss
from the water.

4. Geothermal steam at 165 °C condenses in the shell side of a heat exchanger over the
tubes through which water flows. Water enters the 4-cm-diameter, 14-m-long tubes
at 20 °C at a rate of 0.8 kg/s. Determine the exit temperature of water and the rate of
condensation of geothermal steam.

5. A 10-m-long section of a 6-cm-diameter horizontal hot water pipe passes through a
large room whose temperature is 22 °C. If the temperature and the emissivity of the
outer surface of the pipe are 65 °C and 0.8, respectively, determine the rate of heat
loss from the pipe by natural convection and radiation.

6. Thick fluids such as asphalt and waxes and the pipes in which they flow are often
heated in order to reduce the viscosity of the fluids and thus to reduce the pumping
costs. Consider the flow of such a fluid through a 100-m-long pipe of outer diameter
30 cm in calm ambient air at 0 °C. The pipe is heated electrically, and a thermostat
keeps the outer surface temperature of the pipe constant at 25 °C. The emissivity of
the outer surface of the pipe is 0.8, and the effective sky temperature is −30 ℃.
Determine the power rating of the electric resistance heater, in kW, that needs to be
used.

7. A 3-m-internal-diameter spherical tank made of 1-cm thick stainless steel (k = 15 W/m -
°C) is used to store iced water at 0 °C. The tank is located outdoors at 30 °C and is subjected
 to winds at 25 km/h. Assuming the entire steel tank to be at 0 °C and thus its thermal
resistance to be negligible, determine the
a) rate of heat transfer to the iced water in the tank
b) amount of ice at 0 °C that melts during a 24-h period.
The heat of fusion of water at atmospheric pressure is hif = 333.7 kJ/kg. Disregard any heat
transfer by radiation.

8. Steam at 250 °C flows in a stainless-steel pipe (k = 15 W/m - °C) whose inner and outer
diameters are 4 cm and 4.6 cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3.5-cm-thick glass
wool insulation (k = 0.038 W/m - °C) whose outer surface has an emissivity of 0.3. Heat
is lost to the surrounding air and surfaces at 3 °C by convection and radiation. Taking the
heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be 80 W/m2 - °C, determine the rate of heat loss
from the steam per unit length of the pipe when air is flowing across the pipe at 4 m/s.

9. Water is to be heated from 10 °C to 80 °C as it flows through a 2-cm-internal-diameter, 7-

m-long tube. The tube is equipped with an electric resistance heater, which provides
uniform heating throughout the surface of the tube. The outer surface of the heater is well
insulated, so that in steady operation all the heat generated in the heater is transferred to
the water in the tube. If the system is to provide hot water at a rate of 8 L/min
a) determine the power rating of the resistance heater
b) estimate the inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit.

10. A 10-m-long section of a 6-cm-diameter horizontal hot water pipe passes through a large
room whose temperature is 22 °C. If the temperature and the emissivity of the outer surface
of the pipe are 65 °C and 0.8, respectively, determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by
natural convection and radiation.

11. Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure on a 3-cm-diameter mechanically polished

steel heater. Determine the maximum heat flux that can be attained in the nucleate boiling
regime and the surface temperature of the heater surface in that case.

12. Saturated steam at 55 °C is to be condensed at a rate of 10 kg/h on the outside of a 3-
cm-outer-diameter horizontal tube whose surface is maintained at 45 °C by the
cooling water. Determine the tube length required.