Intake

Intake
• Whenever the water is withdrawn from a
surface source such as a lake or a river or a
reservoir, then an intake structure must be
constructed at the entrance of the conduit.
 Basic functions of Intake
• The basic function of the intake structure is:
To help in safely withdrawing water from the
source over a predetermined range of pool
levels.
To discharge this water into the withdrawal
conduit (normally called intake conduit),
through which it flows up to the water
treatment plant.
An intake structure helps in protecting the
conduit from being damaged or clogged by ice,
trash, debris, etc.
 Basic functions of Intake
• It may vary from a simple concrete block
supporting the end of the conduit pipe to huge
concrete towers housing intake gates, screens,
pumps, etc. and even sometimes, living quarters
and shops for operating personnel.
TYPES OF INTAKES
 Simple Submerged Intake
• A simple submerged intake consists of a simple
concrete block or a rock filled timber crib supporting
the starting end of the withdrawal pipe.
• The withdrawal pipe is generally taken up to the sump
well at shore, from where, the water is lifted by pumps.
• The intake opening is generally covered by screen so as
to prevent the entry of debris, ice, etc. into the
withdrawal conduit.
• In case of lakes, where silt tends to settle down, the
intake opening is generally kept at about 2 to 2.5 m
above the bottom of the lake and thus to avoid the entry
of large amounts of silt and sediment.
Simple Concrete Block
Rock Filled Timber Crib
INTAKES
 Location of an Intake
• The site for locating the intake should be
selected carefully, keeping the following points
in mind:
(i) Site of intake should be near the treatment
plant.
(ii) The intake must be located in the purer zone of
the source so that the best possible quality of water
is withdrawn from the source, thereby reducing the
load on the treatment plant.
 Location of an Intake
• (iii) The intake must never be located at the
downstream or in the vicinity of the point of
disposal of wastewater.
• When it becomes necessary to locate the intake
in the close proximity of the disposal of a drain
etc., it is advisable to construct a weir or a
barrage upstream of the disposal point and
install the intake upstream of 'the barrage.
 Location of an Intake
• (iv) The intake should never be located near
the navigation channels, as otherwise, there are
chances of intake water getting polluted due to
the discharge of refuse and waste from ships
and boats.
• (v) The site should be such as to permit greater
withdrawal of water, if required at a future
date.
 Location of an Intake
• (vi)The intake must be located at a place from
where it can draw water even during the driest
period of the year.
• Thus, the intake must be located in deep
waters, sufficiently away from the shore line.
• As otherwise during dry periods, when the
water level goes down the intake may be left
dry without any water to be drawn from it.
 Location of an Intake
• (Vii)The intake site should remain easily
accessible during floods and should not get
flooded.
• The flood waters should not be concentrated in
the vicinity of the intake.
 Location of an Intake
• (viii) In meandering rivers, the intakes should not
be located on curves or at least on sharp curves. If
they have to be located on curves, it will be better
to locate them on concave banks rather than
locating them on convex banks.
• Although scouring tendencies will be more on the
concave side ; yet at least, the water will remain
available on this side.
• whereas, on a convex bank, water may not remain
available due to silting and consequent blockage.
Meandering Rivers
THANKS
Intake Design

In Canal
• In case of canals, the intake well is generally
located in the bank of the canal, and water
enters the chamber through coarse screen.
• The water coming out of the chamber through
the outlet conduit covered with fine screen.
• The water may be taken to the sump well or
city, as desired.
Canal Intake Well
 Factors to be Considered
• If an intake has to work satisfactorily, it has to
be properly designed.
Following are the factors which are to be
considered in the design of intakes:
(1) Factor of safety
(2) Foundations
(3) Protection of sides
(4) Screens or strainers
(5) Self-weight
(6) Size and number of inlets.
• (1) Factor of safety: The intake should be
designed with sufficient factor of safety so that it
can effectively resist the external forces.
• (2) Foundations: The depth of foundations for an
intake should be sufficient so that no damage is
done by the current of water. If this factor is not
considered, the destabilization of foundation may
take place and the structure may overturn.
• (3) Protection of sides: If the intake is situated in
navigational channels, its sides should be
protected by a cluster of piles all around from the
blows of moving ships.
• (4) Screens or strainers: The screens or strainers
should be provided at the entry level of an intake.
The screens may be of coarse type or of fine type.
The coarse screens usually consist of metallic
rods placed about 25 mm to 50 mm apart and they
remove large objects. The fine screens usually
consist of wire net having openings of size 6 mm x
6 mm or less and they remove small objects.
(5) Self-weight: The intake should be of adequate
self-weight so that the chances of its floating or
washing by the up thrust of water are minimized.
(6) Size and number of inlets: The size of inlets to an
intake should be sufficient so that the required
quantity of water is allowed to enter. The number of
inlets should also be more so that the difficulty of
drawing water does not arise even if some of them
are blocked due to any reason.
 Steps required for the Design of Canal Intakes

Following are the steps required for the design of

canal intakes:
(1) If population, daily consumption of water per capita
and rate of water supply are given then the discharge
required by the city or town is firstfound out.
(2) Discharge required by city or town is worked out using
given population and consumption of water per capita as
follows:
Q = population x per capita consumption
(3) Intake load is calculated using given condition for
canal.
• (4) Design of a coarse screen: Assume the coarse
screen is in the form of vertical iron bars of 15 to 20
mm diameter placed at 30 mm to 50 mm center to
center and velocity through screen 0.15 meter per
second.

Take height of screen = Depth of canal - Bottom

cover – Minimum water level at top
• Number of bars can be found out after
assuming the diameter and the spacing of the
bars.
• (5) Design of bell-mouth entry:
First assume the velocity through bell-mouth,
usually 0.30 m/see.
• (6) Design of intake conduit:
Assume the velocity of flow through conduit,
which is generally taken 1.0 to 1.5 m/see.

At last find the head loss and required slope

using charts or Hassen William formula.
 Screen’s level
• The entry of water in the intake well takes
through a coarse screen, the top of which is
generally provided at minimum water level in
the canal, and bottom is about 1.5 m above the
canal bed.
• An additional fine screen is provided at the
inlet end of the withdrawal conduit. This inlet
end is of bell mouth shape with perforations of
fine screen on its surface.
 Revised Problem
• A small town of 80000 persons is to be supplied water
through the canal intake. The average daily consumption of
water is 150 liters per head. The canal runs only for 12
hours a day with depth of 1.50 m. The respective velocities
through the coarse screen and bell-mouth entry are not to
be less than 150 mm/s and 300 mm/s.
Design the coarse screen and bell-mouth entry. Assume the
difference between F.S.L and L.W.L. as 300 mm with a
clearance of 150 mm between bottom of screen
and canal bed. Also calculate the head loss in the intake
conduit if the treatment
plant is 0.5 km away.
Sketch of Canal Intake
Coefficient of different pipe material
 Coefficient of hydraulic capacity
• The carrying capacities of pipes decrease with
time, because with the passage of time their
surfaces go on becoming more and more
rough.
• Hence, it is customary to select lower values of
CH (Coefficient of hydraulic capacity) for old
pipes than are generally taken for new pipes.
Thanks