PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR ASSIGNMENT

( GA11 )
THE TEAM MEMBERS ARE

• Sangeetha C
• Sharmila N
• Tarun Vishal A
• Vijay Prabhakaran S
• Vasim Ahmed R
• Yuvan Shankar S
• Sarathi K

QUESTION :

BUILD RELAY COORDINATION IN A POWER SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION :

■ The relay co-ordination is nothing but a tripping of protecting relay in a

sequence or order in electrical power system
■ The reason for relay coordination is to avoid the nuisance tripping, as
protection is a major concern in any industry and they rely on
protective devices for the same
■ The reason for nuisance tripping is modification of protective devices
and their settings at the time of upkeep without performing suitable
study and analysis.
■ The aim of a coordination study is to determine the characteristics,
ratings, and settings of overcurrent protective devices

A coordination study should be conducted,

■ In the early planning stages of a new system to tentatively select

protection and utilization equipment
■ In the case where an existing system is modified and new loads are
installed
■ When existing equipment is replaced with higher rated equipment
SOME MODES OF FAILURES IN PROTECTION SYSTEMS :

■ Failure of current or voltage signal to the relays.

■ DC supply failure
■ Failure of relay itself :
▫ Relay Hardware Components
▫ Software Failure
▫ Power Supply Failure
■ Failure of a Fuse
■ Failure of Circuit Breaker (tripping circuit or mechanism, or signal to trip
the breaker)
■ Miscoordination
RELAY :

■ An electrical device, typically incorporating an electromagnet, which is

activated by a current or signal in one circuit to open or close another
circuit
WORKING OF A RELAY :
■ Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or
electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in
another circuit
■ As relay diagram show, when a relay contact is normally open (NO), there is an open
contact and the relay is not energized. When a relay contact is normally closed (NC),
there is a closed contact and the relay is energized
BASIC TRIP CIRCUIT :
TYPES OF RELAYS :
Classification can be done by different ways, such as by function, input,
performance characteristics and operation.
They are divided into five types
■ Protective Relays :
Protective relays and fuses operate on the intolerable power system conditions. They
are applied to all parts of the power system; (i.e) generators, buses, distribution lines
and feeds, etc
■ Regulating Relays :
Regulating relays are associated with tap changing of transformers. They are used to
regulate the secondary voltage of Power and Distribution Transformers via On-Load Tap
Changer (OLTC).
■ Monitoring Relays :
Relays of this type are used in energizing or restoring lines to service after an outage
and in interconnecting pre-energizing parts of the systems.
■ Auxiliary Relays :
An auxiliary relay is a relay that assists another relay or device in performing an action.
There are two categories
o Contact multiplication
o Circuit isolation
▪ Other Relay Classification :
Protective relays classifies by input are known as current, voltage, power, frequency an
temperature relays. Those classified by operating principles are electromechanical,
solid state, etc
FUNDAMENTALS REQUIREMENTS OF A RELAY :

■ Selectivity
■ Speed
■ Sensitivity
■ Reliability
■ Simplicity
■ Economy
■ Selectivity :
Maximum continuity of service with minimum system disconnection
■ Speed :
Minimum fault duration and consequent equipment damage
■ Sensitivity :
Operate with low value of actuating quantity
■ Reliability :
Assurance that the protection will perform correctly
■ Simplicity :
Minimum protective equipment and associated circuit to achieve the protection
objectives
■ Economics :
Maximum protection at minimum total cost
SOME ASPECTS OF RELAY SELECTIVITY:
Discrimination (location of fault, type of fault) by different methods (Examples):
■ Time
■ Current Magnitude
■ Distance (V/I)
■ Time + Current Magnitude
■ Time + Distance
■ Time + Direction of Current
■ Use of Communication
■ Use of other quantities : negative sequence, harmonics
RELAY PROTECTION COORDINATION :
■ Consider four number of substation, Substation A, Substation B,
Substation C, Substation D. Here Substation A is generation station
and B, C and D are distribution stations.
■ In this, if the fault (short circuit or earth fault) occurs in Substation D
means, the substation D relay has to operate, instead of that, the
substation A relay operated means such system said to be poor relay
coordinated power system.
■ It causes the total power system shutdown or unnecessary zone trips.
Because, there is no fault on substation A, B and C but the substation
A operates unnecessarily.
■ In order to avoid such relay operation, we have to set co-ordination
between all 4 substations.
RELAY SETTING IN THE PAST :

■ In the era of electromagnetic relays, settings were done by tap

adjustment.
■ Repeat relays and hard wired logics were used to provide interlocking
and control functionality.
■ Every relay covers only one function for only one phase
■ In general, more space, more power supply, more burden on current
and potential transformers
■ Use taps to set a relay, use testing to fine tune it
■ Relay needed frequent testing as mechanical parts needed
adjustments
RELAY COORDINATION STUDY AND ANALYSIS :
■ Mostly relay coordination study and analysis is computer aided.
■ There are several computer programs available for the protection
coordination analysis of power system applications.
■ Such programs include short circuit analysis and device time current
characteristics.
■ The main purpose of the protective coordination software is to
produce one-line diagrams, calculation of relay settings and time
current coordination drawings
■ Software will contain features to model various protective devices,
equipment damage curves and store the data for future use
1. ONE LINE DIAGRAM :
If the study is on a new system or already existing system, attain or
create a one- line diagram of the system or the part of the system
concerned. The diagram should show the following data:
■ Apparent power and voltage ratings as well as the impedance ratings
and connections of all transformers.
■ Nameplate ratings and sub-transient reactance of all major motors
and generators as well as transient reactance of synchronous motors
and generators, plus synchronous reactance of generators.
■ Conductor sizes, types, and configurations.
■ Current transformer ratios.
■ Relay, circuit breaker and fuse ratings, characteristics, and ranges of
adjustment.
SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY :
■ A complete short-circuit study providing momentary and interrupting
ratings is performed.
■ It must also contain highest and lowest anticipated fault interrupting
duties, as well as inputs from every single short-circuit current source.

SELECTIVE COORDINATION :
■ The time-current characteristic curves of protective devices should not
overlap if selective coordination is to be achieved, nor should the
primary device of the transformer trip on inrush.
■ The protective equipment should be set to defend motors, cables and
system gear from overlay as well as short-circuit states
THANK YOU