CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents related literature and studies related to the study entitled

“Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Contemporary Ways of Learning Mathematics”. It

discusses foreign literature and studies, local literatures and studies that are related to and supports

the topic of the study. This chapter also presents synthesis that justifies the relevance of the

literature and studies presented to the topic of the study.

Local Literature

Foreign Literature

According to Devlin, Feldhaus and Bentrem (2013), in The Evolving Classroom: A Study

of Traditional and Technology-Based Instruction in a STEM Classroom, participant perception

and action did not equate because when comparing the video groups to the in-person groups, there

was a significant difference in the amount of correct groups formed and the amount of questions

that were asked. Students all perceived that they understood the instructions given, regardless of

method of delivery, but their actions (forming incorrect groups, asking questions, etc.) indicate

otherwise.

According to Morgan (2016) in Compare and Contrast Online Vs. Classroom Instruction,

while some studies show online students slightly outperforming their traditional classroom

counterparts, most indicate that there is little difference in overall performance between the two

formats, according to the American Sociology Association. However, one major difference is that

student-learning style plays a role in each format's success. Students who are highly self-directed,

organized and autonomous will likely thrive in an online environment, while those who tend to
rely on instructors for direction may struggle. Similarly, extroverted students who enjoy face-to-

face classroom interactions may do best in a traditional environment, while introverted students

may welcome the solitary qualities of online classes.

According to Escueta et al. (2017), in EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY: AN EVIDENCE-

BASED REVIEW, in recent years, there has been widespread excitement around the potential for

technology to transform learning. As investments in education technology continue to grow,

students, parents, and teachers face a seemingly endless array of education technologies from

which to choose from digital personalized learning platforms to educational games to online

courses. Amidst the excitement, it is important to step back and understand how technology can

help—or in some cases hinder—how students learn.

According to Schindler et al. (2017) in Computer-based technology and student

engagement: a critical review of the literature, Computer-based technology has infiltrated many

aspects of life and industry, yet there is little understanding of how it can be used to promote

student engagement, a concept receiving strong attention in higher education due to its association

with a number of positive academic outcomes. Findings regarding wikis, blogs, and Twitter are

less conclusive and significantly limited in number of studies conducted within the past 5 years.

Overall, the findings provide preliminary support that computer-based technology influences

student engagement, however, additional research is needed to confirm and build on these findings.

According to De (2018) in Traditional Learning Vs. Online Learning, these days online

courses/training have become extremely popular, as more and more institutes and companies are

offering courses online. However, despite the popularity of online education, vast groups of people

consciously stay away from such methods, mostly due to misconception. At the same time, despite

the rising popularity of online courses, traditional (classroom) training is fighting back and trying
to adopt newer means of retaining learners' interest. There are always two sides of a coin. For some

individuals, online training is more appropriate, while for others classroom training is the preferred

delivery method.

Local Studies

Foreign Studies

According to Caroll and Shih (2014) in Local News Chatter: Augmenting Community

News by Aggregating Hyperlocal Microblog Content in a Tag Cloud, being aware of local

community information is critical to maintaining civic engagement and participation. The use of

online news and microblog content to create and disseminate community information has long

been studied. However, interactions in the online spaces dedicated to local communities tend to

only garner very limited usage, and people often do not consider microblog content as a meaningful

source of local community information.

According to Hendriks (2016) in a study entitled Comparing traditional and digital learning

methods to improve the learning outcomes of young children, Children are getting more and more

involved with interactive technology during their daily activities, both at home and in classrooms.

However, little is known about the effect of using interactive technology in classrooms on young

children’s study results. Besides, there is little evidence that children and teachers actually hold

positive attitudes towards the integration of digital learning methods in classrooms. This study will

give more insight in how both traditional and digital learning methods affect the learning outcomes

of children between the age of 6 to 8 years old, by comparing traditional and digital learning

methods. Furthermore, this study will present the attitudes of children and teachers towards the

use of interactive technology for educational purposes.

 According to Ighalo (2017) in “What are the differences between traditional and modern

education?”, In traditional education all students are lumped together under one instructor, and

basic subjects read, write, arithmetic. Individuality is not promoted. There was a certain passing

number upon entrance exams to determine if students are 'normal.' Different learning styles, social

disorders, and mental illnesses were not what the Broad of Education considered appropriate

behavior. This is probably where bullying others that are different originated. Modern education

consists of choices, online, independent, education intervention. Social groups are diverse,

students can be a cool nerd, jocks can be on the honor roll, people from two different styles walks

of life can find common ground and become friends.

According to Fewkes (2018) in “How was traditional education better than modern

education?”, the assumption that interactive classrooms were not part of education until recently

is erroneous. One thing that was better was processing from the students' perspective. In order to

take notes, students had to do the prep work and ask questions. This tactile learning helped the

student master material. Knowing that the notes are online disengages students while the class is

going on and fewer and fewer students read what they were provided online. This term more than

half my students failed their first essay because they didn't write down the directions or read those

provided online.

According to Stanciu (2019), in “What is the difference between modern education and old

education?”, there’s quite a debate as to what’s really new and what’s old in education. The

technology certainly is. The availability of information and instruction is. The access to

information changed and is mostly a click away. Knowledge or meaning building is increasingly

more a matter of searching on Google than asking a teacher. Finally, to draw the line somewhere,
I’d say the single biggest difference is the access to information. In this respect we’re living time

that have never existed.