18th

18th IFAC
IFAC Conference
Conference on
on Technology,
Technology, Culture
Culture and
and International
International
Stability
Stability
Stability
Baku,IFAC
18th Azerbaidschan,
Conference Sept
on 13-15, 2018Culture and International
Technology,
Baku,
Baku, Azerbaidschan,
Azerbaidschan, Sept
Sept 13-15,
13-15, 2018
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
2018
Stability
18th IFAC Conference on Technology, Culture and International
Baku, Azerbaidschan, Sept 13-15, 2018
Stability
Baku, Azerbaidschan, Sept 13-15, 2018 ScienceDirect
IFAC PapersOnLine
Multi-disciplinary Energy 51-30 (2018) 311–315of Educational Buildings
Auditing
Multi-disciplinary
Multi-disciplinary Energy
Energy Auditing
Auditing of Educational
of Educational Buildings
Buildings
in Azerbaijan:
Multi-disciplinary
in Azerbaijan:
Azerbaijan: Case Case
Energy Study
Case StudyAuditing
Study at at a University
of Campus
Educational
at aa University Buildings
University Campus
Campus
in
Multi-disciplinary
in Azerbaijan: Energy
Case Auditing
Study at a of Educational
University Buildings
Campus
Akbarova Samira*,
Akbarova Case
Samira*, Mammadov
Mammadov Nurmammad**
Nurmammad**Campus
in Azerbaijan:
Akbarova Samira*,Study
Mammadov at a University
Nurmammad**
Akbarova Samira*, Mammadov Nurmammad**
*Azerbaijan
*Azerbaijan University
Akbarovaof
University of Architecture
Architecture and
and Construction, Baku, AZERBAIJAN
*Azerbaijan (Tel:+99450-620-81-50;
University ofSamira*,
Architecture and Construction,
Mammadov
e-mail:
Nurmammad**
Construction,
sqiom@yahoo.com)
Baku,
Baku, AZERBAIJAN
AZERBAIJAN
*Azerbaijan (Tel:+99450-620-81-50;
(Tel:+99450-620-81-50;
University of Architecture e-mail:
e-mail:
and sqiom@yahoo.com)
sqiom@yahoo.com)
Construction, Baku, AZERBAIJAN
**Azerbaijan
**Azerbaijan University
Universityofof of Architecture
ofArchitecture
Architectureand and Construction,
andConstruction,
Construction,Baku, Baku AZERBAIJAN
Baku AZERBAIJAN
AZERBAIJAN
**Azerbaijan University
*Azerbaijan (Tel:+99450-620-81-50;
University
(e-mail: Architecture and
e-mail: Construction,
sqiom@yahoo.com)
mammadov.nurmammad@azmiu.edu.az) Baku AZERBAIJAN
(e-mail: mammadov.nurmammad@azmiu.edu.az)
(e-mail: mammadov.nurmammad@azmiu.edu.az)
**Azerbaijan(Tel:+99450-620-81-50;
University of Architecture e-mail: sqiom@yahoo.com)
and Construction, Baku AZERBAIJAN
**Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Baku AZERBAIJAN
(e-mail: mammadov.nurmammad@azmiu.edu.az)
Abstract: One
One of the ways
of ways to(e-mail:
contribute of improving
improving international
international stability
mammadov.nurmammad@azmiu.edu.az) stability is is the optimization
optimization of of energy
Abstract:
Abstract:
consumption Oneand of the
the waysofto
saving
contribute
to the
contribute
natural
of
ofresources.
improvingBuildings
internationalare stability
the is the
largest the optimization
consumers of of energy
energy
energy in
consumption
consumption and
and saving
saving of
of the
the natural
natural resources.
resources. Buildings
Buildings are
are the
the largest
largest consumers
consumers of
of energy
energy in
in
Abstract:
Azerbaijan. One
Thereof the
is an ways to
opportunitycontribute
for of improving
implementing international
optimal energy stability
conservation is the optimization
measures in the of energy
buildings
Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijan. There
There
One is
is an opportunity
anways
opportunity
ofmulti-disciplinary
the for
for implementing
implementing optimal
optimal energy
energy conservation
conservation measures
measures in the
inof buildings
theenergy
buildings
Abstract:
consumption
through detailed and saving ofto the
contribute
natural
energy ofresources.
improving
auditing. international
Buildings
These audits are
have stability
the is the
largest
aa critical optimization
consumers
role in increasing of energy
resource in
through
through
consumption detailed
detailed multi-disciplinary
multi-disciplinary
and issaving of the naturalenergy
energy auditing.
auditing.
resources. These
These audits
audits
Buildings have
have a critical
critical
are conservation
the the largest role
role in
in
consumersincreasing
increasing resource
resource
Azerbaijan.
and energy There
efficiency, anandopportunity
environmental for implementing
stability. optimal
This articleenergy
describes workflow measures
of inof
buildingtheenergy
buildings
auditing, in
and
and energy
energy
Azerbaijan.
through efficiency,
efficiency,
There
detailed anand
and
ismethodology environmental
environmental
opportunity
multi-disciplinary for stability.
stability.
implementing
energy auditing. This
This article
article
optimal
These describes
describes
energy
audits have a the
the
conservationworkflow
workflow
critical role inof
of
measures building
building auditing,
auditing,
in the buildings
increasing resource
the
the main steps and for the optimal estimation of engineering systems and the thermal comfort,
andmain
the
the main
through
energy
protocol
steps
steps
detailed and
and
efficiency,
used
methodology
methodology
multi-disciplinary
to
for
and environmental
answer questions
the
forenergy optimal
theregarding
optimal estimation
estimation
auditing.
stability. These
This
energy
of
of engineering
engineering
audits
article
efficiency have
describes
and
systems
systems
a indoor
critical
the and
and
role
workflow
air
the
the
inof thermal
thermal
increasing
quality. building
The
comfort,
comfort,
resource
auditing,
case study
the
the
and protocol
protocol
energy
main used
used to
to
efficiency,
steps and answer
answer
and
methodology questions
questions
environmental
for the regarding
regarding
stability.
optimal energy
energy
This
estimation efficiency
efficiency
article
of and
and
describes
engineering indoor
indoor
the air
air
workflow
systems quality.
quality.
and of
the The
The
building
thermal case
case study
studya
auditing,
comfort,
was
was done
done on
on the
the campus
campus of
of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan University
University of
of Architecture
Architecture and
and Construction.
Construction. During
During the
the audit,
audit, a
was
the done
main
protocol
special on
steps
software the
and
used campus
methodology
to
was answer
used of Azerbaijan
for
questions
to calculatethe University
optimal
regarding
the of
energy
financial Architecture
estimation of
efficiency
cost and and
engineering
and
effectiveness Construction.
systems
indoor air
of and During
the
quality.
proposed thermal
The the
energy audit,
studya
comfort,
case saving
special
special
the software
software
protocol used was
was used
to answer to calculate
usedoftoquestions
calculate the
the
regardingfinancial
financial
energy cost
cost and effectiveness
and effectiveness
efficiency and indoor of
of proposed
airproposed
quality. energy
energy
The case saving
saving
studya
was done
measures. on
The the campus
environmental Azerbaijan
benefits and University
reduction of
in Architecture
CO 2 emissions andwere Construction.
estimated. During the audit,
measures.
measures.
was done The
Thethe
on environmental
environmental
campus benefits
benefits and
and reduction
reduction in CO
in cost emissions
CO22 and
emissions andwere
were estimated.
estimated.
special software was usedoftoAzerbaijan
calculate University
the financialof Architecture effectiveness Construction.
of proposed During the audit,
energy savinga
© 2018, software
Keywords:
special
Keywords:
measures. IFAC (International
detailed
detailed
The was energy
energy
environmental Federation
used auditing;
to calculate
auditing;
benefits of the
energy
energy
and Automatic
budget;
financial
budget;
reduction Control)
energy
in cost
energy Hosting
consumption;
and bywere
Elsevier
effectiveness
CO22 consumption;
emissions
energy
energyofLtd. All rights
efficient
proposed
efficient
estimated. reserved.
measure;
energy
measure; saving
Keywords:
thermal detailed
insulation energy auditing; energy budget; energy consumption; energy efficient measure;
measures. The environmental benefits and reduction in CO2 emissions were estimated.
thermal insulation
thermal insulation
Keywords: detailed energy auditing; energy budget; energy consumption; energy efficient measure;
Keywords:
thermal insulationdetailed energy auditing; energy budget; energy consumption; energy efficient measure;

thermal insulation
1. INTRODUCTION  consumption is is used
used for
for all
all encompassing
encompassing energy energy needsneeds ofof
1.
1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION consumption
consumption isTheused for all encompassing energy needs of
 the buildings. largest amount of overall energy is spent
A consistent development strategy focused on the the
the buildings.
buildings. The
The largest
largest amount
amount of
of overall
overall energy
energy is
is spent
spent
A
A consistent 1.
consistent ofdevelopment INTRODUCTION
development strategy focused
focused on
strategy demonstrates the
on close
the consumption
on heating
heating (Energy is used
(Energy balance for all
balance of encompassing
of Azerbaijan,
Azerbaijan, 2017). energy
2017). The needs
The study of
study
improvement international
1. INTRODUCTION stability on
on heating
consumption (Energy
is usedbalance
for allof Azerbaijan,
encompassing 2017).
energy The study
needs of
improvement
improvement
A consistent of international
ofdevelopment
international stability
stability
strategy demonstrates
demonstrates
focused close
on close
the the buildings.
reveals thatthat the The largest
the heating amount
heating system of
system consumes overall energy
consumes approximately is
approximately spent
correlation with energy efficiency.
efficiency. The conservation of reveals
reveals
the that
buildings. 2theThe heating
largest system
amount consumes
of overall approximately
energy is spent
correlation with energy The conservation of on heating
277 kWh/m (Energy
kWh/m22 of balance of Azerbaijan, 2017). The study
correlation
A consistent
improvement
power with
resources energy
ofdevelopment
international
and efficiency.
thermal strategy
stability
energy The conservation
focused
demonstrates
will be on closeof
the 277 of thermal
thermal energy
energy for
for the
the conditioned
conditioned area.
area.
power
power resources
resources
improvement
correlation of
with and
and thermal
thermal
international
energy energy
energy
stability
efficiency. will
will
The be
be aaa global
demonstrates
global
global
conservation
scale
scale
scale
close
of
277
on
reveals kWh/m
heating
Throughout of
that(Energy
the thermal
different balance
heating energy
stages of for
of Azerbaijan,
system the the
consumes conditioned
2017).
building life area.
The study
approximately cycle
priority not only today but also in the foreseeable future. Throughout
Throughout
reveals 2 different
that the
2 different stages
stages
heating system of
of the
the
consumes building
building life
life
approximately cycle
cycle
priority
priority
correlationnot only
not with
onlyhave today
today
energy but
but also
also
efficiency. in the
invarious
the
The foreseeable
foreseeable
conservation future.
future.
of 277 kWh/m
(construction, ofoperation,
thermal energy
demolition)for thethey conditioned
will area.
require
power
These resources
savings and thermal
benefits energy
in will be
areas a global
of scale
human (construction,
(construction,
277 kWh/m
Throughout 2
ofoperation,
operation,
thermal
different demolition)
demolition)
energy
stages of fortheAthe they
they will
will
conditioned
building require
require
area.
lifeamount
cycle
These
These
power savings
savings
resources have
have
and benefits
benefits
thermal in
in in
energy various
various
will areas
areas
be of human
of human
a global scale additional energy for various needs. tremendous
priority
activity. not
Oneonlysuch today but also
sphere is thethe foreseeable
human future.
life-support additional
additional
Throughout
(construction, energy
energy for
for
different various
various
operation, stages needs.
needs.
of
demolition) theA
A tremendous
tremendous
building
they life
will amount
amount
cycle
require
activity. not
activity. One
One such
such sphere
sphere is in
is thethehuman
human life-support of energy
energy is is wasted
wasted during
during operation
operation stage. stage. Examples
Examples of of
priority
These savings
environment, only
as have
itstoday but
benefits
proper also in the
functioning various foreseeable
areas
requires life-support
future.
of human
considerable of
of energy
(construction,
additional is wasted
energy for during
operation,
various operation
demolition)
needs. stage. Examples
they insulation
A tremendous will amount of
require
environment,
environment,
These savings as its
as such proper
its proper
have functioning
functioning
benefits in the requires
requires
various areas considerable
considerable
ofand human energy loss causes include: insufficient of
activity.
energy Onerelating
costs tosphere
the is
operation ofhuman
buildings life-support
their energy
energy
additional loss
loss
energycauses
causesfor include:
include:
various insufficient
insufficient
needs. A tremendous insulation
insulation
amount of
energy
energy costs
costs relating
relating
activity. OneasGlobally,
such to
to the
the
sphere operation
operation
is the of
of buildings
buildings and
and
humanofconsiderable their
their
life-support of energy
building is wasted
enclosures, during operation
inefficient use stage.
of Examples
building energyof
environment,
infrastructure. its proper functioning
about requires
one-third energy is building
building enclosures,
enclosures, inefficient
inefficient use
use of of building energy
infrastructure.
infrastructure.
environment,
energy costs Globally,
asGlobally,
its proper
relating about
about
to thefunctioning
operation one-third
one-third
requires
of ofconsiderable
of
buildings energy
energy
and their is
is
of energy
energy
installations,
installations,
is wasted
loss causes
heating,
heating,
during
include: operation
insufficient
ventilation,
ventilation, airbuilding
stage.
air
Examples
insulationenergy
conditioning,
conditioning,
of
consumed
consumed in
in buildings.
buildings. installations,
energy
building loss heating,
causes
enclosures, ventilation,
include:
inefficient insufficient
use of air conditioning,
insulation
building energyof
consumed
energy costsin relating
infrastructure. buildings.
Globally,to theabout
operation of buildings
one-third of energy and their is domestic hot
domestic hot water water system system equipment,
equipment, incorrect incorrect
In domestic
building
installations,
management hot
enclosures, water
heating,
strategies, system
inefficient
ventilation,
etc. The useequipment,
waste of air
ofbuilding incorrect
energy
conditioning,
energy at this
In Azerbaijan
infrastructure.
consumed
In Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
the
in buildings.
the
the
main
main energy
Globally,
main
about consumers
energy
energy
one-third are
consumers
consumers are
are
buildings,
of energy
buildings,
buildings,
is management
management
installations,
domestic
strategies,
strategies,
water etc.
heating, etc. The waste
The
ventilation, wasteair of energy
of energy at this
at
conditioning,this
industrial
consumed inenterprises
buildings.
industrial enterprises
enterprises and and
and vehiclesvehicles (Fig.1).
vehicles (Fig.1).
(Fig.1). Today Today
Today stage can
stage can be behotminimized
minimized by
by
system
the
the
equipment,
implementation
implementation ofincorrect
of energy
energy
industrial
In Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan the meets
fully main energy
its consumers are buildings, stage
domestic can
management be
efficient measureshotminimized
water
strategies,
measures (EEMs) by
(EEMs) in the
system
etc. The
in lineimplementation
equipment,
waste
line with of
with buildingenergy of
building energyenergy
incorrect
at this
energy
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
In Azerbaijan
industrial fully
fully meets
the meets
enterprises main its domestic
its
energy
and domestic
domestic
consumers
vehicles
energy
energy
energy
demands
demands
demands
are utilization
(Fig.1). buildings,
Today efficient
efficient
management
stage measures
canstandards.
be minimized (EEMs)
strategies, etc.
by theinTheline withofbuilding
waste
implementation energy at this
of energy
through
through its its own
itsenterprises
own meets resources.
resources. However,
However,energy the
the utilization
utilization auditing
auditing standards. (Xiaofeng
(Xiaofeng L.,
L., 2016).
2016).
through
industrial
Azerbaijan
efficiency own
fully resources.
and
its However,
vehicles
domestic the
(Fig.1). Today
demands auditing
stage
efficientcan standards.
be minimized
measures (Xiaofeng
(EEMs) by inL.,
the 2016).
implementation
line with building of energy
efficiencyitsof
efficiency
Azerbaijan
through of
primary
offully
primary
primary
own meets
sources
sources
sources
and
and transformed
and
itsextremely
resources. domestic transformed
transformed
However, energy
types
types of
types
demands
the utilization of
of Educational
efficient
auditing buildings
measures
standards. (EEMs)are of
(Xiaofeng ofin particular
particular
line concern
with concern
buildingwhen when
energy it
energy
energy within
within the
the country
country is
is extremely low.
low.
Educational
Educational
comes
buildings
thebuildings
tostandards.indoor(Xiaofengare of L.,
are
environmental
2016).
particular
quality concern
(IEQ) when because
it
it
energy within
through
efficiency the
itsof own country
primary is extremely
resources.
sources However, low. the utilization
and transformed types of auditingto
comes the indoor environmental L., 2016). quality (IEQ) because
comes to
Educational
students spend the
spend upindoor
buildings
up to environmental
to 25% are
25% of of
of their quality
particular
their timetime in (IEQ)
concern
in the because
when
the facilities.
facilities.it
efficiency
energy within of the
primary
country sources and transformed
is extremely low. types of students
students
Educational
comes to
Hence, it’s spend
the
it’s very up
buildings
indoor to
very important 25%
are of
of
environmental
important to their
particulartime
quality
create aa comfortable
to create in
concernthe
(IEQ) facilities.
comfortable micro- when
because
micro-it
energy within the country is extremely low. Hence,
Hence,
comes
students it’s
to
climate. This thevery
spend
This example important
indoor
up to
example implies25% to
environmental
of
implies huge create
their a
time
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quality in
potential for (IEQ)
the micro-
because
facilities.
for enhancing
enhancing
climate.
climate.
students This
spend example
up implies
to(Porhinčák,
25% to of huge
their potential
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in Thus, facilities.
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of energyit’s very
efficiency important create
M., a2013).
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Hence, it’s efficiency
efficiency
very (Porhinčák,
(Porhinčák,
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M.,
create a2013).
2013). Thus,
Thus,
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the new
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holistic This
energy example
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Advanced
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This system
system
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approach
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buildings is Thus,requirednew
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of energy for energy
efficiency saving
(Porhinčák,in the buildings
M., 2013). is
Thus,required
the new to
to
holistic
carry out energy
the audit. system approach is required. Advanced
Fig. 1. Scheme of the final energy consumption by sectors carry
carry
holistic out
out the
the
energy audit.
audit. system approach is required. Advanced
Fig. 1.
1. Scheme
Scheme of of the
the final
final energy
energy consumption
consumption by by sectors control for energy saving in the buildings is required to
Fig.
in Azerbaijan, %: 1- household; 2- commercial
commercial and andsectors
public Multi-disciplinary
control
carry outfor theenergy energy
saving in
audit. energy auditing is becoming
the buildings becoming a trend
is required trend
to
in Azerbaijan, %: 1- household; 2- public Multi-disciplinary
Multi-disciplinary energy auditing
auditing is
isnatural
becoming a
a trend
in Azerbaijan,
Fig. 1. Scheme
buildings; %:
of 1-
3-transport;thehousehold;
final
4- energy
industry, 2-consumption
commercial and
5-others public
by sectors because
carry out it
thecan help
audit. save energy and resources as
buildings; 3-transport; 4- because it
it can
can help save energy and natural resources as
buildings;
Fig. 3-transport;
1. Scheme
in Azerbaijan, of 1-
%: 4- industry,
industry,
thehousehold;
final energy 5-others
5-others
2-consumption
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Multi-disciplinary
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Statistical commercial
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Committee and public
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(Mammadov energy and
N., natural
Akbarova resources
S., as
2017).
According to the
the State Statistical Committee of the the
the building sector (Mammadov N.,
N., Akbarova S., 2017).
Accordingof
buildings;
Republic toAzerbaijan,
3-transport; State Statistical
4- industry,
more than Committee
5-others
47% of final of the
energy wellbuilding
because
The as it can sector
establish
main objectivean(Mammadov
help save energy
environmentally
of the and Akbarova
natural resources
friendly
multi-disciplinary S., energy
2017).
footprint as
in
Republic
Republic of Azerbaijan, more than
than 47% of
of final energy The
The main
main objective
objective of
of thethe multi-disciplinary
multi-disciplinary S., energy
energy
Accordingof toAzerbaijan,
the State more Statistical 47%
Committee final of energy
the well as
the buildingestablish
sector an(Mammadov
environmentally friendly footprint
N., Akbarova in
2017).
According
Republic of to the
Azerbaijan,
Copyright © 2018 IFAC State Statistical
more than Committee
47% of final of the
energy 311
the
The building
main sector
objective (Mammadov
of the N., Akbarova
multi-disciplinary S., 2017).
energy
Copyright
Republic ©
2405-8963
Copyright © 2018
©of2018,
2018 IFAC
IFAC (International
IFAC
Azerbaijan, more than Federation
47% ofoffinal Automatic
energy 311
Control)
311 Hosting
The bymain Elsevier Ltd. All rights
objective of the reserved.
multi-disciplinary energy
Peer review under responsibility of International Federation of Automatic Control.
Copyright © 2018 IFAC 311
10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.11.308
Copyright © 2018 IFAC 311
IFAC TECIS 2018
Baku, Azerbaidschan, Sept 13-15, 2018 Akbarova Samira et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 51-30 (2018) 311–315
312

auditing is to obtain information on the current state of the

building (i.e. its envelope), such as indoor climate quality,
communication engineering systems and installations. This
information is critical to implement the energy efficient
measures (EEMs) to the building (Tchervilov L., 2014).
Total investment and profitability are key factors in
selecting the most energy efficient measures.
This paper focuses on the results of the detailed multi-
disciplinary energy auditing of an educational building of
Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction
(AzUAC) and technical recommendations on elimination of
energy waste. Considerations not only included the
application of low cost energy efficient measures but the
control aspects of the building life cycle regarding design,
production of materials and their recycling, operating,
maintenance, and retrofitting of buildings (Shimon Y. Nof,
2009).
2. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH
The following directives and norms are often used in
Azerbaijan as a normative base for building energy Fig. 2. Stages of energy auditing
auditing:
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE CASE STUDY
- EN 15217: Energy performance of buildings -
Methods for expressing energy performance and energy 3.1. Brief information about the current situation
certification of buildings, 2005;
The building on which the multi-disciplinary energy
- Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament auditing was illustrated is the second educational building
and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the Energy of the AzUAC (Fig.3) that was built in 1986. Since its
Performance of Buildings (recast). Official Journal of the construction, the building has not undergone any capital
European Union L153/13, 18.6.2010: renovation.
- SNIP 23-02-2003 "Thermal performance of the
buildings", Moscow, 2012;
- EN ISO 13790: Energy performance of buildings
– Calculation of energy used heating and cooling the space;
- EN 16247:2014 European Standard Energy audits
- Part 2: Buildings. European Committee for
Standardization, etc.
According to EN 16247:2014: Energy audit is a systematic
inspection and analysis of energy use and energy
consumption of a building with the objective of identifying Fig.3. Photographs of second educational building of
energy flows and the potential for energy efficiency AzUAC
improvements and their reporting. The stages of the multi-
disciplinary building energy auditing offered by the experts The campus is a 12-story building with a total heated area
of AzUAC is shown in Fig.2. of 9408 m2 with a flat roof, unheated attic floor and
unheated basement. The walls are made of local limestone
The energy auditing model has been designed by the means
with stone lining. The condition the walls are in leads us to
of a special software for calculating energy budget and
conclude that the average heat transfer coefficient is about
profitability of EEMs. The software considers several
1.2 W/(m2‧0C), which allows for large heat losses through
parameters. These parameters include building envelope
the enclosing structures. The indicated heat transfer
characteristics, climate conditions (including the influence
coefficient is almost 3 times higher than the existing
of solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed,
standard requirement for wall thermal protection for
atmospheric precipitations) as well as the influence of
European Union countries with similar climates to
condition and type of the automatic control systems,
Azerbaijan. Low thermal protection of the walls leads to the
thermostatic control set point and generation efficiencies.
appearance of condensation on the internal surfaces of the
Professional assessments have a thermographic scan,
outside walls, which contributes to the loss of their
blower door tests, etc.
enclosing properties and causes the formation of mold. The
windows in the building are mostly old wooden windows
with double glazing. After almost 30 years of operation, the

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condition of the frames has deteriorated. It should be noted annual amount of sun hours is about 2210 (Meteorology and
that in recent years 180 m2 of windows from 1310 m2 have climate baseline report, 2017).
been gradually replaced with the plastic double glazing
3. Facade thermal insulation
windows.
The thermal insulation of the outside walls from outer side
The existing heating system of the building consists of a
with Rockwool mineral wool of thickness 7 cm is
single-pipe with an upper wiring. The heating devices are
suggested. Due to this change, the coefficient of heat
the old type convectors. Thermoregulation of the heating
transfer of the outside wall will be reduced approximately
system is absent. The distribution pipelines are metal and
2.5 times. It is about 0.48 W/(m2‧K). The area of the thermal
do not have thermal insulation. The heating supply in the
insulated walls is 5224 m2.
building is sourced from a local boiler house which runs on
natural gas. The boiler house supplies heat to 5 of the As shown on Fig. 4 the proposed wall construction has four
university buildings. The temperature diagram of the boiler constructive layers:
house is often not properly maintained. Due to low thermal
protection of the building and an unbalanced heating 1- internal plaster is cement-sand mortar with density about
system, winter temperatures inside of the premises are about ρ=1700 kg/m³, thickness is d1= 0.02 m, coefficient of
+160С, which is significantly lower than the minimum thermal conductivity is about λ1=0.7 W/(m‧0C);
acceptable temperature standards. Due to the inadequate 2 - basic masonry is limestone, ρ=1600 kg/m³, d2=0.4 m,
room temperature in the winter season, additional electric λ2= 0.73 W/(m‧0C);
heating appliances are used to raise indoor air temperature.
3- thermal insulation with the mineral wool Rockwool
There is no hot domestic water supply in the building, Batts, ρ=105 kg/m³; d3= 0.07 m; λ3=0.042 W/(m‧0C);
although it must be provided in accordance with the
construction norms. There are only two individual electric 4 - facing stone is local lime stone, ρ=1800 kg/m³, d4=0.04
boilers: on the first floor for the student canteen and on the m; λ4=0.93 W/(m‧0C).
fourth floor for the laboratory
There is unheated building basement with floor area 784 m2
and height is 3.0m, Height of the floor surface above outside
ground level is 1m, depth of basement floor below ground
level 2m, the average heat transfer coefficient is about 0.4
W/(m2‧0C). In current building codes the warmest climate
zones do not require basement wall insulation, for Baku,
average outdoor air temperature for heating is +3.80C.
These areas are dominated by cooling loads, not heating
loads.

3.2 Brief information about the proposed activities

The following package of energy efficient measures was
proposed by the local energy auditors.
1. Thermal insulation of main pipelines in the basement
It is proposed to insulate the main pipelines in the basement
with the mineral-wool with a thickness of 5 cm and
coefficient of thermal conductivity about λ<0.04 W/(m‧0C).
Diameter of the pipelines is 89х4.5мм and length is 115х2
= 230м.
2. Installation of the solar panels
To provide the whole building with hot water, the solar
panels should be installed on the building roof. The number
of installed solar panels- water heaters will be 20 pieces.
The efficient area of each panel is 2.34 m2. The total area of
solar panels should be 47m2. The installation of them
requires a roof area should of approximately 60 m2. Based
on the climate condition in Baku, this device will allow for
the generation of 41 000 kWh of energy per year. A figure
that covers about 60% of the total DHW load.
The hybrid system of central and solar water heating will be
more efficient and optimal because in Baku the average
Fig.4. Proposed wall construction
4. Roof thermal insulation
The roof area is 784 m2. It is proposed that an additional
thermal insulating layer is applied by Rockwool Batts with
a thickness of 7 cm and λ=0.042 W/(m‧0C) from inside. The
attic floor should be insulated with clay tile. This would
reduce the coefficient of heat transfer from 1.1 W/(m²‧0C)
to 0.46 W/(m²‧0C).
5. New windows
Old windows should be replaced (total area is 1130 m²) with
double-glazed windows and metal-plastic frames, with
additional energy efficient layer. New windows will have
an overall heat transfer coefficient 2.0 W/(m²‧0C) instead of
2.9 W/(m²‧0C).
6. Renovation of heating system and hydraulic balancing of
the thermostatic valves
It is proposed to replace the single-pipe heating system with
the upper wiring with a two-pipe system with a lower
wiring. The old steel pipes should be replaced with plastic
pipes. The total length of pipelines is 1915 m. The heating

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convectors should be replaced with the sectional aluminum modernization of heating system is not cost-effective
radiators. Total number of the radiator sections after the (NPVQ = -0.54) as well. This is caused by high costs
introduction of energy-efficient measures will decrease required for the thermostatic valves and partly for the
from 2 810 to 1 450. All devices will be equipped with the reconstruction cost of the heating system. However, if we
thermostatic valves- 204 pieces. assume that a reconstruction will be carried out in any case
as part of general building renovation, then the investment
4.DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
for installation of the thermostatic valves will be considered
Since there are no heat meters in the building and there is profitable. Table 2 shows that the most energy efficient
no data on the actual consumption of electricity, the total procedures are facade thermal insulation and installation of
energy consumption by the building before the the new windows, energy savings are 330 643 kWh/yr and
implementation of the energy efficient measures is carried 325 421 kWh/yr respectively.
out by estimated calculations.
Thus, the proposed activities will not only improve the
Because the building is not heated enough in winter, and internal microclimate in the building, but also help reduce
there is no domestic hot water (DHW) supply, it is the university's energy account costs. Also, EEMs will
necessary to calculate the basic energy consumption and reduce CO2 emissions by 195 tons per year due to reduction
considering the minimum standards for indoor air of gas consumption at the local boiler house and save up to
temperature in the premises. Energy consumption before 105 m3 of natural gas.
and after EEMs is summarized in the Table1. The energy
Table 2. Energy efficiency potential
budget and profitability are computed by special software.
Here the DHW consumption is taken close to 0, since two EEP Invest- Net Net Pay- NPVQ
individual electric water heaters are insufficient in the total ment savings savings back *
energy balance of the building. AZN [kWh/yr] [AZN/yr] [year]
1 2 600 40 299 1 048 2,5 1.75
Table 1. Energy budget
2 15 000 40 197 2 412 6,2 0,77
Budget Item Before EE Before EE After EE and 3 82 000 330 643 8 597 9,5 0.16
Calculated Baseline renovation 4 9 500 33 111 861 11 0.0
kWh/m²year kWh/m²year kWh/m²year 5 130 000 325 421 8 461 15,4 -0,28
Heating 1 176 760 1 274 818 495 041 6 25 000 50 303 1 308 19,1 -0.54
Ventilation Total 264100 819 974 22 687 11.6 0,08
0 0 0
(heating)
DHW 0* 65 897 25 700 Here the coefficient of Net Present Value Quotient is about
Fans/ Pumps 0 0 0 7.6% of the real discount rate, AZN -local currency.
Lighting 25 797 25 797 25 797
Various 92 868 92 868 92 868 5. CONCLUSION
Cooling 9 405 9 405 9 405 Building energy auditing in Azerbaijan is becoming more
Total 1 304 829 1 468 784 648 810 urgent as it directly contributes to the actual saving of
energy and natural resources. Hence, reducing the
In addition, the internal temperature at the premises will be environmental impact of the buildings. This explains why
normalized and the situation with domestic hot water supply this task is on the agenda of many owners of the modern
will be improved. Taking into account the current state of buildings. In Azerbaijan the trend of building energy
the building, the actual savings will be 20% lower. The auditing is relatively new and process of implementing of
building energy auditing identifies an energy efficient such auditing is still slow. The following problems in this
potential and renovation measures. Total energy savings area are observed: lack of certified experts in this field; lack
from implementation of the EEMs are calculated on the of adequate technical standards which slows
base of baseline energy consumption. It amounted to 819 implementation. The availability of significant reserves of
974 kWh/year and it corresponds to 56% of savings, natural resources removed incentives to have significant
including: capital expenditures to make buildings across the country
more energy efficient and environmentally friendly.
• thermal energy saving 779 777 kWh / year; Inadequate measures of assistance and encouragement by
• savings for electricity of 40 197 kWh / year (installation the state and insufficient awareness of building owners all
of the solar panels). hamper the development of the auditing system. Despite all
of these setbacks, it is important that local experts continue
The results are shown in the Table 2. Here all calculated to develop and implement building auditing methodology
EEPs are listed and ranked according to their profitability, based on the national norms and standards combined with
e.g. the most profitable procedure is thermal insulation of theoretical investigations accompanied with appropriate
the main pipelines in the basement because NPVQ=1.75. practical experience.
Calculations show that the recommendation for new
windows is unprofitable (NPVQ = -0.28), but it is necessary
to ensure indoor air quality conditions on the premises.
Installation of the thermostatic valves as part of

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