BUILDING SERVICES – II

Electrical Services and Illumination

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ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGY

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What are the services in buildings
And
Why are they important ?

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ELECTRICAL POWER

• Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric
circuit.
• The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule(unit of energy) per second.
• It is the amount of energy used when a circuit is complete, in operation.
• Power can be calculated for time periods: watts per seconds or watts per hour.
• The word power is represented in formulas using the letter P.

CURRENT

• Current is a flow of electrical charge carriers, usually electrons

• The common symbol for current is the uppercase letter “ I “.
• Current is measured in amperes (amps).
• Amps are represented in formulas using the letter A.
• Amps are named for French mathematician/physicist Andrè-Marie Ampére (1775-1836)
• Current moves away from a negative charge and towards a positive charge.

AMPERE (A) represents the amount of electrons that flow past a point in a circuit in
one second.

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 VOLTAGE

• Voltage is what makes electric charges move.

• It is the 'push' that causes charges to move in a wire or other electrical conductor.
• It can be thought of as the force that pushes the charges, but it is not a force.

Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit’s power source that pushes charged electrons
(current) through a conducting loop that enables them to do work

Voltage = pressure, and it is measured in volts (V). The term recognizes Italian physicist
Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

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HIGH VOLTAGE

• The term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict
harm on living organisms. Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant
particular safety requirements and procedures.
• In electric power transmission engineering, high voltage is usually considered any voltage over
approximately 35,000 volts.

LOW VOLTAGE

• In electrical power systems low voltage most commonly refers to the mains voltages as used by domestic
and light industrial and commercial consumers.

• "Low voltage" in this context still presents a risk of electric shock, but only a minor risk of electric arcs
through the air.
AC RMS
IEC voltage range DC voltage (V) Defining risk
voltage (V)

High voltage > 1 000 > 1 500 Electrical arcing

Low voltage 50 to 1 000 120 to 1 500 Electrical shock

Extra-low voltage < 50 < 120 Low risk

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Alternating Current (AC)

• Alternating current is defined as the flow of charge

that changes direction periodically. The result
obtained will be, the voltage level also reverses along
with the current. Basically, AC is used to deliver
power to industries, houses, office buildings, etc.
• The AC can be generated from no of means i.e.
from, a steam turbine, flowing water, a wind
turbine and so on.
About AC
• Home and office outlets
• Less energy is lost in electrical power transmission for high voltages (> 110kV).
• For higher voltages imply lower currents, and for lower currents, less heat is generated in
the power line which is obviously due to low resistance.
• AC can be easily converted from high voltage to low voltage and vice versa with the help
of transformers.
• AC power the electric motors.
• It is also useful for many large appliances like refrigerators, dishwashers, etc.
• Direct Current

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Direct current (DC)
• It is the movement of electric charge carriers, i.e. electrons in a unidirectional flow. In DC the
intensity of the current will vary along with time, but the direction of movement stays the same in
all time.
• Here DC is referred to a voltage whose polarity never reverses.
• In a DC circuit, electrons emerge from the minus or negative pole and move towards the plus or
positive pole. Some of the physicists define DC as it travels from plus to minus.

The basic source of direct current is produced by batteries, electrochemical, and

photovoltaic cells.

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S No
The amount of energy
1
that can be carried
The cause of the direction
2 It is denoted rotating magnet along the wire.
of flow of electrons
3 Frequency
4 Direction
5 Current
6 Flow of Electrons
7 Obtained from
Alternating Current
It is safe to transfer over longer city
distances and will provide more power.
The frequency of alternating current will be
either 50Hz or 60Hz depending upon the
country.
It reverses its direction while flowing in a
circuit.
It is the current of magnitude which is
varying with time
Here electrons will keep switching the
directions – forward and backward.
The source of availability is A.C Generator
and mains.
Direct Current
Practically the voltage of DC cannot travel
very far until it begins to lose energy.
It is denoted steady magnetism along the
wire
The frequency of direct current will be zero.
It only flows in one direction in the circuit.
It is the current of constant magnitude.
Electrons move steadily in one direction or
‘forward’.
The source of availability is either Cell or
Battery.
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CONNECTED LOAD

• It refers to that load which consume electric power from supply and convert another
form of energy such as motor, light, fan and ac on.
• Here, light convert electrical energy into light energy and heat.

• Total Connected Load (TCL) is the mechanical and electrical load (in kW) that will be
connected (or to consumed) for that particular area.

MAXIMUM DEMAND

• The Maximum Demand (MD) is the total kW that actually contributes the total power
used in one time after applying the diversity factor based on the Total Connected Load
calculated.

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LOAD FACTOR

It is defined as the average load divided by the peak load in a specified time period.

A sub-station has three outgoing feeders:

feeder 1 has maximum demand 10 MW at 10:00 am,

feeder 2 has maximum demand 12 MW at 7:00 pm and
feeder 3 has maximum demand 15 MW at 9:00 pm,
While the maximum demand of all three feeders is 33 MW at 8:00 pm.

Here, the sum of the maximum demand of the individual sub-systems (feeders) is 10 + 12 + 15 = 37 MW,
while the system maximum demand is 33 MW.

The diversity factor is 37/33 = 1.12.

The diversity factor value can also can be 1 which indicates the maximum demand of the individual sub-
system occurs simultaneously

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DEMAND FACTOR

The demand factor is defined as the ratio of the maximum demand of a system (or part
of a system) to the total connected load for that part being considered. Different loads
have different demand factors. The demand factor is always equal to or less than one

For example, all lights will probably be on at the same time, so the demand factor
for lighting is often taken as unity.

It is rare, however, for all motors to run at the same time, and they are probably
not running at full power. Therefore, the demand factor for these motors is less
than unity.

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NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE :

• The National Electrical Code (NEC), or NFPA 70, is a regionally adoptable standard for
the safe installation of electrical wiring and equipment.
• It is part of the National Fire Code series published by the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA), a private trade association.

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

• The National Building Code of India (NBC), a comprehensive building Code, is a

national instrument providing guidelines for regulating the building construction activities
across the country.
• It serves as a Model Code for adoption by all agencies involved in building construction
works be they Public Works Departments, other government construction departments,
local bodies or private construction agencies.
• The Code mainly contains administrative regulations, development control rules and
general building requirements; fire safety requirements; stipulations regarding
materials, structural design and construction (including safety); building and
plumbing services; approach to sustainability; and asset and facility management.
• The Code was first published in 1970 at the instance of Planning Commission and then
first revised in 1983.
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THE ELECTRICITY ACT, 2003

• The electricity act 2003, seeks to bring about a qualitative transformation of the electricity
sector through a new paradigm.

• The act seeks to create liberal framework of development for the power sector by
distancing government from regulations.

• The objectives of the act are to consolidate the laws relating to generation, distribution
trading and use of electricity and generally for taking measures conductive to
development of electricity to all areas, nationalization of electricity tariff, ensuring
transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally
helpful policies, constitution of Central Electricity Authority, Regulatory Commissions and
established of Appellate Tribunal and for matter connected thereafter or incidental thereto”.

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THE ELECTRICITY ACT, 2003

The salient features of this act

• The central Govt to prepare a National Electricity Policy in Consultation with State Govt.

• Thrust to complete the rural electrification and provide for management of rural distribution
by Panchayats, Cooperative Societies, non-government organizations, franchises etc.

• Provision for license free generation and distribution in the rural areas.

• Provision for private licenses in transmission and entry in distribution through an

independent network.

• The state Electricity Regulatory Commission is a mandatory requirement.

• Metering of all electricity supplied made mandatory.

• Provisions relating to theft of electricity made more stringent

• Provisions safeguarding consumer interests.

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STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD

State electricity board is a state owned electricity

regulation board operating within the respective states in
India.
Most states own their own SEB:
MSEB ; Maharashtra state electricity board
KEB : Karnataka state electricity board

The Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation

Limited, also known as KPTCL, is the sole electricity
transmission and distribution company in state
of Karnataka. Its origin was in Karnataka Electricity
Board. Until 2002, the Karnataka Electricity Board
(KEB) handled electricity transmission and distribution
across the state.

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DEPERTMENT OF CHIEF ELECTRICAL INSPECTORATE

• The Chief Electrical Inspector is assisted by an Additional Chief Electrical

Inspector, Deputy Chief Electrical Inspector, Electrical Inspectors, Deputy
Electrical Inspectors, Assistant Electrical Inspectors Administrative Officer,
Accounts Officer and a Law Officer in the Headquarters at the capital

• The main functions of the Department is to ensure safety of all

electrical installations as per the provisions of section 53 of Electricity
Act 2003.

• The Central Electricity Authority ( Measures relating to Safety and Electric

Supply ) Regulations 2010 stipulated various Regulations to be enforced by
the Electrical Inspector for ensuring safety in the installations and
maintenance of Electrical Installations.

• Scheme approval is being issued for the electrical installations by this

Department.

• Once the installation is completed, thorough inspection will be conducted

by this Department and if it is in order sanction for energisation will be
issued. The Licensee (the board) will issue electrical supply to the
installations based on the sanction order issued by this Department.
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VARIOUS SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Hydropower : is an energy obtained from flowing water. Energy in water can be harnessed and used
in the foot motive energy or temperature differences. The most common application is the dam.

Nuclear Power : Nuclear power is an electrical power produced from energy released by controlled
fission or fusion of atomic nuclei in a nuclear reaction. Mass is converted into energy and the amount
of released energy greatly exceeds that from chemical processes such as combustion.

Solar Power : is a power derived from the energy of the sun. A radiant energy produced in the Sun as
a result of nuclear fusion reactions.

Wind Power : is the kinetic energy of wind or the extraction of this energy by wind turbines.
Windmill machine converts wind into useful energy. This energy is derived from the force of wind
acting on oblique blades

Fossil Fuel Power Plant (FFPP)

Also known as steam electric power plant in the US, thermal power plant in Asia, or power station in
UK. The most common source of energy is fossil fuel. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas.

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HIGH VOLTAGE (HV)/HIGH TENSION (HT) CABLES

• A high-voltage cable (HV cable) is a cable used for electric power transmission at high voltage
• A cable includes a conductor and insulation, and is suitable for being run underground or
underwater.
• High-voltage cables of differing types have a variety of applications in instruments, ignition
systems, and alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) power transmission.
• In all applications, the insulation of the cable must not deteriorate due to the high-voltage stress.
• The cable system must prevent contact of the high-voltage conductor with other objects or persons,
and must contain and control leakage current. Cable joints and terminals must be designed to
control the high-voltage stress to prevent breakdown of the insulation.

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LOW VOLTAGE (LV) / LOW TENSION (LT)
CABLES
• Low Voltage power cables are constructed with rigid,
solid or stranded, copper and aluminium conductors, and
flexible (bare or tin-plated) copper conductors.
• XLPE, PVC, LSF/LSOH and elastomer compounds are
the main insulating and shielding compounds for these
cable types.
• Steel (or aluminum for single core cables) wires or tapes
may be applied under the outer sheath, providing
additional mechanical protection.
• Cables for special applications, halogen-free, fire-
retardant, fire-resistant and with low smoke emissions
can also be provided.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HV AND LV CABLES

• Low tension (LT) lines have low voltage (less than 1kV) and high current distribution
.(eg.230V/440V).The power supplying to our household applications are at LT .

• It is used to transmit power at very small distances and uses thicker conductors.

• Low tension (LT) consumer connection is a low voltage line up to 440 volts.

High tension(HT) lines are using much higher voltages (11kV,33kV,66kV,110kV etc) .It is
used to transmit power to large distances by increasing voltage and decreasing current

HT lines uses thinner conductors than LT line.

High tension (HT) connection is high voltage line, in India it is 11 kilovolts and above.

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TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

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TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

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TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

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VOLTAGE LEVELS

• Power System consists of generating units, transmission system and distribution system
and the amount voltage getting transferred is different at each end , this is known as
voltage level.
• Generating voltages may have 6.6KV,3.3KV,11KV,21KV OR 31KV.The amount of
voltage generating depends on the insulation withstand level of the generator.
• Transmission system is required to deliver bulk amount of power from power stations to
load centers
• The primary transmission voltages are 110KV, 132KV, 220KV, 400KV.
• These transmission voltages are designed based on the distance to which power is to be
delivered, amount of power to be transmitted and the system stability.
• Secondary transmission voltages are of the order of 11KV or 33KV.
• The role of distribution is to deliver power from substation to the consumer terminals.
• The Voltages of the primary distribution are 11,6.6 or 3.3 KV connected to bulk
consumers (Industries)
• Secondary distribution voltage constitutes of 415V or 230 V

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RING MAIN UNITS

• In an electrical power distribution system, a Ring main unit (RMU) is a factory

assembled, metal enclosed set of switchgear used at the load connection points of a ring-
type distribution network.
• It includes in one unit two switches that can connect the load to either or both main
conductors, and a fusible switch or circuit breaker and switch that feed a distribution
transformer.
• The metal enclosed unit connects to the transformer through a standardized dimensions
channel , or else through cables and is usually installed outdoors.
• Ring main cables enter and leave the cabinet for distribution.
• This type of switchgear is used for medium-voltage power distribution, from 7200 volts
to about 36000 Volts.

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METERING PANELS

• An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter,

or energy meter is a device that measures the amount
of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or
an electrically powered device.
• Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers'
premises for billing purposes.
• They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most
common one being the kilowatt hour (kWh).
• There are various types of Metering Panel
1. Synchronizing Panel
2. LT and HT Panel
3. APFC – (Automatic Power Factor Control) Panels
4. PCC – (Power Control Center) Panels
5. MCC – (Motor Control Centre) Panels
6. Feeder Pillar Panels
7. Lighting Control Panels

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SUBSTATION
• A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission,
and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to
low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important
functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric
power may flow through several substations at different voltage
levels.
• A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels
between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages,
or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
• Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may
be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally
substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision
and control.
• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
• The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system
became a grid.
• As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants
were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply
from a larger plant instead of using their own generators.
• The first substations were connected to only one power station, where
the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

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ELEMENTS OF A SUBSTATION

A: Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines' side

1. Primary power lines 2. Ground wire 3. Overhead lines
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
5. Disconnect switch 6. Circuit breaker
7. Current transformer
8. Lightning arrester
9. Main transformer
10. Control building
11. Security fence
12. Secondary power lines

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TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS

• Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the power system,
the method used to insulate most connections, and by the style and materials of the structures
used.
1. Transmission substation : A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines.
2. Distribution substation : A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission
system to the distribution system of an area.
3. Collector substation : In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm or Photovoltaic
power station, a collector substation may be required.
4. Converter substations : Converter substations may be associated with HVDC converter
plants, or interconnected non-synchronous networks.
5. Switching station : A switching station is a substation without transformers and operating only
at a single voltage level. Switching stations are sometimes used as collector and distribution
stations.

A distribution substation
in Scarborough, Ontario disguised as a house,
complete with a driveway, front walk and a mown
lawn and shrubs in the front yard. A warning notice
can be clearly seen on the "front door"

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TRANSFORMER

• A Transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers AC electrical power from one
circuit to the other circuit through the process of electromagnetic induction. Here the voltage
level can be altered that means voltage can be increased or decreased according to the requirement

Necessity of a Transformer
• Usually, electrical power is generated at 11KV. For economical reasons AC power is
transmitted at very high voltages say 220 kV or 440 kV over long distances.
• Therefore a step-up transformer is applied at the generating stations.
• Now for safety reasons the voltage is stepped down to different levels by step down
transformer at various substations to feed the power to the different locations and thus the
utilization of power is done at 400/230 V.
• If (V2 > V1) the voltage is raised on the output side and is known as Step-up transformer
• If (V2 < V1) the voltage level is lowered on the output side and is known as Step down transformer
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TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

Position of the windings concerning the core 4. On the basis of the supply

• Core type • Single phase

• Shell type • Three phase

According to the transformation ratio or 5. On the basis of cooling

number of turns in the windings
• Air Natural (AN) or Self air cooled or dry
• Step up type
• Step down • Air Forced (AF) or Air Blast type
• Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)
Types of services • Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
• Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)
• Power transformer • Oil Natural Water Forced (ONWF)
• Distribution transformer • Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)
• Instrument transformer
• Current transformer
• Potential transformer
• Auto-transformer
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THANK YOU

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