Assignment 1

Quantitative Research Methods

By: Muhammad Munzir Bin Razak

1. Improving reading ability

1. Define a null hypothesis that would allow to test whether the activities have an effect
on the DRP score.

 Null hypothesis for this case whether DRP score (Response) will take effect on activities
(Treatment) that have been provided. Ho Response = Treatment (Response by Treatment).

2. Perform a statistical test that allows to reject or not reject the null hypothesis defined
in the previous question. Discuss the results obtained.

 Using Rstudio conducting the t.test, data is Response by Treatment. The test is two sided
test (because the Treatment variable is a factor that have 2 level), 95% of confidence
interval and assume there is no equal variance. Below show the test performing in Rstudio.

 From result show since the p-value is much smaller than 0.05, we can conclude that the
variables Response and Treatment are significantly affected.
 3. Generate a boxplot graph that allows to compare the scores of each group. Explain what
can be deduced from the graph about the differences between the scores of each group.

 From boxplot above shows the difference between group Control and Treated is differ by
precise of response that Treated group achieve by doing activities by past 8 weeks period
to improve pupil reading ability.

4. Obtain a 95% confidence interval for the scores of each class. Explain what can be
deduced from these intervals.

 From the test conducted mean value between the groups that shows Treated is 51.48 higher
measure by Response data than Control value 41.52. After that, by conducting variance
each class show that value of variance for Treated group 121.16 much smaller prove that
the pupil with treated activities will improve reading ability than Control group which is
value 294.08.
2. Moon Illusion

5. Define a null hypothesis that would allow to test whether the presumed optical illusion
exists. Take into account the nature of the variable to define this hypothesis.

 Null hypothesis for this case is the variable (Elevated, Level) mean must greater than value
1. Because a ratio of 1.00 would represent no optical illusion. So, Ho: mu > 1.00.

6. Perform a statistical test that allows to reject or not reject the null hypothesis for the
mean of the ELEVATED variable. Discuss the results obtained.

 Perform the test with Rstudio by using Elevated data and Null Hypothesis is greater than
1.00. The test conducted with one sided and 95% confidence interval.
 The result obtain show that mean of the Elevated variable is higher than 1.00 which mean
optical illusion were exist with eye elevated.
 7. Generate a boxplot graph that allows to compare the values of the ELEVATED and
LEVEL variables. Explain what can be deduced from the graph about the differences
between the ratios of the ELEVATED and LEVEL cases.

 From boxplot graph below show that no significance differ from the ratios of the
ELEVATED and LEVEL cases. It is because the value between the data is not differ in
greater value more than 1.00.

8. Define a null hypothesis that would allow to test whether there is a difference in the
population mean of the ELEVATED and LEVEL ratios.

 Null hypothesis will be Elevated mean have significance difference value with Level Mean.
Ho: Elevated mean = Level Mean.
 9. Considering that the variables are taken from the same subjects (paired data), perform
a statistical test that allows to reject or not reject the null hypothesis for the mean of the
difference between both variables. Briefly discuss the results obtained.

 By declare the mean value each of the variables (Elevated and Level) than perform the
t.test using that value. Considering confidence interval 95% the test has be performed.
 Based on test below, show that p-value is more than 0.05 whether using Elevated mean
data or Level mean data. We can conclude that the variables Elevated and Level are not
significantly difference.