SQL Notes

Author Created Updated

Ner Karso Jan 23, 2020 Feb 1, 2020

Defini ons

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a common database language which is used to interact with a
rela onal database management system (RDBMS).

T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is an extension of SQL developed by Microso to communicate with SQL Server.

Best Prac ces

It is necessary to follow best prac ces and conven ons when designing a database to maintain
consistency.

Here are the rules:

En es (database, table, column) should be wri en in lowercase with no spaces in between.

Eg. players, player_details, etc.
SQL keywords should be wri en in uppercase.
Eg. CREATE, SELECT, FROM, WHERE, etc.

Database

Create a database

CREATE DATABASE fifa;

Drop a database

DROP DATABASE fifa;

Rename a database

EXEC SP_RENAME 'fifa', 'fifa_2022', 'DATABASE';

Table

Create a table

USE fifa;

CREATE TABLE players (

 id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY(1,1),
first_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
country VARCHAR(3) NOT NULL
);

Drop a table

USE fifa;

DROP TABLE players;

Rename a table

USE fifa;

EXEC SP_RENAME 'players', 'players_2022', 'OBJECT';

Add mul ple columns

USE fifa;

ALTER TABLE players

ADD
position VARCHAR(2) NULL,
number INT NULL;

Modify a column

USE fifa;

ALTER TABLE players

ALTER COLUMN number INT NULL DEFAULT 0;

Rename a column

USE fifa;

EXEC SP_RENAME 'players.number', 'jersey', 'COLUMN';

INSERT

Insert implicitly

USE fifa;

INSERT INTO players

VALUES
('Lionel', 'Messi', 'ARG', 'CF', 10),
('Cristiano', 'Ronaldo', 'POR', 'CF', 7),
 ('Arjen', 'Robben', 'NED', 'MF', 8),
('Xavier', 'Hernandez', 'SPA', 'MF', 6),
('Dani', 'Alves', 'BRA', 'DF', 2),
('Gerard', 'Pique', 'SPA', 'DF', 3);

Insert explicitly

USE fifa;

INSERT INTO players

(first_name, last_name, country, position, number)
VALUES
('Iker', 'Casillas', 'SPA', 'GK', 1);

SELECT

Retreive all columns

USE fifa;

SELECT * FROM players;

or

SELECT * FROM fifa.dbo.players;

Retreive selected columns

USE fifa;

SELECT id, last_name, position FROM players;

UPDATE

USE fifa;

UPDATE players
SET
first_name = 'Xavi',
position = 'DM'
WHERE
id = 4;

DELETE

USE fifa;

DELETE FROM players

WHERE id = 6;
LIKE

USE fifa;

SELECT id, last_name

FROM players
WHERE last_name LIKE 'Ro%';

Operators

AND
OR
<
>
==
!=
<>
IN
NOT IN