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CHAPTER 14 : SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a

predisposition to discriminatory action.


Social Psychology- studies the nature and
causes of behavior and mental processes in Stereotype a generalized (sometimes accurate
social situations or the scientific study on how but often overgeneralized) belief about a group
we think about, influence and relate to one of people.
another.
Discrimination unjustifiable negative behavior
Fundamental Attribution Error – the toward a group and its members.
tendency, when analyzing others’ behavior to
Just- World Phenomenon the tendency to
overestimate the influence of personal traits
believe that the world is just and people
and underestimate the effects of the situation.
therefore get what they deserve and deserve
Attitude feelings - often based on our beliefs, what they get.
that predispose us to respond in a particular
Ingroup “us” - people with whom we share a
way to objects, people, and events.
common identity.
foot- in- the- door phenomenon - the
Outgroup “them”—those perceived as
tendency for people who have first agreed to a
different or apart from our group.
small request to comply later with a larger
request. Ingroup bias the tendency to favor our own
group.
Role - a set of expectations about a social
position, defining how those in the position self-serving bias - the tendency to view one's
ought to behave. successes as stemming from internal· factors
and one's failures as stemming from external
Cognitive Dissonance Theory - the theory
factors
that we act to reduce the discomfort
(dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts Scapegoat Theory - the theory that prejudice
(cognitions) clash. For example, when we offers an outlet for anger by providing someone
become aware that our attitudes and our to blame.
actions don’t match, we may change our
attitudes so that we feel more comfortable. Aggression - any act intended to harm
someone physically or emotionally.
Conformity - adjusting our behavior or
thinking to coincide with a group standard. Frustration- Aggression Principle -the
principle that frustration—the blocking of an
Norm - an understood rule for accepted and attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger,
expected behavior in a given group. which can generate aggression.
Social Facilitation improved performance on Social Script culturally modeled guide for how
simple or well- learned tasks in the presence of to act in various situations.
others.
Primary Effect - the tendency to evaluate
Social Loafing - the tendency for people in a others in terms of first impressions
group to exert less effort when pooling their
efforts toward attaining a common goal than Romantic love - an aroused state of intense
when individually accountable. positive absorption in another, usually present
at the beginning of a love relationship.
Deindividuation- loss of self-awareness in
groups, although this is a matter of contention Consummate love – the ideal form of love
within Stemberg’s model which combines
Groupthink - a process in which group passion, intimacy and commitment the deep
members are influenced by cohesiveness and a affectionate attachment we feel for those with
dynamic leader to ignore external realities as whom our lives are intertwined.
they make decisions
Equity a condition in which people receive
Group Polarization strengthening of a group’s from a relationship in proportion to what they
preexisting attitudes through discussions within give to it.
the group.
Self- Disclosure revealing intimate aspects of
Prejudice - an unjustifiable and usually ourselves to others.
negative attitude toward a group and its
members. Prejudice generally involves
Altruism unselfish concern for the welfare of
others.

Bystander Effect the tendency for any given


bystander to be less likely to give aid if other
bystanders are present.

Reciprocity Norm - an expectation that


people will help, not hurt, those who have
helped them.

Social-Responsibility Norm - an expectation


that people will help those dependent upon
them. conflict a perceived incompatibility of
actions, goals, or ideas.

Mirror-Image Perceptions mutual views


often held by conflicting people, as when each
side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views
the other side as evil and aggressive.

Superordinate Goals shared goals that


override differences among people and require
their cooperation.

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