CHAPTER 14 : SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a
predisposition to discriminatory action.
Social Psychology- studies the nature and causes of behavior and mental processes in Stereotype a generalized (sometimes accurate social situations or the scientific study on how but often overgeneralized) belief about a group we think about, influence and relate to one of people. another. Discrimination unjustifiable negative behavior Fundamental Attribution Error – the toward a group and its members. tendency, when analyzing others’ behavior to Just- World Phenomenon the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal traits believe that the world is just and people and underestimate the effects of the situation. therefore get what they deserve and deserve Attitude feelings - often based on our beliefs, what they get. that predispose us to respond in a particular Ingroup “us” - people with whom we share a way to objects, people, and events. common identity. foot- in- the- door phenomenon - the Outgroup “them”—those perceived as tendency for people who have first agreed to a different or apart from our group. small request to comply later with a larger request. Ingroup bias the tendency to favor our own group. Role - a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position self-serving bias - the tendency to view one's ought to behave. successes as stemming from internal· factors and one's failures as stemming from external Cognitive Dissonance Theory - the theory factors that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts Scapegoat Theory - the theory that prejudice (cognitions) clash. For example, when we offers an outlet for anger by providing someone become aware that our attitudes and our to blame. actions don’t match, we may change our attitudes so that we feel more comfortable. Aggression - any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. Conformity - adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Frustration- Aggression Principle -the principle that frustration—the blocking of an Norm - an understood rule for accepted and attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, expected behavior in a given group. which can generate aggression. Social Facilitation improved performance on Social Script culturally modeled guide for how simple or well- learned tasks in the presence of to act in various situations. others. Primary Effect - the tendency to evaluate Social Loafing - the tendency for people in a others in terms of first impressions group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than Romantic love - an aroused state of intense when individually accountable. positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Deindividuation- loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention Consummate love – the ideal form of love within Stemberg’s model which combines Groupthink - a process in which group passion, intimacy and commitment the deep members are influenced by cohesiveness and a affectionate attachment we feel for those with dynamic leader to ignore external realities as whom our lives are intertwined. they make decisions Equity a condition in which people receive Group Polarization strengthening of a group’s from a relationship in proportion to what they preexisting attitudes through discussions within give to it. the group. Self- Disclosure revealing intimate aspects of Prejudice - an unjustifiable and usually ourselves to others. negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves Altruism unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
Bystander Effect the tendency for any given
bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
Reciprocity Norm - an expectation that
people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
Social-Responsibility Norm - an expectation
that people will help those dependent upon them. conflict a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
Mirror-Image Perceptions mutual views
often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
Superordinate Goals shared goals that
override differences among people and require their cooperation.