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Documenti di Cultura
Mangoes are prone to insect infestation and disease infection at any stage of their development. Without
proper pest management program, quality fruits may not be produced.
The current control measures for pests’ attacking mango still relies on the use of pesticides. Most
insecticides and fungicides are applied as calendar spray in an excessive manner resulting to pest
resistance, elevation of minor pests to major ones, destruction of natural enemies and contamination of
environment. In addition, pesticides are expensive and have caused in increased production inputs.
Many of these problems can be minimized though Integrated Pest Management (IPM). This involves
these of alternative measures in combination, to minimize pests.
The IPM strategies make use of cultural management (pruning, cultivation, sanitation, proper nutrition to
enhance vigor and fruit bagging) conservation of beneficial insects (pollinators and bio-con agents) and
proper pesticide management.
This brochure on IPM for mango production emphasizes prevention of pests through destruction of
source and prevention of its spread.
INSECTS
Description: This is a long-horned beetle and has very similar habits to the twig borer/cutter. The
adult scrapes the bark of young twigs causing the death of terminal parts. The insect is easily identified by
the circular white mark on the back of its body. Aside from destroyingthe twigs, the insect also cut the
leaves of mango especially those on the tips of the shoots, hence, the name of “leaf cutting beetle”. Pile
of cut leaves on the ground is a common indication of the presence of the insects.
Prevention/control
Like the twig borer, adults of the circular white-back borer are attracted to young leaves of mango or
flushes for egg laying. Insecticides recommended for a twig borer infestation can also be used to protect
trees from circular white back infestation. To prevent or minimize damage, spray the whole canopy with
Karate at 1 ½ tbsp per 16 L water. Repeat application after one month, especially during flushing. Other
pyrithroids can be used.
Green beetle
Scientific name: Anomala sp.
Description: Adults are metallic green. They feed mainly on the leaves and occasionally on the flowers of
mango. these insects also attack young fruits by chewing bits and pieces of the peel or skin, particularly
near the fruit stalk.
Prevention/control
Remove the adults from the tree by shaking the branches and spray insecticide.
Adults are attracted to light; hence, light trapping is an effective control measure.
Avoid piling compost or other organic matter near mango trees since these are
preferred sites for egg-laying.
Common names: Leaf gall midge, Gall fly and Mango leaf gall
Description: Adults which are mosquito-like in appearance prefer to lay eggs on new
flushes (young leaves). The larvae, which develop from eggs, mine the leaves
producing galls or swelling tissues. Under heavy infestations, the leaves wrinkle and
remain yellow. Close examination of the leaves shows dark green, circular galls
randomly distributed on the leaves blade. When open, each gall contains yellow larvae
of the cecid fly. When the adults emerged from this galls, the leaves produce circular
spots or holes which are sometimes mistaken as fungal infections (anthrac nose). The
latter, is however, irregular in shape.
While the damage of cecid fly is usually associated with galling of young leaves,
infested fruits produce circular, brown to black, scab-like spots randomly distributed on
the fruit surface. This damage is commonly called “buti”, armalite, and kurikong
’and‘saksak walis’ by growers the water –soaked spots with contains small, yellow
larvae. Infested fruits retain the scabby lesions at harvest affecting their quality.
Prevention/control
Orchard sanitation is important. Clear weedy areas since adults prefer to stay on
these plants.
Young leaves are very attractive for egg laying. Spraying Sevin, Decis, Karate,
and Stingray (3 to 4 tbsp per 16 L of water) will minimize damage. Spray insecticides
in the afternoon, preferably 5:00 to 6:00 pm.
Prune crowded branches (particularly irregular branches) to allow light
penetration.
Bag the fruits 55 to 60 days after flower induction.
Mango thrips
Scientific name: Scitothrips dorsalis (Giard)
Description: Mango thrips are small insects with “fringe” wings. These are occasional
insect pests of mango but maybe destructive in some areas. Adults and nymphs destroy
the leaves by scrapping the surface and feeding on the plant sap. Affected leaves
develop brown areas, and later dry up and fall to the ground. Burning effect on flowers
is a common damage of thrip injury.
Prevention/control
Both young and adults insects are sensitive to light. Prune crowded branches to allow
light penetration, which create an environment less favorable for their development.
Many insecticides are effective in the control of thrips, provided these are sprayed in
fine mist and sprayed underneath the leaves where they hide.
Mealybugs
Scientific name: Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell)
Both adults and nymphs attack the flowers by feeding on the base, gradually moving up
to cover the entire flower. The flowers dry up and drop off prematurely. The “honey dew”
produced by mealy bugs attracts red ants and serves as medium for the growth of sooty
molds.
Both adults and immature insects congregate on the stalk before moving to the lower
portions of the fruit. Excessive feeding of the sap damages the stalk and result to fruit
drop. On the fruit surface, the insect secretes “honey dew” from which sooty molds
develop. This spoils the appearance of the fruit. At harvest, mealy bugs can persist on
the fruit affecting quality. It can attract ants that are cumbersome during harvest.
Prevention/control
Pruning creates an environment that is not favorable for the growth of mealy
bugs.
Like scale insects, mealy bugs have symbiotic relationship with red ants. Mealy
bugs and scale insects provide food for the red ants through their excreta (honey
dew). In return, ants offer protection and distribute to insect to the different part of the
tree. Spray the red ants with Malathion (1 ½ to 3 tbsp per 16 L water), decis (1 to 5
tbsp per 16 L water), and karate (3/4 to 1 ½ tbsp per 16 L water) to prevent the spread
of mealy bugs.
Bag the fruits at 55 to 60 days after induction to prevent damage from mealy
bugs. The paper bag should be closed properly at all sides and should remain intact
up to harvest.
June beetle
Scientific name: Leucopholis irrorata (chevrolat)
Alternate hosts: Santol, avocado, Cashew, Coconut, and many other fruit trees
Description: The adults are brown ans are easily dropped down when foliage are
shaken. They feed extensively on the leaves, leaving only the midrib. The larvae (grubs)
feed on the roots. The insect gets into the root system from infested organic matter,
affected plant wilts and if uprooted, small, curved larvae can be seen feeding on the
roots.
Prevention/control
Before applying the organic matter as fertilizer for mango, dry it thoroughly to kill
the eggs of the beetle.
Granular insecticide like Furadon can be applied in the soil to kill the larvae.
Adults can be controlled by spray application of insecticide.
Scale insect
Important species recorded on mangoes:
Parts affected: Almost all parts of mango particularly twigs, branches, leaves and
fruits
Description: Scale insects are usually circular in form with scale-like appearance. In the
nursery, leaves of grafted mangoes are readily infested with scale insects, causing them
to dry and fall. On bearing trees, high population of scale insects cause blackening of
the canopy due to growth of fungus “sooty mold” which develops from their excreta
(honey dew). Affected leaves are covered with a thin, black, papery film which produces
unsightly appearance. Moreover, the photosynthetic activity (food production) of the
leaves is reduced considerably. The branches and twigs of mango are susceptible to
attack of scale insects. While feeding, they inject toxic substances into the tissues which
result in the production of galls (bulging of twigs) and distortions of affected parts.
Damaged portions fail to heal or recover.
Prevention/control
Young scale insects are carried and distributed by red ants to different parts of
the tree. To prevent spread, ants should be destroyed by spray application (Please
see Annex for suggested control measures.)
Prune regularly to remove unhealthy and crowded branches.
Bag the fruits at 55 to 60 days after induction to prevent damage from scale
insects. Seal the paper bag properly at all sides and let it remain intact up to harvest.
Use clean planting materials free from any infestation.
Trees which are sickly and crowded are susceptible to scale insect attack.
Under severe attack, prune affected parts, spray insecticide with sticker, fertilize
and irrigate.
Termite
Scientific name: Macrotermes gilvus (Hagen)
Description: Similar to ants but have soft bodies and are whitish in color. Termites
construct earthen tunnels visible near damaged plant parts. The barks may be partly or
fully eaten. Termites multiply very fast and are capable of destroying the entire tree.
After damaging the roots, termites go up the trunk through earthen tunnels. The workers
feed on the bark and underlying tissues. Parts affected are partially or totally destroyed.
Prevention/control
Paint or brush the trunk with used diesel oil to discourage the movement of
termites from soil to the upper parts of the tree.
Prune crowded branches to allow light penetration. This will provide unfavorable
environment for the multiplication of the insect. Termites have soft bodies and die
upon exposure to sunlight.
Insecticides can be sprayed to control termites. Be sure to destroy the earthen
tunnels before applying insecticides.
For termite mounds, make a hole on one side, deep enough to reach the nest
and pour kerosene.
Mango leafhopper
Scientific name: Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry)
Description: Adults are brown to gray with wedge-shaped body. Head is distinct with
protruding eyes on the side. Nymphs are smaller, light brown and have no wings.
Nymphs and adults damage the flowers by piercing the tissues and sucking the plant
sap which causes withering, drying and falling of individual flowers. Under severe
infestation, no fruit develops. The insects excretes fluid called “honey dew”, an excellent
medium for development of the fungus, “sooty mold”, which interferes with the
photosynthetic activity of the leaves. It also disturbs flower fertilization and spoils the
appearance of fruits. Under high insect population, the entire canopy is covered with
sooty mold with the leaves and flowers turning black.
Prevention/control
Since hopper population is expected to be high in summer, early induction of
mango trees (September, October and November) will minimize hopper problems in
the field.
Use light traps during early stages of flower development to attract and kill adults
which are ready to lay eggs. To install a light trap, hang the source of light (electric
bulb or kerosene operated lamp) on the tree. Place a basin containing a mixture of
soap and water (1:10) underneath the light. Hoppers which are attracted to the light
are drowned in the solution. One light trap is required per hectare of mango plantation.
Prune crowded branches to discourage hoppers from staying in the tree. Pruning
allows good light penetration and makes the habitat unfavorable for hopper
development.
Spray insecticide directed to the nymphal stages rather than the adults, hence,
detection of this stage is important. (Please see Annex for suggested control
measures)
Mango tipborer
Scientific name: Chlumetia transversa (Walker)
Description: While mango tipborer is a common problem on young shoots, the insect is
also observed to destroy early flowers. Newly-developed flowers are damaged entirely
while mature flowers are cut into half, with the upper portion being destroyed. The insect
is becoming a serious problem of mango flowers, especially during early induction.
Prevention/control
The adult destroys flowers from bud emergence to elongation. Hence, early spraying of
insecticides is necessary to protect these stages especially during summer. Insecticides
recommended for hopper control will also protect the flowers of mango from tip borer
infestation. If infestation is minimal, cut affected portion. (Please see Annex for
suggested control measures)
Tent caterpillar
Scientific name: Orthaga melanoperalis (Hampson)
Prevention/control
Prune crowded branches and damaged leaves.
Control infestation on the foliage by insecticidal spray to prevent transfer of the
insect to the flowers during the productive stage.
Description: Damage on fruits starts during egg-laying of adult that resembles colorful
housefly. Fresh punctures may not be readily recognized until after 3 to 5 days when
soft brownish spots appear on the skin and the underlying tissues start to spoil. The
larvae cause the major problem since continuous feeding destroys large portions of the
flesh. Breakdown of tissues makes the mango fruits unsuitable for consumption. In the
field, infested fruits drop to the ground and decay. Under severe infestation, as much as
70 percent of the crop is damaged.
Prevention/control
Collect and bury fruit droppings at least half a meter below the ground to prevent
the development of the insect.
Avoid bruising of fruits during spraying since damaged fruits are susceptible to
fruit fly attack.
Bag the fruits using newsprint at 55 to 60 days after induction (chicken egg size)
to minimize damage from fruit fly. (Please see Annex for suggested control measures)
Avoid planting papaya, guava, sineguelas or santol as intercrops for mango since
these fruits are preferred hosts of the insect. On the other hand, cashew and
calamansi are less preferred.
Spray the insecticides at 90 to 105 days after induction since fruits at these
stages are attractive for egg laying. Recommended insecticides to prevent fruit fly
infestation are Baythroid (1 to 1 ½ tbsp per 16 L water), Karate (3/4 to 1 ½ tbsp per 16
L water) and Decis (1 to 5 tbsp per 16 L water). Last spraying should at least be 15
days from harvest. (See annex for recommended control measures)
Mango seedborer
Scientific name: Noorda albizonalis (Hampson)
Red boring caterpillar, Fruit boring caterpillar, Mango fruit borer and Mango seed borer
Description: Unlike the fruit fly which feeds mainly on the flesh, the mango seed borer
consumes both the flesh and seed. Damage starts when the newly-hatched larvae enter
the fruit by boring holes through the apex or the narrow tip of the fruit. As the larvae
develop, they feed on the tissues beneath the skin. The damaged area later collapses
causing the apex to burst and the fruits eventually fall to the ground.
Serious damage is brought about by the destruction of the seed, since a single larva is
capable of consuming the entire mango seed in a short period of time.
Prevention/control
Pick the fruits showing damage. Otherwise, larvae will transfer and destroy
adjacent healthy fruits.
Collect and dispose infested fruits on the ground by burying them to prevent the
insect from completing its life cycle.
Bag the fruits with newsprints a 55 to 60 days after the induction will also
minimize damage of the borer.
Adults can be controlled by spray application of insecticide in the afternoon.
(Please see Annex for suggested control measure)
Description: adults lay their eggs on young fruits while the larvae feed on the flesh.
Affected fruits fall to the ground. Damage is not visible externally. However, inner
tissues are destroyed by the feeding larvae. The pest is found in Palawan which
resulted to the quarantine of the province.
Prevention/control
Adults stay away from light. Pruning is a practical means to discourage
movement of insect to mango trees.
Collect and properly dispose dropped fruit by burying them half a meter below
the ground to prevent the insect from completing its life cycle.
Bag the fruits at 55 to 60 days after induction.
Several pyrethroids can be sprayed to control pests.
Do not allow other mango varieties to flower since they serve as alternate host of
the pest.
Twig cutter/borer
Scientific name: Niphonoclea albata (Newman) and N.capito (Pascoe)
Description: Before laying eggs, the adult cuts or girdles the branch/twig. This is done
by nipping the branch halfway, then turning around to make another cut just as deep as,
but slightly lower, than the first cut. Affected parts fail to transport nutrients and water
causing the terminal leaves to dry up. Dried leaves on the tress canopy are a common
sign of twig borer infestation.
Prevention/control
Avoid planting corn as intercrop for mango.
Under brushing of surrounding areas (grasses, creeping vines, etc.) is
recommended since these plants serve as habitat for the adult insect.
The insect can be controlled by spraying insecticide.
Description: The insect belongs to the family of the long-horned beetle. Damage is
done by adults who bore holes into the trunk during egg laying. Larvae which develop,
feed on inner wood. Water and nutrients are prevented from going up the tree, depriving
the leaves and twigs of nourishment. Affected parts dry up and eventually die. Damage
is pronounced on neglected and abandoned trees.
Prevention/control
Trees with poor growth are easily attacked and damaged by the mango trunk
borer. Hence, application of fertilizer and proper pruning are necessary. Yearly
application of 3 to 5kg complete fertilizer is recommended to improve vigor.
Crowded branches should be pruned to provide good light penetration and air
circulation within the canopy.
Infected parts should be removed and burned.
Helopeltis/capsid bug
Scientific name: Helopeltis sp.
Tea mosquito
Description: the adult is a medium-sized bug, black in color with orange marking in the
thorax. It is a sucking insect and feeds on young leaves and fruits.
Affected leaves shows dark brown, irregular spots that result in the wrinkling of leaf and
blade. On fruits, corky raised irregular brown spots resembling scab-like damage is
prominent. Unlike damage of cecid fly, the damage from capsid bug is characterized by
spots which are irregular and dry.
This is a result of a substance in the saliva, introduced in the tissue during feeding. The
damage is also known as ‘kurikong’, or ‘armalite’.
Prevention/control
Spray insecticide on young flushes.
(See Annex for suggested control measure)
DISEASES
Anthracnose
The disease is characterized by the appearance of tiny spots on the leaves. These later
enlarge to form discrete, rounded or angular spots which come together to form large,
irregular shaped-patches with light brown to black spots. However, during advance
stage of the disease, the spots give way and produce “shot hole” appearing in various
shapes and sizes. This must be differentiated from the “shot holes” produced by the
cecid fly which are small and circular.
Young fruits are also affected and fall prematurely. Symptoms are, however, not visible
since the fungus does not have proper condition for development (hard and acidic
fruits). After harvest, when fruits start to ripen, the fungus is reactivated and spread over
the surface (latent infection)
Early symptoms of the disease are black, pin-pricked lesions. Later, the lesions form
bigger black spots, until the whole fruit is covered. The disease is most serious during
wet seasons and usually occurs as important post-harvest disease of mango fruits.
As a fungal disease, the development and spread of anthracnose are facilitated by high
relative humidity within the tree canopy. Young leaves are susceptible to the disease.
Prune crowded branches to allow light penetration and good air circulation that
will create an environment unfavorable for disease development.
Remove dead and diseased branches to reduce the source/reservoir of fungal
spores.
Ring cultivation can lessen humidity underneath the trees, which discourage
germination of spores.
Prevention/control for flowers
Prune after harvest to increase ventilation and reduce humidity inside the
canopy.
Collect and burn trashes to reduce sources of disease inocula.
Some farmers practice shaking of branches after blooming to remove morning
dew deposited on the flowers. By doing so, the relative humidity is reduced and male
flowers are eliminated, providing enough space for development of hermaphrodite
flowers which produce fruits after pollination.
Several chemicals such as Benlate (1 to 2 tbsp per 16 L water). Maneb (4 to 6
tbsp per 16 L water), Dithane (4 to 7 ½ tbsp per 16 L water), and Manzate (½ tbsp per
20 L water) have given varying degree of protection for flowers against anthracnose.
These are applied singly or in combination in a sequential spray program. It is also
suggested to incorporate any of these fungicides in the flower inducers, especially
when flower induction is done early in season. (Please also see Annex for other
suggested control measures)
Die-back
Causal organism: Colletotrichum
Gloeosporioidez (Penz)
Description: The symptoms are discoloration and darkening of the twig at some
distance from the tip. As the disease advances, the twig withers, dropping it leaves.
Dead twigs are often seen protruding from the tree canopy like “sticks” devoid of leaves.
When split often, the twigs show internal discoloration with gummy sap. Blackening of
the twigs is associated with the presence of the fungus.
Prevention/control
The fungus multiplies in crowded and shady canopies. To minimize fungal infection,
prune to make the environment less favorable for their growth and spray fungicide.
Gummosis
Causal organism: Phytophthora palmivora Butl
Common names: Crown rot, Root rots
Description: The disease occurs during both wet and dry seasons causing slow
death of mangoes. In seedling stage, infection starts from the roots while in the nursery.
In bigger trees, infections extend from the trunk upward and laterally to the branches,
where early symptoms are manifested. In seedlings, infection results in root rot, while
on big trees, infection is largely confined to the bark with profuse gumming/bleeding.
When scraped, the affected part is brown in contrast to green healthy tissues.
Water soaked lesions first appear, followed by ruptures. Latex or gummy sap comes out
and hardens to form short colored strips along trunk and branches of the affected area.
Affected parts become watery and rot. The whole tree sheds leaves and later dies.
Prevention/control
· Since the fungus is soil inhabiting, sterilize the potting media by pouring boiling
water to reduce the source of infection before bagging the seedlings.
· Field planning is recommended in well drained soil (avoid water logged areas)
· Fungicide can be applied as ‘slurry’ over the affected parts. This is done by
mixing the fungicide in water to form a ‘paste’. The later is applied to affected areas.
Seedling wilt
Causal organism: Pythium sp and other soil-borne fungi
Prevention/control
Use sterile soil media. This is prepared by cooking the soil in a half-drum
container for 1 to 2 hours or by pouring boiling water on it before bagging the
seedlings.
Avoid arranging grafts too closely in the nursery. Early sunlight should reach the
plants through partial shading.
Water only when necessary
Remove infected plants from healthy ones to prevent further spread of the
sisease.
Scab
Causal organism: Elsinoe mangiferae (Brit and Jenkins)
Prevention/control
· Apply protectant fungicides a week after bed break, fruit setting and during fruit
enlargement. (Please see Annex for suggested control measures)
Sooty molds
Causal organism: genus-tripospermum, Limaculina,
Trichopelteca, Chaetothyrium,Capnodendron and
Polychaeton
The disease develops on the leaf surface as black, papery film especially in areas
where honey dew deposits are present. Unlike anthracnose which covers the entire
flowers, sooty mold development is randomly distributed on the different parts of the
flowers. Affected fruits have a dirty appearance.
Prevention/control
The disease develops from excreta (honey dew) deposited on the leaves by
sucking insects like mango leaf hoppers, scales, and mealy bugs. A practical
approach to prevent the occurrence of sooty mold is to destroy the sucking insects by
spray application of recommended insecticides such as Malathion (1 ½ to 3 tbsp per
16 L water), Decis (1 to 5 tbsp per 16 L water), or Karate (3/4 to 1 ½ tbsp per 16 L
water)
Prune infected branches
Bag the fruits to minimize infection of sooty mold
Hot water treatment has been found to facilitate cleaning of fruits affected by the
disease, provided it is treated immediately after harvest.
The disease is characterized by appearance of dark discoloration near the fruit stalk
(pedicel). Under warm and moist conditions, the infected area extends towards the end
of the fruit. Later, the symptom turns from dark brown to purplish-black and the tissues
become soft and watery. The disease produces soft rot in contrast to the hard rot
produced by anthracnose.
Prevention/control
Remove and burn primary sources of the disease such as dead twigs, barks and
other trashes.
Since high incidence of stem-end rot occurs on fruits without stalks, harvest the
fruits with about 1.0 to 2.0 cm of the stalk attached.
The pre-harvest sprays of fungicides recommended for anthracnose can also be
used to prevent stem-end rot.
Avoid the use of organic materials as liners for mango during packaging
OTHER PESTS
Parasitic flowering plants
Scientific name: Family: Loranthaceae
Phanerogamic parasites
Prevention/control
Prune crowded branches for good light penetration to discourage the growth of
parasitic plants
Avoid planting the trees too close (less than 10x10 m) to prevent in the later
years.
One percent herbicide has shown to control these parasitic plants. Direct spray
on the parasitic plant is recommended to prevent herbicide injury to mango
Mango gallmite
Scientific name: Unidentified
Description: The pest is not an insect, but a small mite related to spiders. Mites
feed on both young and old leaves which result in the production of galls. The damage
is similarly observed in the leaves of ‘Bangkok’ santol. Affected leaves produce galls,
curl and photosynthetic activity is reduced. During heavy infestation, growth is stunted.
The problem is confined to Mindanao, particularly in Davao and Cotabato.
Prevention/control
Avoid planting ‘Bangkok’ santol as intercrop for mango since the leaves are very
susceptible to mite infestation
Prune affected parts
Acaricides are sprayed to control mites
Rat
Scientific name: Rattus argentiventer, R. mindanensis (Mearns)
Description: Newly planted trees are attractive to rats, especially when rice or
corn fields are vacant. Rats prefer to eat or chew stems of mango resulting to cutting of
young plants. As high as 12 percent damage have been reported in the field. In some
instances, fruits about to be harvested are also destroyed by rats.
Prevention/control
Cut down and remove weeds in surrounding areas. This will reduce shelter and
burrowing sites
Avoid planting rice and corn as intercrops for mango, especially in rat infested
areas
Rats can be controlled by baits made of rice bran and rodenticide
FRUIT ABNORMALITIES
BIOKO
Prevention/control
Apply foliar fertilizers containing micro-elements like zinc, boron, magnesium,
and copper. Spray at 42 to 45 days induction and 3 to 4 weeks later. The following
foliar sprays are recommended for mango: Albatros (1 ½ to 2 tbsp per 4 L water),
Nutraphos (4 tbsp per 16 L water), Wokozin (1 to 2 ml per L), Crop giant (4 tbsp per L)
and Agrowel (2 to 3 tbsp per gallon).
Apply water during fruit development at 15 day intervals and stop irrigation one
month before harvest.
KASOY-KASOY
Description: ‘Bioko’ fruits are round and green. However, sometimes fruits are
malformed and curved, resembling a cashew seed. These symptoms are referred to as
‘Kasoy-kasoy’. Commonly, the fruits split on the curved side and the tips are usually
yellow in color. Fruits produced on the tips of the flowers usually exhibit the symptom.
Kasoy-kasoy fruits do not grow big and fall to the ground prematurely.
There are indications to show that this problem is associated with parthenocarpy, a
process of fruit development without fertilization. This happens when pollination does
not occur because of the absence of flies, bees, ants etc. however, other factors such
as lack of water and nutrients have to be considered.
Prevention/control
Avoid spraying insecticides during full bloom to protect insect pollinators (flies,
wasp, bees, ants etc.)
Maintain flowering plants in the orchard as source of food for pollinators.
Encourage pollinators to visit the trees by spray application of 10 percent honey
or sugar solution. Apply the solution at full bloom as spot treatment.