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im p o rta n t w orks
removes the sin of men and therefore called so9. S ayana, the
PS, P.51
VSK, Vol.-Ill, P.269
Ibid. Vol.-Ill, P.279
Again,
— CV, P.4
Again,
4
one remains in singular num ber and the rest is in plural num ber
surayuvativimuktaschadayanti srajasca II
all the syllables of any Vedic hymn in such manner that ail the
Samhita-s,
favour of can be traced from some Vedic texts i.e,
13
Durgabhasya on NR, Dalvatakanda, 7 .12.2
—
For this act of covering w ith m etres, these are termed chandas.
reach Him. Then the gods covered their bodies with various
— PS. P.52
with metres and got rid of untimely death. For this act of
from the root ‘ r ’ 19. The root ‘ r ’ means ‘ to move’ . All the
caderatestacchandasi I chadayatiti va i —
{Devatadhyaya Brahmana 3.20 ) as quoted in the CV, P.4
20
pSdavaddhesu sarvesu mantresu gamanat
artidhatuvyutpattirupapadyate I — Ibid. P.4
8
called so .
c a n d a y a ti h la d a y a t l it i c h a n d a h , c a n d e ra d e s c a ch a h I
c a n d a t i h la d a r n k a ro tl d lp y a t e va S ra v y a ta y a Iti c h a n d a h I
— Ibid. P.33
Ibid. P.33
a h la d a n e , s a m va ra n e ca I — Ibid. P.33
9
gosthanah ) respectively.
27
S.Br, 7.5.2.41
28
Ibid. 7 .1.1.37
29
Ibid. 9 .5 .1 .3 9
30
Ibid. 8 .3 .1 .1 2
31
Ibid. 9 .5 .4 .7
32
Ibid. 6.4.1.6
33
Ibid. 9.5.1.39
34
KBr. 7.9.11.8
35
TBr. 3.2.9.3
11
— A V.18.1.27
equivalent for the Vedas. Panini, too has used the word in that
NR. NaighantukakandaA .6
chandamsl m antrlkhya I —Durgabhasya on the NR,
NaighantukakandaA .6
G.Br. 3,4.2
Also, cf. yad ebhiratmanam acchadayat deva mrtyorvibhyatah tat
chandasam chandastvam it! I — S.Br. 4.5.1.1
bahularp chandasi I — AD.2.4.39
Also , chandasi ca I — Ibid.5.1.67
svarasamskarayoSchandasi niyamah I —Sukta Yajuh
Pratisakhya, 1.1
also a p p lie d th e w o rd ‘ c h a n d a s ' in th e sense o f the Vedn
— RV, 1 0 .9 0 .9
ch an d ob ra h m a n a n i ta d vis a ya n i I — AD, 4 .2 .6 6
14
PS, P.55
rcah samani chandamsi
puranam yajusa saha
ucchistanjajhire sarve I — AV, il.4.2.4
both the words are shown therein to have derived from the root
— Ibid. P.187
56
icchayam ghah I
And, chandas (napum.) = chadi-asi I — Ibid. P.187
61 chandaSsabdenaksarasahkhyavacchando'trabhidhfyate I
this context for both the Vedic and Classical prosody. All such
them.
63 Prosody, P.xcv
64 tatrapara rgveda yajurvedah samavedosrtharvavedah Siksa kalpo
vyakaranam niruktam chando jyotisamlti I —MU, 1.1.5
65 siksa kalpo vyakaranam niruktam chando ityapi I
jyotisamayanahcaiva sadahgo veda isyate I
—CM, ed. by Gurunatha Vidyanidhi, Nivedyam (Preface), P.=(2)
20
the krt suffix and the taddhit suffix etc. of the mantra is
yodhyapayejjapetsnayanna sa tatphalamapnuyat II
72 — — _
yo ha va aviditarseyacchandodaivata brahmanena mantrena
yajayati vadhyapayati, va sthanum va rrcchati gartta va padyatl
73 rserhinamanayusyam chandobhirvyadhyupadravah I
75 Ibid. P.114
76 raksoragamalaghvasandehah prayojanam I
for.
MU. 1.1.5
gayatrau svistakrtah sarpyajye kurvita tejaskamo
brahmavarcakamah I —ATBr.5.1 as quoted in the PS, P.66
Again cf.
gayatryam praugam kuryad ityahus tejo vai brahmavarcam gayatrt
tejasvf brahmavarcasf bhavatfti etc.
—AA. 1.11.111 as quoted Ibid. P.67
80 yada gayatre adhi gayatram ahitam
25
CV, P.175
26
ahead with the help of feet. Similarly, with the help of metres,
Sanskrit” 85.
important works
century B.C.85 However, this date can help very little in fixing
the age of the chandas.
84
PS, Preface, P.V
85
Ibid. P.50
2 9
with the Sakala recension of the RV. The main part of this
where except the first, the second and the twelfth paragraphs,
all the rest deal with the nature of Vedic prosody. One
where alongwith other matters, the metres are also dealt with.
somehow associated with the ' naga' dynasty who ruled from
91 PS, P.81
33
w orthm entioning :
1. Pingalabhavodyata of CandraSekhara
2. Pingalatika of Citrasena
3. Pingalasaravikasini of Ravikara
4. Pingalatattvaprakasini of Rajendrada&avadhana
5. Pingaladipa of Laksmlnatha
6. Pingalaprakasa of VamSldhara
7. Pingalaprakasa of Vamanacarya
8. Pingalamataprakasa of Vi§vanatha
9. Mrtasanjfvani(MS ) of Haiayudha
10. Pingalabhasya
11. Pingalavartika
34
Sarm m a
V a n ln a th a , S r lp a t l, M athuranatha S u k la , Y a d a v a p ra k a S a ,
M anoharakrsna are c o m m e n ta to rs on th e C S . It s h o u ld be
P in g a la n a g a ’ s book is a tu rn in g p o in t to th e
m e tre s . On b o th V e d ic as w e ll as C la s s ic a l p r o s o d ie s , th e
prosody.
93
The discussion of metrics in the Agnipurana starts from the last
portion of the chapter 327. Of course the whole chapter is not
devoted to chandas. From that portion of that chapter till the
end of the chapter 335, a separate book is published and named
Agneyaschandahsara(AC) .
36
94 HGSL, P.908
95 Prosody, Preface, P.VI
37
G urunatha V idya nidh i are the some of the com m entators on the
98
CM, ed. by G urunatha Vidyanidhi, P.13
97
Preface by Pundit Brajamohana Jna on the SVT, P.18
HCSL, P.903, F.N.8
38
to one BhattaSarikara.
P r a s t a r a p a t t a n a of Krsnadeva100. The L i l a v a t / of
of calculating p r a s t a r a .
01. V r t t a k a u m u d i of Ramacarana
02. V r t t a c a n d r i k a of Ramadayalu
03. Vrttaramaspada of K s e m a k a r a n a M is r a
05. Kavyajivana of P r lt ik a r a
06 . Karaasantosa of M u d g a la
07 . Vrttamuktavali of D u r g a d a t a
09 . Chandomala of S a r n g a d h a r a
10. Vrttaratnakarasutratika
• •
of T riv ik r a m a
11 . Chandahkosa of R a t n a ie k h a r a
* •
13. Vrttakatpadruma of J a y a g o v in d a
14. Vrttakautuka of V iS v a n a t h a
15. Vrttakaumudi of J a g a d g u r u
16. V rtta ca n d ro d a ya of B h a s k a r a d d h a r in
18. Vrttadipika of K r s n a
19. Vrttapratyaya of S a n k a r a d a y a lu
21. Vrttapradipa of V a d a r ln a t h a
23. Vrttalaksana of
• * •
anon.
41
45. V rtta ra tn a va li of D u rg ld a ta
48. Vrtta
• ka rika of N arayana purohita
49. Vrttam
• anim
• alika of S rin iva s a
50. Vrttamanikosa
• • • of S rin iva s a
54. Vrttacintaratna
* of Sanatarajapandita
56. V•
rtta ra tn a va li of VeiikateSa
hymn dyava ksama etc. 106 of the RV. Some other examples can
also be cited in this context. Prof. Sastri opines _ “ It is
proved that Classical metres are originated from Vedic mantras.
amnayadanyatra nutanacchandasamavatarah I
—URC, Speech of Vanadevata after V.il.5
ma cchandah prama cchandah pratima
cchandosasrfvayaschandah
pahktlichanda'usnlk chando brhatl chando'nustup chando vlrat
chando gayatri chandastristup chando jagati chandah I
—Yajurveda 14.18
Preface by Akhilananda §arma on the CS, P.6
vidyunmala mau gau I —CS, 6.6
106 dyava ksama rukmo antah I —RKS.1.96.5 as quoted in the
PS, P.96
45
m etres along with the gradual changes o f time and socie ty and
the tastes and m ind o f the people also underw ent drastic
m e tre s” 108. Dr. R. S. Murty also holds - “ Thus the prosod y has
Vedic altars to the p o e tic fields. The sa n c tity o f the sub ject has
some new form s of metres come into existence. With the rolling
107
Ibid. P.96
108
Ibid. P.61
109
VP. P.166
46
showing this fact that there are many verses in the entire
the rise of newer metres cannot be ruled out, and here lies the
as well as the quality (i.e. laghu and guru etc.) are taken into
Again,
Again,
— NS, 15.90
Again,
table :
1 gayatri 24
2 usnik 28
3 anustup 32
4 b rh a ti 36
5 pahkti 40
6 tristup 44
7 ja g a tl 48
Table : 1.1
vaidikacchandas
1
1 1 6
chandas
r i
aticchandas
l A
'i I ‘A
sacchandas vicchandas madhyamavarga trtiyavarga
Table : 1.2
follow s:
usnik - 28 „ sa k v a rl - 56 „ prakrti - 84 „
b fh a tl - 36 „ a s p - 64 „ vikrti - 92 „
T a b le :1 .3
the Vedic metres are broadly divided into three classes viz. -
t r is t u p c a j a g a t l c a lv a d iv y o 'y a m p ra th a m o g a n a h II
t a t h a t ija g a t l c a iv a s a k k a r i c a t is a k k a r i I
a s tir a ty a s tir a p l c a d h r t is c a t ld h r t i g a n a h ||
k r tis c a p r a k r t iic a iv a h y a k r t ir v ik r t is t a t h a I
s a h k r t y a t ik r t ls c a lv a u t k r tir d iv y a m a n u s a h II
— NS, XV.99-102, P.115-116
121
Prosody, P.9
54
The vedic hymns were com posed long before any rules of
poetry were thought of. As a consequence, they abound in the
greatest irregularities. Some of them may be due to a difference
of pronunciation in the vedic days, but most of them are traceable
to artificial pronunciation such as is even now common with
127
A. Borooah
the four quarters. The positions of the short syllable and the
vrttantrividhamakhyatam samamarddhasamamantatha I
131
Ibid. VV.II.1 -1 0 .(Gha), P.24
58
dan daka.
metre, the first and the third quarters are similar, and also the
the time of reading a verse may vary from one metre to another.
movement of a snake139.
139
phanivaragativat cahcalam pathet I— Ibid. com. on V.13,P.205
61
140 Ib id . P .2 2 6
141 Ib id . P .2 7 6
142
slmantininamadhunatanlnam yacchandase chandasi nadhikarah\
is formed from the said root into the addition of the suffix ac143.
group’ etc. The use of the word gana can be seen from the
laghu syllables,
148
CS, 1.1-10
66
ma S S S d h l s rl s tr!
ya I S S va ra sa
ra S I S ka gu ha
sa I I S va su dha
ta S S I sa te kva
ja I S I ka da sa
bha S I I kim va da
na I I I na ha sa
la I 9f
ga S Ga { nte)
T a b le : 1.4
ra agni mrtyu (d e a th )
ta akasa sunya (v o id )
Table : 1.5
ones. It may also be noted here that some scholars162 call these
three letters. Then eight trika-s are counted and not the ‘ l a ’
the fact that Pihgalanaga could have singled out other letters
those ma, ya, ra etc. ; because he had not got them from any
divine authority like the mahesvarasutra-s of Panini .
Reprint, 2003
rules put forward by the prosodists apart from the above eight
determined from matra. So all these elements form the core part
of the metrics.
chinrtavasanavisramavirama viratistatha I
173
niyatah padavicchedo yatirityabhidh!yate\ — NS, XV.86 (2nd
line)
174
yatharthasya samaptih syat sa virama it! smrtah I
V.1, P.220
180 Ibid. com. on V.11, P.19
76
— -JQO
PNS, V.49
MS on the CS-VI.1
VM, Chap.- II {Ga) yatibhedakusumam, V.1-4
78
A.R. Borooah shows that Halayudha too has violated certain rules
P.153
2 dos
3 guna
sagara J a la d h l, abdhi
Sivavaktra
vadana, kumaravaktra
d ig d a n ti, dihmatanga
14 manu
15 tith i
Table : 1.6
82
pause. The metre called avitatha has pause at the end of the
foot ; the metre narddataka has at the seventh syllable first
and the tenth syllable next ; the metre kokilaka (the first
variety) has at the eighth, then at the fifth and thereafter at
the fourth syllables and kokilaka (the second variety) has at
the seventh, sixth and fourth syllables respectively. Thus from
the employment of pause these metres are different and so they
are named differently. Similarly the metres yamuna and varatanu
under the jagatl class are called by two different names due to
the caesuras. They do not have any difference in consideration
of short and long syllables. Same is the case of the metre called
kutila and madhyaksama under the sakkarl class which are
race or clan) are worth mentioning. For the first time, the RV204
that, the hymns invoking Fire God (i.e. Agni) are composed
in the metre gayatri, the hymns invoking Indra are in the metre
that the Prajapati is the deity of the aticchandas and Vayu is the
204
RV-X.130.4-5
86
dvipada is of babhruvarna.
present study.
sampadviramapadasca daivatasthanamaksaram I
—NS. XV.88