my thermodynamics cheat sheets

Nasser M. Abbasi

Sumemr 2004 compiled on — Wednesday January 03, 2018 at 09:09 AM

1. all of theormodynamics in one sheet. PDF image

2. polytropic process diagrams PDF image

3. first and second laws diagrams PDF image

4. Gas laws PDF image

all of theormodynamics in one sheet

1
 Entropy change equation

Process that causes irreversibility h  u  P Enthlapy definition

1. Friction Solids/Liquids Ideal Gas

2. Unrestrained expansion
Solids/Liquids Ideal Gas
3. Heat transfer from hot to cold body dq
ds 
dq
(by definition, entropy law) ds  (by definition, entropy law)
4. Mixing of 2 differrent substances
dh  du  dP P  RT T T
5. i 2 R loss in electric circuits
dh  du  P d  v dP so  dw  du  dw  du  dw  du  dw  du
6. Hystereris effects h  u  RT T T T T T T
dP  0 (incompressible), and d  0
7. Ordinary combustion dh  du
dh  du  R dT  1 dPv   1 d C T
T T
 1 dPv  1 dC v T
dh  C v dT  RdT T T
dh  C dT dh  C p dT C
 1 P dv  v dP  v dT  1 P dv  v dP  v dT
C
T2 T T T T
h 2  h 1  C ln
T2 h 2  h 1  C p ln
T1 T1
 P dv  v dP  C v dT
T T T  P dv  v dP  C v dT
T T T
First law but dP  0 since incompressible,
but Pv  RT, hence
and dv is very small, so

Flow ds  C dT ds  R dv dP
v  R P  Cv T
dT
Non-Flow T
T2 v2 P2 T
General equation. Valid at any instance of time. Steady or not steady flow. s 2  s 1  C ln 1 s 2  s 1  R ln v 1  R ln  C v ln 2 1
Q  W  dE T1 P1 T1
Q C.V.  m i h  KE  PE i  W
 C.V. m e h  KE  PE 
e
dE
where E  U  KE  PE dt
How to get this below from the above??
Or, it can be written as follows
(ignoring KE and PE changes to the
Non-steady state (Transient, state change) ds  C p dT
T
 R dP
P
control mass)
Second law
QC.V.  m i h  KE  PE i  WC.V. m e h  KE  PE e  m 2 u 2  m 1 u 1 
Q1,2  W1,2  mu 2  u 1 
Non-flow flow
Usually Simplifies to

Q
As a Rate equation QC.V.  m i h i  WC.V. m e h e  m 2 u 2  m 1 u 1  ms 2  s 1    S gen
T steady transient
q
s2  s1   s gen
Q  W
  dE
dt hi m1 m2
T
0  misi  me se 
Q
 S gen m2 s 2  m1 s 1  mi s i  me s e 
q
 s gen
T T
q
State 1 State 2
0  si  se  T
 s gen

steady state. m i  m e  m

QC.V.  mh  KE  PE i  WC.V. mh  KE  PE e

QC.V.  mh i  WC.V. mh e
QC.V.  WC.V. mh e  h i 
q  w  h e  h i 

Steady state devices:

Heat exchanges, Nozzle,
Diffuser, Throttle, Turbine, hi he
Compressors and Pumps

GAS

Ideal gas, Any process

Any gas, any process
Entropy change determination formulas, for an ideal gas, ANY process type
P1 V1 P2 V2 mass constant u2 u1 Cv T2 T1
T1 T2
T2 2
s2 s1 C ln R ln h2 h1 C p T2 T1
Assume 0
C constant T1 1
2 0 2 specific
s2 s1 dT R ln heat T2 P2
1 T 1 Solving s2 s1 C p 0 ln R ln n 1
C p0 T1 P1
2 P2 2
P2 P2
s2 s1 dT R ln w P 2 2
1 T P1 Table A.6 1
w
1 n
Using
P2 R T2 T1
du  C v0 dT
Table
A.7 or
s 2  s 1  s 0T 2  s 0T 1   R ln P1 Boundary
A.8 Work 1 n
dh  C p0 dT WORK
C p0  C v0  R Shaft work (for FLOW
Ideal Gas Process classification Shaft Work process only)
n
irreversible e
w Pe e Pi i
reversible 1 n
w P
i nR
General formulas for reversible General polytropic process Te Ti
compressible processes formulas for 1 n
2 Q general
s2 s1 sgen P Vn constant polytropic
n 1
Q process
1 T ds
T
W P dV General n
polytropic P2 T2 n 1 V1 n
1 Substitute into relation
3
st
P1 T1 V2
1 Law Q W U
enthlapy law H U PV
2 so dH dU P dV V dp
Entropy change determination formulas,
T ds dU P dV for an ideal gas, polytropic process type
Substitute into 4
Gibbs
Specialized polytropic
R T2
equations 5 s2 s1 Cv0 ln
T dS dH V dP
processes work formulas 1 n T1

n 0 constant P
n constant V n 1 constant T n=k, constant entropy

Boundary Shaft work (for Shaft work (for

Work Boundary Boundary
FLOW process only) FLOW process only)
Work Work Shaft work (for FLOW
e Boundary process only)
w P2 2 P2 2
e
w P Work e
w P w P
R T2 T1 W 0 i P1 i
i
w R T1 ln
Shaft work
P2
Pe P2 2 P2 2
(for FLOW
2 w Pi ln w
i 1 k
process R T1 ln Pi
only) w Pe e Pi i 1 R T2 T1
R Te Ti 2 Pe
Entropy
W 0 Verify this, what
P1 1 ln R Ti ln 1 k
change 1 Pi
Entropy volume is this?
change
e
T2 R Ti ln k
s2 s1 Cp0 ln T2 w Pe e Pi i
T1 s2 s1 Cv0 ln
Entropy i
1 k
change
T1 kR
s 2  s 1  R ln
P2 Te Ti
P1 Entropy 1 k
change
Total specific work for steady state flow process where only
shaft work is involved (no boundary work). Valid for ANY
s2 s1 0
reversible process (do not have to be polytropic)
Introduction to Thermodynamics,
e V2i V2e
equations. By Nasser M Abbasi
image2.vsd wtotal    v dP  2
 gZ i  Z e 
August 2004 i

polytropic process diagrams

2
 P Vn constant
We have a total of 7 unknowns. 3 in state 1, 3 in state 2, and n, the polytrpoic
process exponent.
P1 P2
If given any 5 out of these 7, then the remaining 2 can be found. V1 Polytropic process V2
For example, if we know T1, P1, V1, n, P2, then we can find V2, and T2
T1 T2

State 1 State 2

P n constant V Process lines to left of adiabatic

line means negative Q (i.e. heat
OUT), on the right are positive Q
COMPRESSIONQU (i.e. heat IN) process
ADRANT Heat OUT Heat IN
processes processes

Ignore this quadrant in real

engineering equipments Clock wise,
n=0,1,k,infinity

Initial
state
point
n=0 const
P
n=1,
const T
Ignore this quadrant in real
Heat IN EXPANSION
engineering equipments processes QUADRANT

Heat OUT
processes
n=k, adiapatic, const S

T n=k const S

n constant V

n=0,
Ignore this quadrant in real
const P
engineering equipments

Initial EXPANSION
state QUADRANT
point
n=1 const
T
COMPRESSIONQU
ADRANT

Ignore this quadrant in real

Clock wise,
engineering equipments n=0,1,k,infinity

s
Polytrpoic process
by Nasser M Abbasi
polytropic.vsd
August 2004

first and second laws diagrams

3
 Laws of thermodynamics

First law Second law

This is also called the law of conservation of energy The entropy of an isolated system increases in all real processes and is
conserved in reversible processes.
OR
Chapter 5. 1st Law for control mass
Chapter 6 The AVAILABLE energy of an isolated system decreases in all real
processes (and is conserved in reversible processes)
Q12  W 12  E 2  E 1 1st Law for control volume

E  U  PE  KE The 2nd law says that work and heat energy are not the same. It is easier
to convert all of work to heat energy, but not vis versa. i.e. work energy is
Q in  W in  m i h  PE  KE i  more valuable than heat energy. Heat can not be converted completely and
Q out  W out  m e h  PE  KE e  m 2 u 2  m 1 u 1  continuously into work.

Chapter 5.5 Chapter 5.6 So, 2nd law dictates the direction at which a system state will change. It
enthalpy will move to a state of lesser available energy
Cv Cp
H  U  PV Specific heat is the Steady Transient
amount of heat required Entropy is constant in a reversible adiabatic process.
h  u  Pv state State
to raise the temp. of a 2 Q
Derived from first Law unit mass by one degree S2  S1    S gen S gen  0
1 T
by setting P constant
u S gen  0  reversible process
Cv  Adiabatic process
Q  W  mu 2  u 1  T v
Q  0  adiabatic process
Q   P dV  mu 2  u 1  C p  h W net  h e  h i
T p
Q  PV 2  V 1   mu 2  u 1  Solids and liquids: Use W net
Hence, S 2  S 1 for a reversible adiabatic process
q  P 2   1   u 2  u 1  average specific heat C.
W lost   T dS gen
q  P 2  u 2   P 1  u 1  C v  C v For solids and liquids hi he Actual boundary work W 12   P dV  W lost
1q2  h2  h1
Gibbs relations
Note: Even though enthlapy was derived by the
T ds  du  P dv
assumption of constant P, it is a property of a
system state regardless of the process that lead T ds  dh  v dp
to the state.
Ideal Gas
dh  du  dP v
T C p0
dh  du  v dP  P dv s T0   T
dT
Solids, Liquids T0
P2
s 2  s 1  s 0T 2  s 0T 1  R ln P1
Using table A.7 or A.8
T2
s 2  s 1  C ln T1 s 2  s 1  C p0 ln
T2
T1
 R ln
P2
P1
Constant C p , C v
For solids and liquids For ideal gas T2 v2
s 2  s 1  C v ln T1
 R ln v1 Constant C p , C v
C
For solids and liquids, dv  0 k  C p0
du  C v0 dT v0
Polytrpic process
since almost incompressible, hence
dh  C p0 dT PV n constant
dh  du  v dP For Solids and Liquids n
C p0  C v0  R P2

V1
Also for solids and liquids, v is very small, hence P1 V2
n
P2 T2
dh  du For Solids and Liquids P1
 T1
n1

Hence for solids/liquids, dh  du  C dT specific work (work is moving boundary work,  P dv

w12  1
1n
P 2 v 2  P 1 v 1   R
1n
T 2  T 1  n  1
By Nasser M. Abbasi
Image1.vsd v2 v2 P1
w12  P 1 v 1 ln v1  RT 1 ln v1  RT 1 ln P2
n1

Gas laws

4
 Solids/liquids

ds  C p dT
T
 R dP
P
GAS

Ideal gas, Any process

Any gas, any process
Entropy change determination formulas, for an ideal gas, ANY process type
P1 V1 P2 V2 mass constant u2 u1 Cv T2 T1
T1 T2
T2 2
Assume s2 s1 C ln R ln h2 h1 C p T2 T1
0
C constant T1 1
2 0 2 specific
s2 s1 dT R ln heat T2 P2
1 T 1 Solving s2 s1 C p 0 ln R ln n 1
C p0 T1 P1
2 P2 2
P2 P2
s2 s1 dT R ln w P 2 2
1 T P1 Table A.6 1
w
1 n
Using
P2 R T2 T1
du  C v0 dT
Table
A.7 or s 2  s 1  s 0T 2  s 0T 1   R ln P1 Boundary
A.8 Work 1 n
dh  C p0 dT WORK
C p0  C v0  R Shaft work (for FLOW
Ideal Gas Process classification Shaft Work process only)
n
irreversible e
w Pe e Pi i
reversible 1 n
w P
i nR
General formulas for reversible General polytropic process Te Ti
compressible processes formulas for 1 n
2 Q n general
s2 s1 sgen PV constant polytropic
n 1
Q process
1 T ds
T
W P dV General n
polytropic P2 T2 n 1 V1 n
1 Substitute into relation
3
st
P1 T1 V2
1 Law Q W U
enthlapy law H U PV
2 so dH dU P dV V dp
Entropy change determination formulas,
T ds dU P dV for an ideal gas, polytropic process type
Substitute into 4
Gibbs
Specialized polytropic
R T2
equations 5 s2 s1 Cv0 ln
T dS dH V dP
processes work formulas 1 n T1

n 0 constant P
n constant V n 1 constant T n=k, constant entropy

Boundary Shaft work (for Shaft work (for

Work Boundary Boundary
FLOW process only) FLOW process only)
Work Work Shaft work (for FLOW
e Boundary process only)
w P2 2 P2 2
e
w P Work e
w P w P
R T2 T1 W 0 i P1 i
i
w R T1 ln
Shaft work
P2
Pe P2 2 P2 2
(for FLOW
2 w Pi ln w
i 1 k
process R T1 ln Pi
only) w Pe e Pi i 1 R T2 T1
R Te Ti 2 Pe
Entropy
W 0 Verify this, what
P1 1 ln R Ti ln 1 k
change 1 Pi
Entropy volume is this?
change
e
T2 R Ti ln k
s2 s1 Cp0 ln T2 w Pe e Pi i
T1 s2 s1 Cv0 ln
Entropy i
1 k
change
T1 kR
s 2  s 1  R ln
P2 Te Ti
P1 Entropy 1 k
change
Total specific work for steady state flow process where only
shaft work is involved (no boundary work). Valid for ANY
s2 s1 0
reversible process (do not have to be polytropic)
Introduction to Thermodynamics,
e V2i V2e
equations. By Nasser M Abbasi
image2.vsd wtotal    v dP  2
 gZ i  Z e 
August 2004 i