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ABSTRACT Many of the researchers are trying to improve the effectiveness of fin by
changing its material, shape, surface finish and orientation. In this context, an
experimental work has been conducted to investigate the effect of pin fin heat sink on
the heat transfer performance characteristics under forced flow conditions with two
different orientations.

In this project, pin fins made up of Copper C106 having different dimensions and
pattern were used and experimental data pertaining to pin fin heat sink have been
collected under fully turbulent condition and results are then plotted for different
orientations, comparison with that of plate fin under similar operating conditions were
carried out. Our objective was to study the effect of heat transfer with different
orientation of fin heat transfer characteristics.

Many experiments have been done to get the optimum heat transfer through can be
achieved. It was observed that Irrespective of the type of orientation, considerable
enhancement in Nusselt Number is registered at all Reynolds number as compared to
the fin without perforations and highest Nusselt number 767.41 is registered for vertical
orientation at Re = 10751.22 as compared to inverted and heat sink with no fins.

It is also observed that vertical orientation of heat sink outperforms other two in terms
of heat transfer rates however heat transfer rates from inverted heat sink is registered
lower than that of smooth plate. As a result of this experiment it is concluded that as far
as Nusselt number enhancement ratio is concerned heat sink with vertical orientation
creates high degree of turbulence and outperforms the inverted orientation and smooth
plate.
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION Transformation of energy from one system to another
system will only be possible when there is an energy gradient. Heat is one of the forms
of energy which transmits from one body to another body or system as a result of
temperature difference between the bodies or system. This temperature difference is
called gradient. Heat transfer is the transfer of heat energy between the two systems.

The transmission of heat energy is accomplished by conduction, convection or radiation

or by combination of these three. Heat transfer is thus transmission of heat energy from
high temperature body to low temperature body by any one of the three modes or by
their combination. Each mode of heat transfer has different governing law according to
which heat transfer takes place.

A brief introduction of all the three modes of heat transfer and their governing law are
discussed in this section. 1.1 Modes of Heat Transfer 1.1.1 Conduction When the two
bodies are in physical contact with each other and there exist temperature gradient then
transmission of heat energy from one body to another body takes place mainly by
conduction and the phenomena is governed by Fourier's law of conduction.

According to Fourier's law of heat conduction “heat transfer rate through a

homogeneous solid per unit area is directly proportional to the temperature gradient
per unit length of the path of heat flow”. (1) (2) Where, = Heat transfer in watts, A =
Heat transfer surface area in m2, Temperature difference (0C or Kelvin), Thickness of the
body in the flow direction (in m) Constant of proportionality and known is thermal
conductivity of material Negative sign is the indication of decrease in temperature along
with the direction of increase in heat flow.

In Fourier' law, it was assumed that the entire conduction process takes place at steady
state conditions and temperature profile was assumed to be linear. Fourier law is the
outcome of an experimental study and is applicable to all solid, liquid and gases.
1.1.2Convection Heat interaction between the surface and the surrounding is done by
convection and is governed by Newton's law of cooling; (3) Where, Rate of heat transfer
through conduction h = Convective heat transfer coefficient = Temperature difference
between surface and surrounding The convective heat transfer coefficient (4) If and m2
then h = Q Thus, heat transfer coefficient is defined as the rate of heat transfer through
conduction per unit area and per unit temperature difference.

Convective heat transfer coefficient mainly depends on surface geometry, type of fluid
flow, thermodynamic properties etc. (a) Forced Convection In forced convection, the
fluid is compelled to flow over a surface by external means such as a centrifugal blower.
Transmission of heat energy by this type of convection is complicated as it involves
motion of the fluid as well as the heat conduction.

Heat extraction rate enhances due to the higher velocity in this case. (b) Free Convection
Free convection is also known as natural convection and it takes place when fluid such
as air is in contact with the surface. There must some temperature gradient between the
surface through which heat is being transferred and the surrounding fluid.

In free convection when the fluid is being heated or it gets cooled, it changes its density
and the change in density results in movement in the fluid and heat transfer to continue.
1.1.3 Radiation Heat transfer through radiation involves the energy transfer across a
system boundary by means of electromagnetic mechanism. Heat transfer through
radiation does not require any medium for heat propagation. Earth receives heat from
the sun is an example of heat propagation through radiation.

1.2 Heat Transfer through extended surfaces (fins) Fins are the extended surfaces which
are attached with the primary surface and are used increase the rate of heat transfer.

Heat transfer through extended surfaces by convection is governed by Newton's law of

cooling which states that the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the difference
in temperatures between the body and its surroundings. Phenomenon of heat transfer
through fins is given in the figure 1. (a) Plain surface (b) Finned surface Figure 1.

Heat transfer through (a) Plain surface (b) finned surface According to Newton's law of
cooling the heat transfer coefficient, which mediates between heat losses and
temperature differences, is a constant. This condition is generally true in thermal
conduction (where it is guaranteed by Fourier's law), but it is often only approximately
true in conditions of convective heat transfer, where a number of physical processes
make effective heat transfer coefficients somewhat dependent on temperature
differences.

Mathematically, Newton's law of cooling is expressed as (5) Where, Q = Rate of heat

transfer through conduction = Convective heat transfer coefficient = Temperature
difference between surface and surrounding The convective heat transfer coefficient (6)
If and m2 then h = Q 1.2.1 Types of Fins In order to achieve the improved thermal
performance and system effectiveness, fins are used in number of engineering
applications such as heat exchangers, micro-electronic devices, automobiles etc.

Fins are the extended surfaces attached to the base plate or primary surface by means
of suitable welding or by the use of thermal epoxy to extract the excessive heat from the
system and disperses it into surrounding medium. Application of extended surfaces,
heat transfer surface area is being increased and due to which higher heat transfer rates
are achieved.

Fins are generally made up of materials with high thermal conductivity such as
aluminum, copper etc. Fin should also be light in weight so that overall weight of the
device or system is not getting affected. On the basis of applications there are different
types of fin configurations available and are shown in figure 2. Figure 2.

Fins types (a) Straight fin with uniform cross-section (b) Straight fin with non-uniform
cross-section (c) Annular fin and (d) Pin fin 1.2.2 Important Terminology (a) Convective
Heat Transfer Coefficient: The convective heat transfer coefficient (7) If and m2 then h =
Q Thus, heat transfer coefficient is defined as the rate of heat transfer through
conduction per unit area and per unit temperature difference.

Convective heat transfer coefficient mainly depends on surface geometry, type of fluid
flow, thermodynamic properties etc. (b) Fin Efficiency: It is another parameter to predict
the thermal performance and is defined as the ratio of heat transfer through fin to the
maximum heat transfer when entire fin is assumed to be at base temperature.

Mathematically, (8) Where, = fin efficiency, = Heat transfer through fin and = Maximum
heat transfer when entire fin is at base temperature. (c) Fin Effectiveness: It is the ratio of
rate of heat transfer with fin to the heat transfer rate without fin. (9) (d) Nusselt Number:
It is the ratio of convective to conductive transfer of heat normal to the boundary.

(10) Where; h = heat transfer coefficient, L = length of fin and K = thermal conductivity
of fin (e) Reynolds Number: It is the ratio of inertial forces of fluid to the viscous forces
of fluid. (11) Where; = fluid density, V =fluid velocity, L =fin length, Dynamic viscosity of
fluid and Kinematic viscosity of fluid (f) Prandtl Number: It is defined as the ratio of the
kinematic viscosity to the thermal diffusivity. (12) Where; Pr = Prandtl Number, v =
Kinematic viscosity (m2/s), ? = thermal diffusivity (m2/s) 1.3

Heat Transfer Enhancement The heat transfer enhancement is basically concerned with
the performance improvement of the device or system component by increasing the
heat extraction rates. Heat transfer enhancement uses the enhanced heat transfer
surface which involves some geometrical modifications on the heat transfer surface and
increases the heat transfer surface area and ultimately large amount of air comes into
contact with the surface.

Placement of geometrical modifications increases the overall heat transfer coefficient

and hence higher heat extraction rates are achieved. The entire mechanism of
intensification of heat transfer rate is called heat transfer enhancement. This heat
transfer mechanism is widely used in almost every engineering application where power
is involved and circuits are executed by providing power supply.

Generation of excessive power causes overheating and burning effects and also
interrupts in functioning. This excessive heat must be extracted in order to smooth
functioning of the device or system component. This is achieved by incorporating the
methods of heat transfer enhancement. Methods or techniques of heat transfer
enhancement are discussed in the following sections.

1.3.1Methods of Heat Transfer Enhancement Generally, heat transfer techniques are

classified in three broad categories: (a) Active method, (b) Passive method, and (c)
Compound method (a) Active method Heat transfer enhancement with active methods
involves the external power input for the enhancement which is not easy to provide in
many applications. It also has complexity and due to which not frequently used by the
researchers.

Mechanical aids, surface vibrations, Fluid vibrations, Electrostatic fields, injection etc. are
some of the examples of active methods. (b) Passive method This method does not use
any external power input to enhance the mechanism. However, the additional power
needed to enhance the heat transfer is taken from the available power in the system,
which ultimately leads to a fluid pressure drop.

Coating of the surface, rough surface, extended surface, displaced inserts, swirl flow
devices etc. are some of the common examples of heat transfer enhancement through
passive methods and most widely used by the researchers. (c) Compound method A
compound method is a hybrid method in which both active and passive methods are
used in applications. 1.4

Importance of Heat Transfer in Current Scenario · To make the equipment compact · To

achieve high heat transfer using minimum pumping power · Minimize the cost of energy
and material · A need for miniaturizing of heat exchanger in specific applications space
,OTEC · Working fluids of low thermal conductivity ( gases and oils) and desalination
plants · Increase efficiency of process and system · Design optimum Heat exchanger size
· Transfer required amount with high effectiveness · Reduce and volume and weight · For
given temperature difference improved Heat transfer · Effective utilization of energy -
Minimum operating cost CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW In this section, we will discuss
about the various heat transfer surfaces investigated by the researchers experimentally
and numerically to intensify the heat extraction rate from the heat transfer surface. 2.1
Heat transfer through dimpled surface Numerous investigations are available both in
the form of experimental results and numerical approach to predict the thermal
performance of heat sink by the application of some geometrical modifications on the
heat transfer surface. It has been reported that application of extended surface(s)
increases the surface area available for heat transfer and intensify the heat extraction
rate from the primary surface. Pisal and Ranaware [1] conducted an experimental and
numerical investigation on dimpled surface.

In their investigation, they tested the heat transfer characteristics of the heated surface
with circular and oval shaped dimples under the forced flow condition and for Re = 600
to 2000. Heat transfer data of dimpled surface were observed and recorded. To know
benefit of proposed geometry they compared the heat transfer results of dimpled fins
with that of fin without dimples.

Irrespective of the shape of dimple and for all selected range of Reynolds number, heat
transfer coefficient was found higher as compared to smooth surface. Katkhaw et al. [2]
investigated the ellipsoidal dimples experimentally. In their study, ellipsoidal dimples
with the angle of 450 were placed on the flat surface and compared the heat transfer
data with that of plain fin.

They also studied the effect of dimple arrangements and dimple intervals. They have
taken the range of air stream velocity as 1 to 5 m/s. They observed the higher heat
transfer rates with dimpled fin as compared to solid fin. Burgess et al. [3] numerically
investigated the effect of dimple depth on heat transfer augmentation.

They noticed that the heat transfer rate is directly affected by the depth of dimple as the
Nusselt number values increases with the increase in dimple depth, however friction
factor also increases with the increase in dimple depth. Yenare and Mali [4] conducted
an experimental investigation on two types of dimple configurations- circular and oval.

Experiments were performed under the flow Reynolds number Re = 600- 2000. They
reported that heat transfer coefficient increases in both the cases, however, it was found
higher in case of oval shape dimpled plate. It was thought that an oval shaped dimple
generates more swirl flow and due to which higher values of heat transfer coefficient are
achieved.

Giram and Patil [5] analyzed that the effect of dimple density and dimple arrangements
on the heat transfer surface under the forced flow conditions. They found that with the
increase in dimple density, Nusselt number values also increased. As far as dimple
arrangement is concerned, highest values of Nusselt number was recorded
corresponding to staggered arrangement. 2.2

Heat transfer through ribbed surface Use of ribbed surface is another passive way to
enhance the heat transfer rates. Tariq et al. [6] investigated the effect of ribbed surface
in a rectangular channel. In their experiments, solid ribs were placed on the base wall of
the test section and experiments were performed under the range of Reynolds number
Re = 12,800 - 29,400 which was based on hydraulic diameter of the duct.

To compute the response of their proposed configurations, they calculated the values of
different performance parameters and presented the results in terms of skin friction
coefficient and Nusselt numbers. Temperature profiles at different flow Reynolds
number were also presented in terms of plots. They used crystal thermo-graphy for flow
visualization.

Higher values of Nusselt numbers they reported in case of ribbed surface as compared
to plain surface for similar operating conditions. However skin friction coefficient was
found not much significant as compared to increase in Nusselt number values which
shows good sign as far as effectiveness is concerned. Tanda and Caballero [7].

Experimentally investigated the Effects of repeated ribs on the heat transfer surface; they
used liquid crystal thermography technique to visualize the flow patterns. They also
studied the effect of broken ribs on the heat transfer characteristics. Amir Keshmiri [8].
conducted a numerical sensitivity analysis in that he focused on the heat transfer and
fluid flow characteristics in three as well as two dimensional rectangular duct. Taslim et
al. [9].

Performed another investigation in this regard, they demonstrated experimentally the

effect of geometrical parameters on the effectiveness of the fin subjected to rib
configurations. Highest thermal performance was registered corresponding to rib angle
of 45° as compared to that of 90°. 2.3 Heat transfer through slotted surface Heat
transfer and pressure drop characteristics of different types of slotted surface were
numerically investigated with 3-D steady laminar model by Cheng et al. [10].

They kept the Reynolds number range as Re to Re and high thermal performance was
reported in case of slotted surface as compared to plain surface. Torii and Yang [11].
Conducted another numerical investigation in which they created the turbulence by
placing the slots and perforations combined on the heat transfer surface.

Lot of other investigations were also reported which give the clear indication that use of
slotted surface promotes the turbulence and improved the thermal performance. 2.4
Heat transfer through Grooved Surface Dixit and Patil [12] investigated the heat transfer
characteristics of different types of grooved surfaces. They augmented the rate of heat
transfer with the surface weight reduction and material removal in the form of grooves
on the heat transfer surface.

They investigated the various configurations like transverse grooves, inclined grooves,
V-grooves and multi V-grooves. The range of Reynolds number for their experiment was
1500 to 5000. Heat transfer data pertaining to grooved fins was then compared with
that of plain fin. They found the highest range of Nusselt number corresponding to
inclined grooves, however, highest value of the effectiveness of grooved fin is obtained
for the multi grooved and V- grooved fins. Kaji et al.

[13] investigated about the effects of inner grooved surface on the heat transfer
performance of air - cooled heat exchanger. Babenko et al.[14] analyzed numerically and
studied on condensation heat transfer and fluid flow for condensation on trapezoid
grooved surfaces, he coupled the nonlinear equations for the mass transfer of the flow
of fluid, thermal conduction were developed. He discussed the groove length and basic
angle.

He showed the calculation results so that the heat flux decreased. The heat flux through
groove with = 750 at the top of the groove surface. The conclusion was obtained at the
low parts and studied the distributions of wall temperature and heat flux on the
trapezoid groove systematically and the maximum wall temperature and the heat flux
both were obtained.

The thermal resistance of groove with =600 was found lower but the liquid discharge
ability was better than that of groove with = 750 with a maximum deviation of 15%.
Jung et al. [15] investigated heat transfer on the high density grooved surface and used
water source heat pump with poly ethylene tube. 2.5 Problem Formulation Literature
reveals that use of corrugated, ribbed, plate, grooved and slotted surface are the
promising technique to enhance the heat transfer rate.

The present investigation will explore the heat transfer characteristics of pin fin heat sink
with varying length and with two different orientations under forced convection.
Experimental facilities have been developed according to ASHRAE standard in
laboratories and experiments have been performed on pin fin heat sink. In the coming
section we will discuss about the experimental setup and procedure in detail.
CHAPTER-3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE 3.1

Experimental setup In order to examine the heat transfer characteristics of perforated

fins test facilities have been developed in the laboratory on ASHRAE standards. The
components of the experiment set up and their details are given in this chapter. Current
investigation will explore the heat transfer characteristics of pin fin heat sink.

An array of circular fins of diameter 10mm has been placed on the heat transfer surface.
Length of fins has also been changed in an alternate manner. Constant heat flux has
been provided at the base of the test heat sink. The test facility has been designed and
installed as per the guidelines suggested in ASHRAE standard. The schematic of the
experimental setup is shown in the figure.

The experimental set-up comprises of rectangular duct, plenum, circular pipe, orifice
meter, flow control valve and centrifugal blower, details of which are given the following
section. The experimental set-up is shown in figure 3. Figure 3. (a) Schematic of
Experimental Set-up Figure (b): Experimental Set-up 3.1.1 Rectangular Duct It is a
rectangular channel of cross-section 1220*135 mm and length of 1220 mm and this
rectangular duct is made up of 12 mm. oak ply wood.

The entire length of this rectangular channel is divided into three parts: Entry section,
Text section and Exit section. Figure 4. Rectangular Duct 3.1.2 Plenum It is a rectangular
chamber which is also called as “Flow settlement chamber”. The diameter of this plenum
also known as flow settlement chamber is 500 mm. which is made up of the oak ply
wood. The rectangular duct or rectangular channel is connected with the plenum. Figure
5.Flow Settlement Chamber (Plenum) 3.1.3

Circular Pipe A PVC pipe is applicable to connect the flow settlement chamber. The
diameter of the pipe is 70 mm. and length of the circular pipe is 1940mm. The flow
settlement chamber makes connection with the pipe for the better flow of fluid. Figure
6. Circular pipe 3.1.4 Orifice Meter The orifice meter is mounted on the circular pipe.

An orifice meter is a device which is used for measuring rate of flow of fluid, for
reducing pressure or to restrict the flow of fluid. Either a volumetric or rate of flow of
mass can be determined, depending on the calculation associated with the orifice plate.
Figure 7. Orifice meter 3.1.5 Flow Control Valve A flow control valve is used to control
the rate of flow of fluid and a flow control valve regulates the rate of flow or pressure of
a fluid control valve which normally respond to signals which are generated by
independent devices that we can take as flow meters or gauges of temperature. Figure
8.

Flow control valve 3.1.6 Centrifugal Blower The centrifugal blower is 2 H.P. (horse power)
and 1440 rpm which are used to suck the air from the atmosphere through the inlet
region of the rectangular duct. This air which is sucked by the centrifugal blower passes
through the test section and then further it passes through the exit section and goes
into the circular pipe and through the circular pipe; it is exhausted to the atmosphere.
Figure 9. Centrifugal blower 3.2

Heat sink Geometry The figure 10 (a & b) shows the test heat sink configurations. (a)
Vertical Heat Sink (B) Inverted Heat Sink Figure 10 3.3 Experimental Procedure The air is
sucked by means of a centrifugal blower (2 HP.1440 rpm) through a rectangular wooden
duct (12 mm oak plywood) and exhausts to the atmosphere. The entire length of the
duct is 1220 mm.

and it is divided into three lengths- entry length 635 mm, test section 135 mm and exit
length 450 mm. The exit section of the rectangular duct is connected to the flow
settlement chamber (500 mm x500 mm). A circular pipe of 75 mm. external diameter is
used to connect the flow settlement chamber (plenum) and centrifugal blower.

An orifice meter is mounted on the circular pipe to measure the flow rate. A flow control
valve is used to regulate the flow and installed on the circular pipe after the orifice
meter. An Inclined U-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure drop across the
orifice meter. Test heat sink 13.5mm size made up of copper (C106) is appropriately
placed inside the test section.

Total 09 k- type thermocouple is used to measure the fin surface temperature and one
k- type thermocouple is provided at the inlet of the duct to measure the inlet
temperature, however 3 k- type thermocouples are placed at the exit. Before the
commencement of each run of experiment, visual inspection has been performed to
check for leakage at the joints, electric connections, air bubble in the U-tube manometer
and safety measures After inserting the test heat sink into the test section a controlled
power supply is being provided by the auto transformer at the base of the fin through
an electric heater which is sandwiched between the mica sheet and is attached to the
base of the test fin and insulated with glass wool.

Now at the fully opened position of the flow control valve centrifugal blower is then
switched on and the temperature of the inlet air, exit air and test heat sink is recorded
by the digital temperature display device after steady state condition reached by the
system. The experimental procedure is repeated for different flow rates and for all the
three test configurations heat sink with vertical orientation, Inverted heat sink and heat
sink without fins i.e. smooth plate.

Heat transfer data pertaining to test fin has been processed and compared with the
smooth plate under similar operating conditions. CHAPTER-4 DATA COLLECTION AND
PROCESSING This investigation presents the experimental studies for the heat transfer
characteristics of heat sink with circular pin fins. Experimental data have been collected
for vertical heat and inverted heat sink under forced flow conditions and with varied
flow rates.

Results pertaining to heat sinks are then compared with that of smooth plate to predict
the heat transfer enhancement. In case of vertical heat sink, heater is placed at the
bottom side whereas heat flux is fed to the inverted heat sink at the top side. Auto
Transformer is used to provide the constant heat flux to the heater.

The average heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number were obtained experimentally
and plotted against the flow Reynolds number. Nusselt number enhancement ratio is
also calculated to show the enhancement in heat dissipation rates. 4.1 Data Collection
The heat transfer data pertaining to Pin fin heat sink when exposed to the fluid flowing
through a rectangular duct has been collected at different fluid flow rates. To predict the
benefit of the proposed geometry heat sink with no fins is also examined.

During the experimentation following parameters have been recorded irrespective of

the type of fin. (i) Temperature of base plate of heat sink at 5 different locations (ii) Inlet
air temperature (iii) Exit air temperature (measured at three different locations) (iv)
Pressure drop across the orifice plate A sample observation table for vertical heat sink
and inverted heat sink has been shown in the following section.

Table 1. Observation Table for Vertical Heat Sink h(mm) Fin Plate Temperature Exit Air
Temperature ( Inlet Air Temperature ( T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Te1 Te2 Te3 Ti 120 48.2 51.6 47.6
47.9 48.6 33.3 33.4 33.6 30.6 95 49.1 52.3 48.5 48.7 50 32.7 32.8 33 29.9 75 49.7 52.8 49
49.5 50.7 33 32.7 33.4 30 50 53.9 57.3 52.9 53.7 55.3 33.2 33.1 33 29.6 25 57.1 60.6 55.9
56.8 58.6 32.9 33.2 33.1 28.8 Table 2.

Observation Table for Inverted Heat Sink h(mm) Fin Plate Temperature Exit Air
Temperature ( Inlet Air Temperature ( T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Te1 Te2 Te3 Ti 120 51.3 48.5 54.8
50 50.3 29.5 29.4 29.6 27.5 95 53.9 50.8 57.4 52.5 52.8 28.7 28.8 29 27 75 54.3 51.2 57.8
52.9 53.2 28.8 28.9 29.5 27.2 50 58.8 55.3 62 57.2 57.4 29.2 29.4 29.8 27.4 25 63.2 59.4
66.1 61.6 61.7 30.3 30.4 30.6 28 Table 3.

Observation Table for Heat Sink with No Fins (Smooth Plate) h(mm) Fin Plate
Temperature Exit Air Temperature ( Inlet Air Temperature ( T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Te1 Te2 Te3
Ti 120 130.2 133.3 128.9 123 109.8 32.6 31.9 32.5 27.5 95 141.9 145.2 140.1 134.1 119.8
31.4 31.9 31.4 27 75 149.3 153.1 147.8 141.6 126 32.4 32.7 32 27.4 50 166.5 170.8 164.7
159.3 140.3 33.2 33.1 33 27.5 25 182.8 187.5 181 174.7 155.1 33.9 33.7 33 26.8 4.2

Data Processing In order to explore the heat transfer characteristic of perforated fins,
raw data has been processed to get the average values of the Nusselt numbers at
different flow Reynolds numbers. The following procedure is being adopted to calculate
the performance parameters. (a) Steady State Heat Transfer with no fins The
steady-state heat transfer from the heated surface in case of heat sink with no fins i.e.

smooth plate can be calculated by assuming that heat is transferred mainly because of
convection. (12) Where; = mass flow rate in Kg/s, = Specific Heat in J/Kg K, = Exit air
temperature and = Inlet air temperature in degree Celsius The heat transfer by
convection from Newton's law of cooling (13) Where, = Surface Temperature = Mean
Film Temperature and (b) Average Heat Transfer Coefficient Now the average heat
transfer coefficient is calculated by equating the above two equations.

(14) Where, = Area of the base plate of heat sink (c) Pressure drop across the Orifice
Plate Pressure drop across the orifice plate (for inclined manometer) is determined by
the following expression. (15) (d) Hydraulic Diameter Hydraulic diameter is calculated on
the basis of cross-sectional area of the flow. Its general expression is , where P is the
wetted perimeter in meter and A is the cross sectional area in m2.

For Rectangular cross section, Hydraulic Diameter (Dh) = (16) Where W is the width and
H is the height of the cross-section. (e) Reynolds Number The flow Reynolds number is
calculated by the expression (17) Where, = Density of Fluid, = Hydraulic Diameter, =
Dynamic Viscosity and = Velocity of air (f) Nusselt Number Nusselt number, Nu, is the
dimensionless parameter characterizing convective heat transfer.

It is defined as Where k is thermal conductivity of fluid in W/m-K and h is the convective

heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K Convective heat transfer relationships are usually
expressed in terms of Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds Number
<http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1093/> and Prandtl Number
<http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1053/>. (f) Heat Transfer from Pin fin with finite
length loosing heat from its end by convection ( (18) Where, m = Raw data has been
processed by using above relations and results pertaining to perforated fin have been
compared with that of smooth fin under the similar operating conditions in order to
analyze the benefit of tested fins.

CHAPTER -5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION An experimental work has been carried out to
predict the effect of pin fin heat sink and its orientation on the heat transfer and fluid
flow characteristics. An array of circular pin fins of diameter 10 mm were placed on the
heat transfer surface. Heat transfer data pertaining to Pin fin Heat Sink as well as smooth
plate was collected and processed with the standard correlations.

To explore the effect of pin fin heat sink and its orientation heat transfer data pertaining
to pin fins for both the orientations were compared with that of plain fin and presented
in terms of plots and tables. Figure 11 shows the variation of Nusselt number with the
flow Reynolds number. Graph 1. Variation of Nusselt Number with Flow Reynolds
number It has been observed that irrespective of the type of orientation, Nusselt
number values increases at all Reynolds number. Highest value of Nusselt number is
observed as 767.41 corresponding to vertical heat sink at Reynolds number Re =
10751.22.

In case of inverted heat sink, plot reveals that the highest Nusselt number is 403.94 at
the same Reynolds number as that of vertical heat sink. It is thought that array of
circular pin fins arranged in vertical manner creates high degree of turbulence and
induces secondary flow and also larger surface area is available for the fluid as
compared to smooth plate.

It is also observed that at Reynolds number Re= 4902, Nusselt number values are close
to each other for smooth plate and inverted heat sink.. Graph 2. Variation of Heat
transfer rate with Flow Reynolds number Figure 12 depicts the variation of heat transfer
rate with flow Reynolds number. Heat sink with vertical orientation outperforms the
other configuration including smooth plate.

Heat transfer rate is found higher (111 J/S) for vertical orientation corresponding to the
Reynolds number Re = 10751. At Reynolds number Re= 4902 the lowest heat transfer
rate (56 J/S) was registered corresponding to inverted orientation. In order to get the
benefit of the proposed configurations, Nusselt number enhancement ratio has been
calculated and presented in table 4.

Orientation of Heat Sink Re Nu Nu/Nus Maximum Enhancement Vertical 10665.64

767.4125 3.581996 4.02 9521.957 646.9908 4.027059 8463.918 580.0665 3.982316
6905.148 442.3033 3.779569 4889.957 330.8045 3.732597 Inverted 10665.64 403.9478
1.885478 1.88 9521.957 290.3191 1.807031 8463.918 260.9756 1.791669 6905.148
204.5809 1.748184 4889.957 152.7489 1.723526 Table 4.

Nusselt Number Enhancement Ratio Nusselt number enhancement ratio is another

parameter to predict the thermal performance of the Heat sink. In the present case the
highest Nusselt number enhancement ratio 4.02 was corresponding to vertical
orientation at Reynolds number Re = 9521 CHAPTER -6 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
6.1

Conclusion The experimental investigations have been performed on the pin fin heat
sink at various fluid flow rates. Experiments were performed under the forced flow
conditions and at Reynolds number Re = 4902 to 10751. Two types of heat sink
orientations- vertical and inverted in were tested.

In order to quantify the enhancement heat transfer data pertaining to pin fin heat sink
for both the orientations has been collected and processed and compared with that of
smooth plate under similar operating conditions. It has been concluded that: 1.
Irrespective of the type of orientation, considerable enhancement in Nusselt Number is
registered at all Reynolds number as compared to the fin without perforations.

2. Highest Nusselt number 767.41 is registered for vertical orientation at Re = 10751.22

as compared to inverted and heat sink with no fins. 3. It is also observed that vertical
orientation of heat sink outperforms other two in terms of heat transfer rates however
heat transfer rates from inverted heat sink is registered lower than that of smooth plate.
4. Highest Nusselt number enhancement ratio (4.02) is achieved at Reynolds number
9521 5.

As a result of this experiment it is concluded that as far as Nusselt number enhancement

ratio is concerned heat sink with vertical orientation creates high degree of turbulence
and outperforms the inverted orientation and smooth plate. 6.2 Future Scope In the
present case is limited only to circular pin fin heat sink. Circular pin fin heat sink with
perforation may also be tested in future and also instead of circular fins other shapes
may also be tested to predict the effect on heat transfer enhancement rates.

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