Ch:- 9 (Political Dynamics).

SHORT Q/A:-
Q1) What is the meaning of Public Opinion.

A) Public opinion means the opinion of public that is regarding to the welfare of citizens.

Q2) What are definitions of Public opinion according to different scholars.

A) The definitions are following:-

1) Lowell:-

“It is possible for public opinion to be lacking in absolute agreement and it is not necessary
that it is the opinion of majority. Hence, Public opinion will be called such an opinion which is in the
support of the large number of state individuals and in corresponding to national interests.

2) Lord Bryce:-

“Public opinion is the collection of those thoughts and concepts that is regarding to
national issues and concerning public welfare.”

3) Rogers:-

“When among a nation despite of all individuals some sensible and meditative individuals
express their opinion, such opinions give birth to the good quality of opinion”.

Q3) Tell about the importance of Public opinion.

A) The importance of public opinion are following:-

1) Development of Democracy:-

Public opinion is conducive (Useful) to the development of democracy

and democratic values since democratic form of government is based on public opinion.

2) Restrictions on government:-

Oublic opinion stops the government to rule against public welfare and
will. Public also forces government to be answerable to it.

3) Capabilities Development:-

Because of the public opinion broad mindedness, free thinking are

developed among the public and political awareness like capabilities are grown in people.

4) Source of prosperity:-

Due to public opinion the government introduces such public friendly projects by
that prosperity prevails in the country.

5) Conducive to Strong Government:-

 The government who is having public support and is according to the
public will, is strong and stable.

6) Legislation according to public Interest:-

Due to the pressure of public opinion the government form

only those laws which are in the favor of public interest. Public opinion checks the government to make
the law against public interest.

7) Formation of policies:-

The government at the time of making its policies keep in view the public opinion
does not make such a policy which is not having public support.

8) Conducive to Public Government:-

Public opinion is conducive to public government since this

government comes into existence by the will and opinion of public.

9) Manifestation of Public power:-

Public opinion is the manifestation of public power since which political

party is having support of public opinion that will form the government after winning the election.

10) Enhancement in International Honor:-

The government that comes into being by public opinion it is

valued at international level. In this way the honor of state is increased at international level.

Q4) Write a note on Different sources of formation and expression of Public opinion.

A) Different sources of formation and expression of public opinion are as given below.

1) Press:-

Press means Newspapers, Magazines, Periodicals and Books. Press is the most effective
source of information. A majority of public get information and knowledge through press about current
affairs. In press, news, editorials, debate on current affairs, politicians statements, political and social
analysis, legislature proceeding and details of national and international circumstances and events are
published. Moreover, public express their feeling even through press. Hence press plays an important
role in character building and raising political awareness in people.

2) Radio and Television:-

Referring to the formation and expression of public opinion Radio and television
also play an important role. Different political, economic and religious programs are broadcasted on
Radio and television by that public get information about many things. Moreover, by their participation
of political leaders. Public get the opportunity to understand their point of view. Through Radio and
Television public express their thinking and opinion. In this way radio and television by making an
influence upon public behavior build up public opinion.

3) Cinema:-
 The cinema also plays an important role in the formation of public opinions. In good
and reformative films issues are highlighted and information about good & evil and fair & unfair is
provided. Hence, through that public being impressed establishes an opinion.

4) Platform:-

Platform means that political stage where politicians by delivering speeches inform the
public about national issues and their party manifesto by that an opinion of public is developed and they
vote during elections. For instance, meeting of Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam played the basic role for
the establishment of Pakistan.

5) Political parties:-

Political parties also play an important role in the formation of public opinion. Political
parties inform the public about national issues and promises to solve these issues. This is called their
manifesto. Hence, they get public support and achieve their goal.

.) For instance:-

Just like Muslim League played a vital role to get public support for the establishment of
Pakistan.

6) Education Institution:-

Schools, Colleges and Universities also play an important role in the formation of
public opinion. In these educational institutions, students get the opportunity to study different Political,
social, economic and literary issues due to its political awareness and mature thinking are developed in
them.

.) For instance:-

The student of Islamia College of Peshawar and Lahore played the basic role to mold the
public opinion for the demand of Pakistan establishment.

7) Religious Institution:-

Religious institution for example:- mosque, madrassas, and church, etc. are also
an important source of public opinion formation. On the basis of deep devotion to religion public is
deeply impressed by the role of religious institution, speeches of religious leaders and preaching of
religious doctrines.

.) For example:-

Religious institution molded public opinion in the Islamic revolution of 1979 in Iran.

8) Legislature:-

Public representatives in legislative assemblies discuss the national issues and inform the
house about national requirement. Moreover, opposition highlights difficulties regarding different
affairs. Electronic and print media broadcast the proceeding of house. By that public get assistance to
build up their opinion.
Hence,

In this manner legislative institution are proved to be an important source of public opinion
formation and manifestation.

Q$) Write a note on conditions for sound public opinion.

Q6) Tell why direct democracy was prevalent in ancient Greek.

A) The reason why direct democracy was customary in ancient Greek is because, there were existing
small city states with less population and territories which were consisting only one city. Hence, at that
time due to low population, people can gather at one place easily and participation in government
affairs was possible but today population is very high and gathering at one place is impossible.

Direct democracy is only prevalent in Switzerland, while indirect is prevalent in the whole world.

Q7) Tell about Indirect democracy.

A) In this system, public elect their representatives to conduct governance, who administer the
governance system according to the wishes of public.

Q8) Write a note on Electorates.

A) Those citizen of the state who are having the right to vote according to law are called electorates
regarding to electorates important terms are as under:-

1) Vote:-

The right given to every citizen to elect his representative is called opinion or vote.

2) Right of voting:-

The right to cast vote is called right of voting.

3) Voters:-

The person who is having the right of voting he is called voter.

4) Polling:-

The whole process of vote casting is called polling.

5) Adult Franchise:-

Every mature man and women who are having the right of voting on the basis of
maturity is called Adult Franchise. The age limit of a voter has been fixed differently in different country.
For example, In Pakistan the age of voting is 18 years in Germany 20 and 23 has been fixed in Norway.

Q9) Who should be given the write of voting.

A) All the inhabitants of state are not having the right of voting. No other state give the right of voting to
immature, mentally invalid, bankrupt, and foreigners. Some philosophers suggest that age does not
matter only education matters.

.) Just like J.S Mill says:-

“The voter should be educated”.

Q10) Tell briefly about Elections.

A) Definition:-
 That procedure by whom the citizens elects their representatives, and show their opinion
is called Election.

.) Explanation:-

Elections are the part of Democracy. Without election the concept of democracy is
not completed because election gives the right to a person to express its feeling. Elections develop
Political awareness in public and provide the chance to express their opinion freely.

.) Types of elections:-

There are 2 types of elections which are following:-

1) Direct election:-

Direct election means such a method of election in which electorates directly elect
their representatives.

.) Method:-

This methods of election is very simple and easy. On the Election Day the voter go to the polling
station and cast his vote to the representative liked by him. The majority vote getting candidate is
elected as a representative.

.) The election of lower house is conducted by this method in Pakistan, India, Britain, and America.

2) Indirect election:-

In this method of Election Electorates do not elect their representative directly. This
method of election is consisting on 2 stages. At the first stage electorates elect the members of electoral
institution and then on second stage the elected members of electoral institution elect the members of
legislature or president

Q11) Tell briefly about the Merits and De-merits of direct elections.

A) The Merits and de-merits of direct elections are following:-

a) Merits:-

1) Simple and Easy:-

The methods of direct election is simple and intelligible. Uneducated public also
can understand it easily.

2) Representative conducive to democracy:-

Direct election is like a representative which is conducive to

democracy. Since, the public form democratic government with their own will and are considered the
real owner of authority.

3) Establishment of an answerable government:-

 The representatives elected through direct election consider
themselves answerable to public. This element of liability improves the performance of government.

4) Source of national unity:-

By the means of direct election the close relationship between different

political party leaders and public becomes the source of national unity and brotherhood by that the
passions of patriotism are thrived.

5) Enhancement in political awareness:-

In direct election public elect their representative directly

according to their will, on the basis of the manifesto of the political party because these manifesto are
for resolving the current issues and problem. Hence, the public get political training from the manifesto
of the political parties and get awareness of their current issues as well.

6) Public pleasure:-

In direct election the candidates know about the public wishes and ambitions. After
winning the election they perform government affairs according to the wishes of public.

7) Fair elections:-

One of the major quality of direct election is to be fair. Sincem, due to the large number
of electorates they could not be threatened and not even they could be purchased. Therefore, the
chances of rigging are very rare.

b) De-merits:-

De-merits of direct election are following are following:-

1) Unsuitable for backward countries:-

Direct election is absolutely unsuitable for backward countries since

illiterate and ignorant individuals cannot elect the proper representatives.

2) Appointment of inefficient individuals:-

In direct election being impressed by emotional statements,

false propagandas and shred like speeches, electorates elect inefficient and wrong representatives.

3) Dangerous to national unity:-

One of the big flaw of direct election is to be harmful to national unity. During
elections political parties excite (provoke) the caste, relationship, circularity and creed like sensitive
issues to get the vote, by that the atmosphere of national unity and unanimity is damaged.

4) Party politics:-

Direct election promotes party politics. Due to party politics the whole country meet
the state of confusion, because every political party accuse grave charges against one another by that
dispersion, undisciplined situation is developed in the country.
5) Avoidance of election by capable individual:-

In direct election political parties and election candidates

accuse one another and use every cleverness to defame one another. By observing this rejected policies
capable and deserving individuals do not take interest in politics and avoid to contest the election.

Q12) Tell briefly about the Merits and De-merits of in-direct elections.

A) The Merits and De-merits are following:-

a) Merits:-

1) Election of capable individuals:-

The election of capable individuals is feasible through indirect election. If

voters slip up, at first stage then the members of legislature elect sensible and better representatives at
second stage.

2) Suitable for backward countries:-

Public of developed countries are illiterate and void of political

awareness. Therefore, indirect election is extremely suitable for developing countries since members of
electoral institution many choose better representatives.

3) Decrease in Party politics:-

In an indirect election political parties cannot impress the educated and

sensible individuals of electoral institution by their rejected cleverness. Therefore, party politics is
decreased.

4) Fair election:-

In an indirect election, elections are fair since, due to dual stages the chances of electoral
rigging decreases to great extent.

b) De-merit:-

1) Complicated and expensive:-

Due to the expensiveness and complicatedness of indirect elections,

because of a large amount of national capital is spent and people who are uneducated and backward
cannot understand it easily.

.) For example:-

For example in the nine phased 2014 Lok Sabha elections, a whopping 30,000 crore was
spent by the government, political parties and candidates. Out of which, the Election Commission alone
spent 3,426 crores.

2) Want of harmony:-
 In this method of election public cannot elect their representatives directly.
Therefore, want of harmony remains between Legislature and public and the public is unable to set
forth their grievances to the members of legislature.

3) Electoral Rigging:-

The members of electoral institution are small in member. Hence, There exists
possibility of corruption, bribery, horse trading, etc. Therefore, methods of indirect election is conducive
to electoral rigging.

4) Decrease in public interest:-

Whereas in an indirect election the public cannot directly elect their

representatives. Therefore, they do not take interest in political affairs.

5) Sense of deprivation:-

The elected members of an electoral institution elect the members of legislature

in an indirect election so sense of deprivation is developed in public.

6) Illogical:-

This methods of election is unreal and illogical since if the voters can elect the members of
electoral institution then what logic is behind to it, that they are not capable to elect the representatives
of legislature.

7) Undemocratic:-

The claim of democratic principles is that public elect their representatives by

themselves. In an indirect election, public is deprived of this right that is undemocratic.

8) Deprived of public corroboration and support:-

In an indirect election, public cannot elect their

representative so the government formed by the votes of electoral institution members remains
deprived of public corroboration and support and she cannot takes decision with courage and boldness.

Q13) Tell about the methods of direct legislation.

A) Some important methods are following:-

1) Referendum:-

Referendum is an important source of direct legislation. Referendum means to get the

approval from electorates for any law passed by legislature. If the electorates approve the bill then it
becomes a law and if majority of the electorates disapprove it then that bill is turned down and cannot
be a law. Hence, it is considered void and null.

In Pakistan, the room for referendum has been introduced by 8th Amendment.

2) Initiative:-
 Initiative means that a fixed number of public by themselves give any law making suggestion
to Legislature. Through initiative public can also suggest an ordinary law or constitution amendment. To
present such a suggestion it is necessary that a fixed number of public which is determined in
constitution dispatch (pass or approve) the constitution amendment suggestions bearing their
signatures. Then, legislation by analyzing the situation, forwards this suggestion to electorates. If the
electorates confirm it than that suggestion becomes a law otherwise it is considered as null and void.

3) Plebiscite:-

To determine the political future and status of the people of a region, public opinion is
taken. It is called plebiscite.

.) Example:-

The political future of Kashmir should be done by plebiscite in the light of U.N resolution.

4) Recall:-

Recall means that right of electorates by whom if they are not satisfied with their elected
representatives then they can terminate them before their fixed duration. According to this methods a
fixed number of electorates moves a bill against elected representatives. If this bill is approved then that
representative is dismissed and a new representative is elected to replace him. This methods of recall
was customary in old U.S.S.R. In some states of America elected judges are dismissed through this
method.

Q14) Definition of Political Party according to different scholars.

A) The definition are following:-

1) Lord Bryce:-

“Political party is such an organized gathering of individuals who are voluntarily united and
active for achieving their political aims.”

2) Gattle:-

“Political party is the name of a group of citizens, which is more or less organized, who by
the force of their vote want to get authority over government and implement their principles”.

3) Mac Iver:-

“Such a gathering of individuals who are striving through constitutional way to form
government for the acquisition of common interests, is called Political Party.”

4) Soltao:-

“Political party is the politically united group of citizens who is active to get the control of
government in a democratic way”.

5) Disraeli:-

“Political party is the name of organized public opinion.”

Q15) Tell about the function of political parties.

A) The important functions of political parties are as follow:-

1) Formation of public opinion:-

The manifesto made by political parties plays an important role in raising

awareness of social issues and crisis in the state among the public. Hence, public opinion is formed and
they vote the party, which promises to solve serious issues in the state and will work for the welfare of
the state. By this the public is trained to this level that they could arrange their own opinion.

2) Political Awareness:-

Political parties play a vital role to train and develop political awareness in public.
Political parties inform the public for rights & duties, the manifesto made by political parties also plays
an important role in raising awareness of social issues and crisis in the state among the public.

<) Just like Soltao has said:-

“Political parties are the center of information. Only through them it can be
known that what is happening in the country.

3) Nomination of candidates:-

Political parties nominate their candidates exactly when the election process
begins and give tickets to their members, especially those who a politically and socially strong among
the public.

.) For instance:-

Many journalists and T.v stars also join other political parties or form one of their own.
Example:-

Actress Merra once formed stood into election, but unfortunately failed. Just like famous
journalist and critic name “Amir Liaquet” was also a member of MQM, and now is the member of PTI.

4) Election Campaign:-

Political parties conduct election campaign to be successful in election and for this
purpose, they arrange meeting, Jalsas, Social media and print media and also perform many public
stunts to gain attention from public and advertise their party.

.) For instance:-

MQM leader Farooq Sattar recently performed a public stunt to gain public attention
saying that he is resigning form MQM but didn’t.

Just like Imran Khan is using social media and print media to advertise his party and is focusing on youth.
There are chances that he might win in the upcoming elections.

5) Formation of government:-
 An important obligation of the political parties is the formation of
government. The political party getting majority of the votes in election forms his own government and
administrates the state according to its will and follows personal programs and policies, for the welfare
of the state.

6) Opposition:-

The political parties failed to get majority in election play the role of opposition and as
an opposition they criticize the wrong policies of government so that government could not take a step
against public welfare.

>) For instance:-

Parties like PTI and PPP and other parties also work as an opposition and criticizes PML-N
wrong policies.

7) Providing Leadership:-

Political parties through elections and political activities, politically train their
workers by that future leadership is attained to state.

8) Capable Individuals encouragement:-

Political parties plays an important role in the encouragement of

capable individuals because its take out experts of different department form the retired valley and
utilize their perfection and abilities in national projects and programs.

9) National unity:-

Political parties strengthen national unity and concordance by bringing them at a

platform, the people having different thoughts and ideologies and the passions of patriotism are
developed in them.

Q16) Write a note on role of political parties.

A) Important points of the role of political parties are as given below:-

1) Political parties nominate the candidates in elections.

2) Political parties develop the passions of unity, concordance, partnership and co-operation among
public.

3) Political parties develop political awareness in public.

4) Political parties keep safe the political system form tumult and dispersion.

5) Political parties provide alternative leadership to the state.

6) Political parties mold’s the public opinion.

>) According to Lowell:-

 “The compulsory obligation of political parties and the objective of its existence is only
to only to mold public opinion and put forward the solution to public issues”.

Exercise:-
SHORT Q/A:-
Q1) What is meant by right of instruction.

A) Right of instruction means people by themselves suggest the framing of any law. Through this right
people beside a common law can present suggestion for the amendment of constitution.

Q2) Write any 5 point of importance of public opinion.

A) The importance of public opinion are following:-

1) Development of Democracy:-

Public opinion is conducive (Useful) to the development of democracy

and democratic values since democratic form of government is based on public opinion.

2) Restrictions on government:-

Oublic opinion stops the government to rule against public welfare and
will. Public also forces government to be answerable to it.

3) Capabilities Development:-

Because of the public opinion broad mindedness, free thinking are

developed among the public and political awareness like capabilities are grown in people.

4) Source of prosperity:-

Due to public opinion the government introduces such public friendly projects by
that prosperity prevails in the country.

5) Conducive to Strong Government:-

The government who is having public support and is according to the

public will, is strong and stable.

Q3) Define elections.

A) That procedure by whom the citizens elects their representatives, and show their opinion is called
Election.

Q4) How and why the process of In-direct election is difficult.

A) Due to the expensiveness and complicatedness of indirect elections, because of a large amount of
national capital is spent and people who are uneducated and backward cannot understand it easily.

.) For example:-
 For example in the nine phased 2014 Lok Sabha elections, a whopping 30,000 crore was
spent by the government, political parties and candidates. Out of which, the Election Commission alone
spent 3,426 crores.

Q5) Define a political party according to Gattle.

A) “Political party is the name of a group of citizens, which is more or less organized, who by the force of
their vote want to get authority over government and implement their principles”.

Q6) What is the role of the opposition.

A) The political parties failed to get majority in election play the role of opposition and as an opposition
they criticize the wrong policies of government so that government could not take a step against public
welfare.

Q7) What Lowell says about the importance of political parties.

A) According to him:-

“The compulsory obligation of political parties and the objective of its existence is
only to only to mold public opinion and put forward the solution to public issues”.

Q8) Why the need of referendum was created in the constitution of Pakistan.

A) Referendum is an important source of direct legislation. Referendum means to get the approval from
electorates for any law passed by legislature. If the electorates approve the bill then it becomes a law
and if majority of the electorates disapprove it then that bill is turned down and cannot be a law. Hence,
it is considered void and null.

In Pakistan, the room for referendum has been introduced by 8th Amendment.

Q9) What is meant by Adult franchise.

A) Every mature man and women who are having the right of voting on the basis of maturity is called
Adult Franchise. The age limit of a voter has been fixed differently in different country. For example, In
Pakistan the age of voting is 18 years in Germany 20 and 23 has been fixed in Norway.

Q10) What is the role of press in the formation of public opinion.

A) Press means Newspapers, Magazines, Periodicals and Books. Press is the most effective source of
information. A majority of public get information and knowledge through press about current affairs. In
press, news, editorials, debate on current affairs, politicians statements, political and social analysis,
legislature proceeding and details of national and international circumstances and events are published.
Moreover, public express their feeling even through press. Hence press plays an important role in
character building and raising political awareness in people.

LONG Q/A:-
Q1) Define Public opinion and tell about its importance.
A) Public opinion means the opinion of public that is regarding to the welfare of citizens.

.) Definitions of Public opinion according to different scholars:-

The definitions are following:-

1) Lowell:-

“It is possible for public opinion to be lacking in absolute agreement and it is not necessary
that it is the opinion of majority. Hence, Public opinion will be called such an opinion which is in the
support of the large number of state individuals and in corresponding to national interests.

2) Lord Bryce:-

“Public opinion is the collection of those thoughts and concepts that is regarding to
national issues and concerning public welfare.”

3) Rogers:-

“When among a nation despite of all individuals some sensible and meditative individuals
express their opinion, such opinions give birth to the good quality of opinion”.

Q3) Tell about the importance of Public opinion.

A) The importance of public opinion are following:-

1) Development of Democracy:-

Public opinion is conducive (Useful) to the development of democracy

and democratic values since democratic form of government is based on public opinion.

2) Restrictions on government:-

Oublic opinion stops the government to rule against public welfare and
will. Public also forces government to be answerable to it.

3) Capabilities Development:-

Because of the public opinion broad mindedness, free thinking are

developed among the public and political awareness like capabilities are grown in people.

4) Source of prosperity:-

Due to public opinion the government introduces such public friendly projects by
that prosperity prevails in the country.

5) Conducive to Strong Government:-

The government who is having public support and is according to the

public will, is strong and stable.

6) Legislation according to public Interest:-

 Due to the pressure of public opinion the government form
only those laws which are in the favor of public interest. Public opinion checks the government to make
the law against public interest.

7) Formation of policies:-

The government at the time of making its policies keep in view the public opinion
does not make such a policy which is not having public support.

8) Conducive to Public Government:-

Public opinion is conducive to public government since this

government comes into existence by the will and opinion of public.

9) Manifestation of Public power:-

Public opinion is the manifestation of public power since which political

party is having support of public opinion that will form the government after winning the election.

10) Enhancement in International Honor:-

The government that comes into being by public opinion it is

valued at international level. In this way the honor of state is increased at international level.

Q2) Describe different sources of formation and expression of public

opinion.
A) Different sources of formation and expression of public opinion are as given below.

1) Press:-

Press means Newspapers, Magazines, Periodicals and Books. Press is the most effective
source of information. A majority of public get information and knowledge through press about current
affairs. In press, news, editorials, debate on current affairs, politicians statements, political and social
analysis, legislature proceeding and details of national and international circumstances and events are
published. Moreover, public express their feeling even through press. Hence press plays an important
role in character building and raising political awareness in people.

2) Radio and Television:-

Referring to the formation and expression of public opinion Radio and television
also play an important role. Different political, economic and religious programs are broadcasted on
Radio and television by that public get information about many things. Moreover, by their participation
of political leaders. Public get the opportunity to understand their point of view. Through Radio and
Television public express their thinking and opinion. In this way radio and television by making an
influence upon public behavior build up public opinion.

3) Cinema:-
 The cinema also plays an important role in the formation of public opinions. In good
and reformative films issues are highlighted and information about good & evil and fair & unfair is
provided. Hence, through that public being impressed establishes an opinion.

4) Platform:-

Platform means that political stage where politicians by delivering speeches inform the
public about national issues and their party manifesto by that an opinion of public is developed and they
vote during elections. For instance, meeting of Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam played the basic role for
the establishment of Pakistan.

5) Political parties:-

Political parties also play an important role in the formation of public opinion. Political
parties inform the public about national issues and promises to solve these issues. This is called their
manifesto. Hence, they get public support and achieve their goal.

.) For instance:-

Just like Muslim League played a vital role to get public support for the establishment of
Pakistan.

6) Education Institution:-

Schools, Colleges and Universities also play an important role in the formation of
public opinion. In these educational institutions, students get the opportunity to study different Political,
social, economic and literary issues due to its political awareness and mature thinking are developed in
them.

.) For instance:-

The student of Islamia College of Peshawar and Lahore played the basic role to mold the
public opinion for the demand of Pakistan establishment.

7) Religious Institution:-

Religious institution for example:- mosque, madrassas, and church, etc. are also
an important source of public opinion formation. On the basis of deep devotion to religion public is
deeply impressed by the role of religious institution, speeches of religious leaders and preaching of
religious doctrines.

.) For example:-

Religious institution molded public opinion in the Islamic revolution of 1979 in Iran.

8) Legislature:-

Public representatives in legislative assemblies discuss the national issues and inform the
house about national requirement. Moreover, opposition highlights difficulties regarding different
affairs. Electronic and print media broadcast the proceeding of house. By that public get assistance to
build up their opinion.
Hence,

In this manner legislative institution are proved to be an important source of public opinion
formation and manifestation.

Q3) What are the condition for sound public opinion.

A)
Q4) Write a note on following:-

a) Electorate b) Election
a) Electorate:-

Those citizen of the state who are having the right to vote according to law are called electorates
regarding to electorates important terms are as under:-

1) Vote:-

The right given to every citizen to elect his representative is called opinion or vote.

2) Right of voting:-

The right to cast vote is called right of voting.

3) Voters:-

The person who is having the right of voting he is called voter.

4) Polling:-

The whole process of vote casting is called polling.

5) Adult Franchise:-

Every mature man and women who are having the right of voting on the basis of
maturity is called Adult Franchise. The age limit of a voter has been fixed differently in different country.
For example, In Pakistan the age of voting is 18 years in Germany 20 and 23 has been fixed in Norway.

.) Who should be given the write of voting:-

All the inhabitants of state are not having the right of voting. No other state give
the right of voting to immature, mentally invalid, bankrupt, and foreigners. Some philosophers suggest
that age does not matter only education matters.

.) Just like J.S Mill says:-

“The voter should be educated”.

b) Elections.

.) Definition:-

That procedure by whom the citizens elects their representatives, and show their opinion
is called Election.

.) Explanation:-

Elections are the part of Democracy. Without election the concept of democracy is
not completed because election gives the right to a person to express its feeling. Elections develop
Political awareness in public and provide the chance to express their opinion freely.
.) Types of elections:-

There are 2 types of elections which are following:-

1) Direct election:-

Direct election means such a method of election in which electorates directly elect
their representatives.

.) Method:-

This methods of election is very simple and easy. On the Election Day the voter go to the polling
station and cast his vote to the representative liked by him. The majority vote getting candidate is
elected as a representative.

.) The election of lower house is conducted by this method in Pakistan, India, Britain, and America.

2) Indirect election:-

In this method of Election Electorates do not elect their representative directly. This
method of election is consisting on 2 stages. At the first stage electorates elect the members of electoral
institution and then on second stage the elected members of electoral institution elect the members of
legislature or president.

Q6) Define a political party and tell about its role and function.
A) According to Lord Bryce:-

“Political party is such an organized gathering of individuals who are voluntarily united and
active for achieving their political aims.”

The important functions of political parties are as follow:-

1) Formation of public opinion:-

The manifesto made by political parties plays an important role in raising

awareness of social issues and crisis in the state among the public. Hence, public opinion is formed and
they vote the party, which promises to solve serious issues in the state and will work for the welfare of
the state. By this the public is trained to this level that they could arrange their own opinion.

2) Political Awareness:-

Political parties play a vital role to train and develop political awareness in public.
Political parties inform the public for rights & duties, the manifesto made by political parties also plays
an important role in raising awareness of social issues and crisis in the state among the public.

<) Just like Soltao has said:-

“Political parties are the center of information. Only through them it can be
known that what is happening in the country.
3) Nomination of candidates:-

Political parties nominate their candidates exactly when the election process
begins and give tickets to their members, especially those who a politically and socially strong among
the public.

.) For instance:-

Many journalists and T.v stars also join other political parties or form one of their own.
Example:-

Actress Merra once formed stood into election, but unfortunately failed. Just like famous
journalist and critic name “Amir Liaquet” was also a member of MQM, and now is the member of PTI.

4) Election Campaign:-

Political parties conduct election campaign to be successful in election and for this
purpose, they arrange meeting, Jalsas, Social media and print media and also perform many public
stunts to gain attention from public and advertise their party.

.) For instance:-

MQM leader Farooq Sattar recently performed a public stunt to gain public attention
saying that he is resigning form MQM but didn’t.

Just like Imran Khan is using social media and print media to advertise his party and is focusing on youth.
There are chances that he might win in the upcoming elections.

5) Formation of government:-

An important obligation of the political parties is the formation of

government. The political party getting majority of the votes in election forms his own government and
administrates the state according to its will and follows personal programs and policies, for the welfare
of the state.

6) Opposition:-

The political parties failed to get majority in election play the role of opposition and as
an opposition they criticize the wrong policies of government so that government could not take a step
against public welfare.

>) For instance:-

Parties like PTI and PPP and other parties also work as an opposition and criticizes PML-N
wrong policies.

7) Providing Leadership:-

Political parties through elections and political activities, politically train their
workers by that future leadership is attained to state.

8) Capable Individuals encouragement:-

 Political parties plays an important role in the encouragement of
capable individuals because its take out experts of different department form the retired valley and
utilize their perfection and abilities in national projects and programs.

9) National unity:-

Political parties strengthen national unity and concordance by bringing them at a

platform, the people having different thoughts and ideologies and the passions of patriotism are
developed in them.

.) Role of political parties.

A) Important points of the role of political parties are as given below:-

1) Political parties nominate the candidates in elections.

2) Political parties develop the passions of unity, concordance, partnership and co-operation among
public.

3) Political parties develop political awareness in public.

4) Political parties keep safe the political system form tumult and dispersion.

5) Political parties provide alternative leadership to the state.

6) Political parties mold’s the public opinion.

>) According to Lowell:-

“The compulsory obligation of political parties and the objective of its existence is only
to only to mold public opinion and put forward the solution to public issues”.