Touch plate switch

by – Pragya (18BEC043)

Khushi (18BEC031)

Heli (18BEC038)

INTRODUCTION :

The circuit as you can see from its diagram is very simple and only uses 8 components. The heart of the
circuit is the IC CD 4011 that is connected as a FLIP-FLOP. Pins 9 and 13 of the IC are the «SET» and
«RESET» contacts of the FLIP-FLOP. The IC is of the CMOS type and requires a very low current to in its
gates to control it. This high sensitivity of the circuit makes the touch operation possible. The two gates
are held at logic state «1» continuously by means of the two resistors R1 and R3 that connect them to
the positive supply rail. These resistors have a very large resistance of 10 Mohm. If we now touch a set
of contacts the skin resistance closes the circuit between the corresponding gate and the negative
supply rail. The skin resistance for small areas of the skin is normally much lower than 10 Mohm and the
gate is effectively brought to logic condition «0» which makes the FLIP-FLOP change state. For any given
state of the FLIP-FLOP touching the corresponding set of contacts will make the circuit to reverse its
state of balance and in effect toggle the switch. As a switch is used a relay driven by a transistor which is
driven from the out put of the FLIP-FLOP.

Its utility is far-reached in this era of comfort. Appliances can be turned on/off by just one touch.

COMPONENTS:

Resistors 3 of 1k each, 2 of 10M each

Diode one 1N 4002

IC one 4011

Transistor one BC 557

Relay one 12 V relay

LED one 5mm LED

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FUNCTIONING:

IC 4011 – it is used for sensitivity purpose. Whenever we touch the plate it will sense it and change its
output accordingly. Also it’s a latch so it will store its output until again the plate is touched and is
sensed by the ic to change output again.

Transistor – PNP transistor is used which operates in its cut-off and saturation regions and does ON/OFF
operation. Solid state switches are one of the main applications for the use of transistor to
switch a DC output “ON” or “OFF”. Some output devices, such as LED’s only require a few
milliamps at logic level DC voltages and can therefore be driven directly by the output of a logic
gate. However, high power devices such as motors, solenoids or lamps, often require more
power than that supplied by an ordinary logic gate so transistor switches are used.

Diode - When the power supply is connected to the relay, the inductance coil’s voltage builds
up to match that of the power source. The speed at which current can change in an inductor is
limited by its time constant. In this case, the time it takes to minimize current flow through the
coil is longer than the time it takes for the power supply to be removed. Upon disconnection,
the inductance coil reverses its polarity in an attempt to keep current flowing according to its
dissipation curve (i.e., % of maximum current flow with respect to time). This causes a huge
voltage potential to build up on the open junctions of the component that controls the relay.

This voltage built up is called flyback voltage. It can result in an electrical arc and damage the
components controlling the relay. It can also introduce electrical noise that can couple into
adjacent signals or power connections and cause microcontrollers to crash or reset. If you have
an electronics control panel that resets each time a relay is de-energized, it’s highly possible
you have an issue with flyback voltage.

To mitigate this issue, a diode is connected with reverse polarity to the power supply. Placing a
diode across a relay coil passes the back EMF and its current through the diode when the relay
is energized as the back EMF drives the flyback protection diode in forward bias. When the
power supply is removed, the voltage polarity on the coil is inverted, and a current loop forms
between the relay coil and protection diode; the diode again becomes forward biased. The
diode allows current to pass with minimal resistance and prevents flyback voltage from building
up, hence the name flyback diode.

Relay – It is a type of electromechanical switch. It has two states NO(normally open) and NC
(normally closed). When current input is given to it by the driving transistor which is BC557 in
this case, electromagnetic filed is generated across the coil which pulls the contacts near it and
it becomes NC. It allows current to pass through LED and it glows.

Resistances – The 9, 13 pins of the IC works as the set and reset contacts respectively.CMOS ICs
like 4011 require requires a very low current for controlling its gates. Since the pins 9 and 13
are connected to the positive via resistors R1 and R2, the logic gates of the ICs will be in high
state.

CONCLUSION:

The purpose of this project was to make a touch sensor that could switch circuit on or off by a
touch.

REFERENCES:

http://www.circuitstoday.com/touch-switch-using-cd4011

https://www.electroschematics.com/touch-switch-circuits/

https://resources.altium.com/bill-of-materials-blog/why-you-should-use-a-flyback-diode-in-a-relay-to-
prevent-electrical-noise-in-your-circuits